Tuscarora War: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.8) (Ost316 - 10430
No edit summary
Line 1:
{{Short description|1711–15 conflict between European settlers and indigenous people in colonial North Carolina}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Tuscarora War
| partof = the [[American Indian Wars]]
| image = Christoph von Graffenried (1661-1743) and John Lawson (1674-1711) as prisoners of the Tuscarora, 1711.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The execution of [[John Lawson (explorer)|John Lawson]] on September 16, 1711.
| date = September 10, 1711 – February 11, 1715 <br /> ({{Age in years and days|September 10, 1711|February 11, 1715|sep=and}})
| place = [[Eastern North Carolina]]
| result = [[Kingdom of Great Britain| = British]] colonial victory <br />
* Power of Tuscaroras broken
* Tuscaroras retreat from the coast
* Tuscaroras migrate to [[Province of New York|New York]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] <br /> {{flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]] <br /> [[Apalachee]] <br /> [[Catawba people|Catawba]] <br /> [[Cherokee]] <br /> [[Yamasee]]
| territory =
| combatant2 = [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] <br /> [[Coree]] <br /> [[Cothechney]] <br /> [[Machapunga]] <br /> [[Mattamuskeet]] <br /> [[Neusiok]] <br /> [[Pamlico]] <br /> [[Seneca people|Seneca]] <br /> [[Weetock]]
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
| commander1 = {{unbulleted list|{{flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[Edward Hyde (c. 1650–1712)|Edward Hyde]]|{{flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[John Barnwell (colonist)|John Barnwell]]|{{flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[James Moore II|James Moore]]|{{flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg|Baron of Bernberg]] {{Surrendered}}|{{flagicon image|Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[John Lawson (explorer)|John Lawson]] {{Executed}}|[[Chief Tom Blount]]}}
* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]]
| commander2 = [[Chief Hancock]] {{Executed}}
* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]]
* [[Apalachee]]
* [[Catawba (tribe)|Catawba]]
* [[Cherokee]]
* [[Yamasee]]
}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]]
* Bear River tribe
* Cothechney
* [[Machapunga]]
* Mattamuskeet
* [[Neusiok|Neuse]]
* [[Pamlico]]
* [[Seneca people|Senequa]]
* Weetock
}}
| commander1 = {{unbulleted list|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg|The Baron of Bernberg]]{{POW}}|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[John Lawson (explorer)|John Lawson]]{{Executed}}|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Edward Hyde (c. 1650–1712)|Edward Hyde]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} Col. [[John Barnwell (colonist)|John Barnwell]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} Col. James Moore|Chief [[Chief Tom Blount|Tom Blount]]}}
| commander2 = Chief Hancock{{Executed}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indian Wars of the Southern English Colonies in North America}}<br>{{Campaignbox Tuscarora War}}
}}
 
The '''Tuscarora War''' was fought in [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] from September 10, 1711 until February 11, 1715 between the [[Tuscarora people]] and their allies on one side and [[European colonization of the Americas|European American settlers]], the [[Yamassee]], and other allies on the other. This was considered the bloodiest colonial war in North Carolina.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=La Vere, David.|title=The Tuscarora War : Indians, settlers, and the fight for the Carolina colonies|date=2013|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-1257-7|edition=1st|location=Chapel Hill [North Carolina]|oclc=856017210}}</ref> The Tuscarora signed a treaty with colonial officials in 1718 and settled on a reserved tract of land in [[Bertie County, North Carolina]]. The war incited further conflict on the part of the Tuscarora and led to changes in the [[Slavery in the United States#Slavery in British colonies|slave trade]] of North and [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]].
 
Line 49 ⟶ 30:
There were two groups in North Carolina in the early 18th century, a northern group led by [[Chief Tom Blount]] and a southern group was led by Chief Hancock. Blount occupied the area around [[Bertie County]] on the [[Roanoke River]]; Hancock was closer to [[New Bern, North Carolina|New Bern]], occupying the area south of the [[Pamlico River]]. Blount became close friends with the influential Blount family of the Bertie region, but Hancock's people had suffered raids and kidnappings by slave traders.{{cn|date=September 2021}}
 
Hancock's tribe began to attack the settlers, but Blount's tribe did not become involved in the war at this point. Some historians including Richard White and Rebecca Seaman have suggested that the war grew out of misunderstandings between the colonists and the Tuscaroras.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140425000621/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/53895931/john-lawson-outbreak-tuscarora-wars-and-middle-ground-theory Seaman, Rebecca M. "John Lawson, the Outbreak of the Tuscarora Wars, and "Middle Ground" Theory"], ''Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians;'' April 2010, Vol. 18, p9</ref> The Southern Tuscaroras led by Hancock allied with the Bear River tribe, [[Coree|Core]], Cothechney, [[Machapunga]], Mattamuskeet, [[Neusiok|Neuse]], [[Pamlico]], [[Seneca people|Senequa]], and Weetock to attack the settlers in a wide range within a short time period. They attacked homesteads along the Roanoke, [[Neuse River|Neuse]], and [[Trent River (North Carolina)|Trent]] rivers and in the city of [[Bath, North Carolina|Bath]] beginning on September 22, 1711 and killed hundreds of settlers, including several key colonial political figures, such as John Lawson of Bath, while driving off others. [[Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg|The Baron of Bernberg]] was a prisoner of the Tuscarora during the raids, and he recounted stories of women impaled on stakes, more than 80 infants slaughtered, and more than 130 settlers killed in the New Bern settlement.<ref>Von Graffenried and Todd, Christoph Von Graffenried's Account of the Founding of New Bern, 238.</ref>
 
== Barnwell's expedition ==
Line 57 ⟶ 38:
 
== Chief Blount and the Moore Expedition ==
South Carolina dispatched Colonel [[James Moore II|James Moore]] with a force of 33 colonists and nearly 1,000 Native Americans, which arrived in December 1712.<ref name=Shamlin/> The settlers offered Blount control of the entire Tuscarora tribe if he assisted them in defeating Hancock. Blount captured Hancock, and the settlers executed him in 1712.{{cn|date=September 2021}}
 
In 1713, the Southern Tuscarora lost their [[Fort Neoheroka]] in [[Greene County, North Carolina|Greene County]].<ref>[http://www.arch.dcr.state.nc.us/amonth/neheroka.htm North Carolina Archaeology: FORT NEOHEROKA], Arcaheology, Department of Cultural Resources</ref> Neoheroka was one of several Tuscarora forts of that time. Others include Torhunta, Innennits, and Catechna. These forts were all destroyed during the Tuscarora War by North Carolina colonists.<ref name=":12">Harris, Ron L. “The Tuscarora War: Culture Clash in North Carolina.” ''Central States Archaeological Journal'', vol. 63, no. 4, 2016, pp. 201–203. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/44715267. Accessed 30 Mar. 2020.</ref> An archaeological analysis of Fort Neoheroka indicates that the Tuscarora were adapting new methods of warfare in North America, specifically the advent of firearms, explosives and artillery. Ultimately, it was not the defensive limitations of the Tuscarora that cost them at Fort Neoheroka. In fact, the fort was "...equal to, if not superior to, comparable Euro-American frontier fortifications of the same era."<ref name=":02">Heath, Charles L & Phelps, David S. "Architecture of a Tuscarora Fortress: The Neoheroka Fort and the Tuscarora War (1711–1715)." Coastal Carolina Indian Center. 14 December 2011. Accessed 30 March 2020. https://www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/architecture-of-a-tuscarora-fortress-the-neoheroka-fort-and-the-tuscarora-war-1711-1715/</ref> In actuality, the Tuscarora's defeat was not caused by inadequate fortification, but by an arsenal lacking the artillery and explosives employed by their opponents.<ref name=":02" /> About 950 people were killed or captured and sold into slavery in the Caribbean or New England by Colonel Moore and his South Carolina troops.<ref>''A People and A Nation'', Seventh Edition, 2005</ref>
Line 101 ⟶ 82:
[[Category:1710s conflicts]]
[[Category:1710s in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1711 in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1713 in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1714 in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1715 in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1711 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1712 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1713 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1714 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1715 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1711]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1712]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1713]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1714]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1715]]
[[Category:Colonial American and Indian wars]]
[[Category:Colonial North Carolina]]
[[Category:Military history of North Carolina]]
[[Category:ResistanceMilitary tohistory of the BritishThirteen EmpireColonies]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Tuscarora]]
[[Category:Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America]]