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===Circular schiltrons===
There are two recorded [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scottish]] instances of circular schiltrons: [[William Wallace]]'s army at the 1298 [[Battle of Falkirk]], and an element of [[Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray|Thomas Randolph]]'s forces on the first day of the 1314 [[Battle of Bannockburn]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Linklater | first = Eric | title = The Survival of Scotland | url = https://archive.org/details/survivalofscotla00link | url-access = registration | publisher = Double Day | year = 1968 | location = Garden City,
The circular formation is essentially static. At Falkirk, the formation was fortified by driving stakes into the ground before the men, with ropes between.<ref>Fisher (1986), op.cit.,p.80</ref> [[Charles Oman]] describes the formation thus: "The front ranks knelt with their spear butts fixed in the earth; the rear ranks leveled their lances over their comrades heads; the thick-set grove of twelve foot spears was far too dense for the cavalry to penetrate."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Art of War in the Middle Ages |last=Oman |first= Charles |author-link=Charles Oman|year=1924|volume= 2|publisher= Greenhill |location=London |isbn= 1-85367-100-2|page=80}}</ref>
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