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Hypotension is the opposite of [[hypertension]], which is high blood pressure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Physiology|last=Costanzo, Linda S.|others=Preceded by: Costanzo, Linda S.|isbn=978-0-323-51189-6|edition=Sixth|location=Philadelphia, PA|oclc=965761862|date = March 15, 2017}}</ref> It is best understood as a [[physiologic]]al state rather than a disease.<ref name=":0" /> Severely low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]].<ref name="cdc.gov"/> Shock is classified based on the underlying cause, including [[hypovolemic shock]], [[cardiogenic shock]], [[distributive shock]], and [[obstructive shock]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Haseer Koya|first1=Hayas|title=Shock|date=2021|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531492/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=30285387|access-date=2021-11-29|last2=Paul|first2=Manju}}</ref>
Hypotension can be caused by excessive [[exercise]], excessive heat, low [[blood volume]] ([[hypovolemia]]),<ref name=":10" /> hormonal changes,<ref name=":15" /> [[Vasodilation|widening of blood vessels]],<ref name=":16" /> [[anemia]],<ref name=":17" />
For many people, excessively low blood pressure can cause dizziness and fainting or indicate serious heart, endocrine or [[neurological disorders]].<ref name="Joseph S55–S67">{{Cite journal|last1=Joseph|first1=Adrien|last2=Wanono|first2=Ruben|last3=Flamant|first3=Martin|last4=Vidal-Petiot|first4=Emmanuelle|date=April 2017|title=Orthostatic hypotension: A review|journal=Nephrologie & Therapeutique|volume=13 Suppl 1|pages=S55–S67|doi=10.1016/j.nephro.2017.01.003|issn=1872-9177|pmid=28577744}}</ref>
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==Causes==
Low blood pressure can be caused by low [[blood volume]],<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Kalkwarf|first1=Kyle J.|last2=Cotton|first2=Bryan A.|date=December 2017|title=Resuscitation for Hypovolemic Shock|journal=The Surgical Clinics of North America|volume=97|issue=6|pages=1307–1321|doi=10.1016/j.suc.2017.07.011|issn=1558-3171|pmid=29132511}}</ref> hormonal changes,<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Bett|first=Glenna C. L.|date=1 May 2016|title=Hormones and sex differences: changes in cardiac electrophysiology with pregnancy|journal=Clinical Science |volume=130|issue=10|pages=747–759|doi=10.1042/CS20150710|issn=1470-8736|pmid=27128800}}</ref> [[Vasodilation|widening of blood vessels]], medicine [[side effects]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last1=Oparil|first1=Suzanne|last2=Acelajado|first2=Maria Czarina|last3=Bakris|first3=George L.|last4=Berlowitz|first4=Dan R.|last5=Cífková|first5=Renata|last6=Dominiczak|first6=Anna F.|last7=Grassi|first7=Guido|last8=Jordan|first8=Jens|last9=Poulter|first9=Neil R.|last10=Rodgers|first10=Anthony|last11=Whelton|first11=Paul K.|date=22 March 2018|title=Hypertension|journal=Nature Reviews. Disease Primers|volume=4|page=18014|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2018.14|issn=2056-676X|pmc=6477925|pmid=29565029}}</ref> severe [[dehydration]],<ref name="Mayo2009causes" /> [[anemia]],<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last1=Vieth|first1=Julie T.|last2=Lane|first2=David R.|date=December 2017|title=Anemia|journal=Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America|volume=31|issue=6|pages=1045–1060|doi=10.1016/j.hoc.2017.08.008|issn=1558-1977|pmid=29078923}}</ref> [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>
<ref name="B799">{{Cite web|title=How a Vitamin B Deficiency Affects Blood Pressure|url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/489318-connection-between-low-blood-pressure-and-vitamin-b-deficiency/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=LIVESTRONG.COM|language=en}}</ref> [[anaphylaxis]],<ref name="Mayo2009causes" /> heart problems<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last1=Tewelde|first1=Semhar Z.|last2=Liu|first2=Stanley S.|last3=Winters|first3=Michael E.|date=February 2018|title=Cardiogenic Shock|journal=Cardiology Clinics|volume=36|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2017.08.009|issn=1558-2264|pmid=29173681}}</ref> or endocrine problems.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|last1=Bornstein|first1=Stefan R.|last2=Allolio|first2=Bruno|last3=Arlt|first3=Wiebke|last4=Barthel|first4=Andreas|last5=Don-Wauchope|first5=Andrew|last6=Hammer|first6=Gary D.|last7=Husebye|first7=Eystein S.|last8=Merke|first8=Deborah P.|last9=Murad|first9=M. Hassan|last10=Stratakis|first10=Constantine A.|last11=Torpy|first11=David J.|date=February 2016|title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=101|issue=2|pages=364–389|doi=10.1210/jc.2015-1710|issn=1945-7197|pmc=4880116|pmid=26760044}}</ref>
Reduced blood volume, [[hypovolemia]], is the most common cause of hypotension.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Perner|first1=Anders|last2=Cecconi|first2=Maurizio|last3=Cronhjort|first3=Maria|last4=Darmon|first4=Michael|last5=Jakob|first5=Stephan M.|last6=Pettilä|first6=Ville|last7=van der Horst|first7=Iwan C. C.|date=June 2018|title=Expert statement for the management of hypovolemia in sepsis|journal=Intensive Care Medicine|volume=44|issue=6|pages=791–798|doi=10.1007/s00134-018-5177-x|issn=1432-1238|pmid=29696295|hdl=10138/303662|s2cid=13866817|url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/expert-statement-for-the-management-of-hypovolemia-in-sepsis(1956f1c3-61de-4ac7-b662-5d6f8c77e6ef).html|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This can result from [[hemorrhage]]; insufficient fluid intake, as in starvation; or excessive fluid losses from diarrhea or vomiting. Hypovolemia can be induced by excessive use of [[diuretic]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Laurent|first=Stéphane|date=October 2017|title=Antihypertensive drugs|journal=Pharmacological Research|volume=124|pages=116–125|doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.026|issn=1096-1186|pmid=28780421|s2cid=251991}}</ref> Low blood pressure may also be attributed to heat stroke which can be indicated by absence of perspiration, light headedness and dark colored urine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Al Mahri|first1=Saeed|last2=Bouchama|first2=Abderrezak|date=2018|title=Heatstroke|journal=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|volume=157|pages=531–545|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-64074-1.00032-X|issn=0072-9752|pmid=30459024|isbn=9780444640741}}</ref>
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