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[[Persistent fetal circulation|Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn]] (PPHN) is a syndrome that occurs from an abnormal transition to extra-uterine life. It is marked by an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and vasoconstriction causing a right-to-left shunt of the blood through the [[Foramen ovale (heart)|foramen ovale]] or [[Patent ductus arteriosus|ductus arteriosus]].<ref name=":1" /> There are three main causes of PPHN are parenchymal diseases such as meconium aspiration syndrome, idiopathic, and hypoplastic vasculature like in a diaphragmatic hernia. It will eventually resolve in most infants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinhorn |first=Robin H. |date=March 2010 |title=Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2843001/ |journal=Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies |volume=11 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S79–S84 |doi=10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181c76cdc |issn=1529-7535 |pmc=2843001 |pmid=20216169}}</ref> This is the only syndrome that inhaled nitric oxide is approved for by the FDA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FDA |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/020845s020lbl.pdf |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Food and Drug Administration}}</ref>
[[Transient tachypnea of the newborn|Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn]] is caused by the retention of alveolar fluid in the lungs. It commonly occurs in infants who are delivered via [[caesarean section]] without the onset of labor because absorption of amniotic fluid in the lungs has not yet commenced. Other risk factors are male sex, [[Large for gestational age|macrosomia]], multiple gestations, and maternal asthma. It usually presents with tachypnea and increased work of breathing. On an x-ray diffuse infiltrates, interlobar fissures, and sometimes [[Pleural effusion|pleural effusions]] can be seen. It is a diagnosis of exclusion because of its similarity to other diseases and frequently CPAP is used to help push the lung fluid into the pulmonary vasculature. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reuter |first=Suzanne |last2=Moser |first2=Chuanpit |last3=Baack |first3=Michelle |date=2014 |title=Respiratory Distress in the Newborn |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4533247/ |journal=Pediatrics in Review |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=417–429 |issn=0191-9601 |pmc=4533247 |pmid=25274969}}</ref>
[[Pulmonary interstitial emphysema]] is the condition of air escaping overdistended alveoli into the pulmonary interstitium. It is a rare disease that occurs most often in premature infants, even though it is possible to appear in adults.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jalota Sahota |first=Ruchi |title=Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema |date=2022 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560484/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32809319 |access-date=2022-05-14 |last2=Anjum |first2=Fatima}}</ref> It often presents as a slow deterioration with the need for increased ventilatory support. Chest x-ray is the standard for diagnosis where it is seen as linear or cystic translucencies extending to the edges of the lungs.<ref name=":1" />
[[Bronchiolitis]] is the swelling and buildup of mucus in the bronchioles. It is usually caused by [[respiratory syncytial virus]] (RSV), which is spread when an infant touches the nose or throat fluids of someone infected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bronchiolitis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000975.htm |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> The virus infects the cells causing ciliary dysfunction and death. The debris, edema, and inflammation eventually leads to the symptoms.<ref>{{Citation |last=Justice |first=Nathaniel A. |title=Bronchiolitis |date=2022 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441959/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=28722988 |access-date=2022-05-14 |last2=Le |first2=Jacqueline K.}}</ref>It is the most common reason for admission of children under the age of one year. It can present widely from a mild respiratory infection to respiratory failure. Since there is no medication to treat the disease, it is only managed supportively with fluids and oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Jeremy N |last2=Rieder |first2=Michael J |last3=Walton |first3=Jennifer M |date=2014 |title=Bronchiolitis: Recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235450/ |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=485–491 |issn=1205-7088 |pmc=4235450 |pmid=25414585}}</ref>
==Diagnosis==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
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