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===Urban layout===
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Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. There is not much information about the initial stage of its existence: the earliest data available refers to 1636 when the city was rebuilt after it was completely destroyed during the Time of Troubles. According to the historian T.G. Svistunova, the Oryol Fortress of the 16th century had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a chopped "city", an "[[Ostrog (fortress)|Ostrog]]" and a Posad, surrounded by gaps. The "city" housed a cathedral, a [[voivode]]'s (i.e. "warlord" or "military-leader") house, government buildings and siege courts for the [[boyar]] children; on the territory of the prison, there were yards of gunners, collars and a blacksmith, as well as two parish churches, which stood near the towers of the prison: Epiphany gunners and Nikolskaya collars. On the
In terms of planning, Oryol is a typical sector-cape town. In its central part, there is an array of streets diverging from the fortress, with two main axes of the Upper and Lower Korchak roads. occupied part of the area in front of the main settlement of the fortress, overlooking the pier on the Oka. Opposite it, there was probably a second marketplace - in the Zaotsk part, where the dragoon settlements were located with a relatively regular layout (the regularity was explained both by a one-time cutting of land and the desire to lay streets parallel and perpendicular to the river). With the distance from the river, the rectangular mesh gradually bevels and turns into a “fan”; the two main axes of this "fan" converge to a trapezoidal square, from where the street goes perpendicular to the river to the marketplace and to the bridge. The composition of the city was most effectively perceived from the river: all the main ensembles of the city - a fortress, three marketplaces and two monasteries, as well as individual parish churches - turned to the river. The structure of the city was immediately visible from the river: its division into three parts, the leading role of the central cape with the fortress, the fan-shaped (according to the direction of the rivers) layout of the central part and the “regular” breakdown of the Zaotsk settlements. The connection between all parts of the city was also expressed across the river - not only compositionally (the dominance of the interfluvial part over the riverside), but also in planning - some streets of the central part of the city directly continued in the districts, crossing there through bridges. From the river one could understand the main functions of the city - a military fortress and a trade center.<ref>Tatyana Guk. Scale in the planning of cities in central Russia (example of Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan, Orel, Bryansk, Kursk) pp. 84-86</ref>
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