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==Earliest ''voivodate''s in medieval documents==
{{Main article|Litovoi|Seneslau|Bărbat}}
[[File:1246VOIVODATE.png|thumb|The political situation in the Carpathian Basin in the year
After the Mongol invasion, a great many (if not most) of the Cuman population left the [[Wallachian Plain]], but the Vlach (Romanian) population remained there under the leadership of their local chiefs, called ''[[Knez (Vlach leader)|knez]]es'' and ''[[voivode]]s''.<ref>Vásáry 2005, p. 144.</ref> In 1247, King Béla IV tried to bring the [[Knights Hospitallers]] to the region and granted to them a number of territories in the "land of Severin".<ref name='Pop 44'>Pop 1999, p. 44.</ref><ref name='Curta 407'>Curta 2006, p. 407.</ref> The knights’ mission, however, proved to be a total failure (there is even no report whether they occupied their posts), but the royal charter for the knights, dated June 2, 1247, lists four autonomous territorial-administrative units (''kenezate''s) in Oltenia and western Muntenia.<ref name='Vásáry 147'>Vásáry 2005, p. 147.</ref>
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