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==Spanish rules==
The earliest surviving description was written by [[Juan Luis Vives]] in his ''Exercitatio linguae latinae'' around 1538 in [[Basel]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vives|first1=Juan Luis|last2=Foster|first2=Watson|title=Tudor School-Boy Life|date=1908|publisher=J.M. Dent & Company|location=London|pages=185–197|url=https://www.archive.org/stream/tudorschool-boyl00viveuoft#page/185/mode/1up}}</ref> As he left Spain in 1509 never to return, the rules may date to his youth. However the game was already widespread by then. In 1541, Juan Maldonado (d. 1554) expanded on Vives's rules and later revised them in 1549.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maldonado|first1=Juan|last2=Smith|first2=Warren|last3=Colahan|first3=Clark|title=Spanish Humanism on the Verge of the Picaresque|date=2009|publisher=Leuven University Press|location=Leuven|pages=23–59}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pratesi|first1=Franco|author-link1=Franco Pratesi|title=Juan Maldonado: A Writer to be Remembered|journal=[[The Playing-Card]]|date=1988|volume=16|issue=4|pages=117–121}}</ref> Both Vives and Maldonado described the rules in the form of dialogues between the players. It is an ancestor of [[Ombre]].
The game is played by four players either individually or as partners. Maldonado uses a pack of 48 [[Spanish playing cards]] but Vives uses a French deck by discarding the 10s. In the suit of clubs and swords, the ranking from highest to lowest is King, Knight, Jack, 9 ... Ace while in the suit of cups and coins it is King, Knight, Jack, Ace ... 9.{{efn|This ranking can also be found in [[Tarot card games|Tarot]], [[Spoil Five|Maw]], [[Madiao]], [[Khanhoo]], [[Tổ tôm]], [[Unsun Karuta]], and [[Ganjifa]]. It dates to the earliest card games.}} In the trump suit, the Ace is promoted above the King. Partners are chosen by drawing cards from the deck with the two highest and the two lowest going together. They sit opposite of one another. Each player is dealt nine cards with the top card of the remaining stock of 12 flipped to reveal the trump suit. If the exposed card is an Ace or a [[face card]], the dealer has the right to exchange it for a card in his hand and get awarded three points. Players must [[follow suit]], if devoid of that suit then they can play trumps or a card from another suit. Players with a weak hand can concede at any time and force a redeal but this is considered losing that particular hand. This game was used for gambling with players raising stakes before each trick. Each card is worth 1 point and points are counted after each trick, if a side neglects to add points then they are not counted. The side that wins a hand gets their points for that particular hand doubled. The first side to obtain 32 points wins.
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