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{{History of war}}
'''BattlespaceBattle-space''' is a term used to signify a unified [[military strategy]] to integrate and combine [[armed forces]] for the [[military]] [[theater (warfare)|theatre of operations]], including [[aerial warfare|air]], [[information warfare|information]], [[ground warfare|land]], [[naval warfare|sea]], [[cyberwarfare|cyber]] and [[space warfare|space]] to achieve [[strategic goal (military)|military goals]]. It includes the environment, factors, and conditions that must be understood to successfully apply combat power, protect the force, or complete the mission. This includes [[enemy (military)|enemy]] and [[Alliance|friendly]] [[armed forces]], [[infrastructure]], [[weather]], [[terrain]], and the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] within the operational areas and areas of interest.<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/b/ Battlespace definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618002413/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/b/ |date=2008-06-18 }}, DoD</ref><ref>[http://www.jargondatabase.com/Jargon.aspx?id=435 Military Jargon Database]</ref>
 
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==Concept==
 
=== From "battlefield" to "battlespacebattle-space" ===
Over the last 25{{When|date=May 2020}} years, the understanding of the military operational environment has transformed from primarily a time and space-driven linear understanding (a "battlefield") to a multi-dimensional system of systems understanding (a battlespacebattle-space). This system of systems understanding implies that managing the battlespacebattle-space has become more complex, primarily because of the increased importance of the cognitive domain, a direct result of the information age. Today, militaries are expected to understand the effects of their actions on the operational environment as a whole, and not just in the military domain of their operational environment.
 
===Battlespace agility===
Battlespace agility refers to the speed at which the warfighting organization develops and transforms knowledge into actions for desired effects in the battlespace. Essentially it argues that you must be better than the opposition at doing the right actions at the right time and place. Inbuilt into this understanding is that battlespace agility is not just about speed, but it is also about executing the most effective action (ways) in the most efficient manner (means) relative to achieving the desired impact on the system (ends). At all times battlespace agility is dependent on the quality of situational awareness and holistic understanding of the battlespace to determine the best actions, a logic that has become a driving force behind a renaissance of interest in the quality of military intelligence. It has been heavily linked to the ability of intelligence analysts and operational planners to understand their battlespace, and their targets, as networks in order to facilitate a faster, and more accurate shared situational understanding. This in turn increases targeting efficacy and helps retain the overall initiative. Battlespace agility has its roots solidly in the more generic Command & Control (C2) research field on C2 agility conducted by NATO,<ref>[http://www.dodccrp.org/files/C2_Agility_Tutorial.pdf (1985) C2 Agility: a tutorial and review of SAS-085 Findings]</ref> but works specifically with an agility concept within the context of warfighting only.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226030006/http://forsvaret.dk/FAK/Publikationer/B%C3%B8ger%20og%20andre%20publikationer/Documents/AgilityandInteroperabilityfor21stCenturyCommandandControl.pdfWilliam Mitchell, Agile Sense-Making in the Battlespace]</ref> Hence it is framed by effects based thinking, system of systems analysis, and competing Observation Orient Decide Act ([[OODA loop|OODA]]) loops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forsvaret.dk/FAK/Publikationer/Briefs/Documents/Battlespace%20Agility%20201.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212195333/http://forsvaret.dk/FAK/Publikationer/Briefs/Documents/Battlespace%20Agility%20201.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-12 }}</ref>▼
 
===BattlespaceBattle-space awarenessagility===
▲BattlespaceBattle-space agility refers to the speed at which the warfightingwar-fighting organization develops and transforms knowledge into actions for desired effects in the battlespacebattle-space. Essentially it argues that you must be better than the opposition at doing the right actions at the right time and place. Inbuilt into this understanding is that battlespacebattle-space agility is not just about speed, but it is also about executing the most effective action (ways) in the most efficient manner (means) relative to achieving the desired impact on the system (ends). At all times battlespacebattle-space agility is dependent on the quality of situational awareness and holistic understanding of the battlespacebattle-space to determine the best actions, a logic that has become a driving force behind a renaissance of interest in the quality of military intelligence. It has been heavily linked to the ability of intelligence analysts and operational planners to understand their battlespacebattle-space, and their targets, as networks in order to facilitate a faster, and more accurate shared situational understanding. This in turn increases targeting efficacy and helps retain the overall initiative. BattlespaceBattle-space agility has its roots solidly in the more generic Command & Control (C2) research field on C2 agility conducted by NATO,<ref>[http://www.dodccrp.org/files/C2_Agility_Tutorial.pdf (1985) C2 Agility: a tutorial and review of SAS-085 Findings]</ref> but works specifically with an agility concept within the context of warfightingwar-fighting only.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111226030006/http://forsvaret.dk/FAK/Publikationer/B%C3%B8ger%20og%20andre%20publikationer/Documents/AgilityandInteroperabilityfor21stCenturyCommandandControl.pdfWilliam Mitchell, Agile Sense-Making in the Battlespace]</ref> Hence it is framed by effects based thinking, system of systems analysis, and competing Observation Orient Decide Act ([[OODA loop|OODA]]) loops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forsvaret.dk/FAK/Publikationer/Briefs/Documents/Battlespace%20Agility%20201.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212195333/http://forsvaret.dk/FAK/Publikationer/Briefs/Documents/Battlespace%20Agility%20201.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-12 }}</ref>
Battlespace awareness (BA) is a practice of [[military science|military philosophy]] that is used as a valuable asset by joint component and force commanders, to predict courses of action before employing troops into a prescribed area of operation (AO). It utilizes the intelligence preparation asset to assist the commander in being 'aware' of recent, current, and near term events in his battlespace.<ref>[http://www.dodccrp.org/events/8th_ICCRTS/pdf/005.pdf Joint Synthetic Battlespace: Cornerstone for Predictive Battlespace Awareness]</ref>▼
 
===Battle-space awareness===
▲BattlespaceBattle-space awareness (BA) is a practice of [[military science|military philosophy]] that is used as a valuable asset by joint component and force commanders, to predict courses of action before employing troops into a prescribed area of operation (AO). It utilizes the intelligence preparation asset to assist the commander in being 'aware' of recent, current, and near term events in his battlespacebattle-space.<ref>[http://www.dodccrp.org/events/8th_ICCRTS/pdf/005.pdf Joint Synthetic Battlespace: Cornerstone for Predictive Battlespace Awareness]</ref>
 
It is based around its knowledge and understanding obtained by the [[Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance|intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance]] (ISR) system. It is another methodical concept used to gain information about the operational area—the environment, factors, and conditions, including the status of friendly and adversary forces, neutrals and noncombatants, weather and terrain—that enables timely, relevant, comprehensive and accurate assessments. It has become an effective concept for [[conventional warfare|conventional]] and [[unconventional warfare|unconventional operations]] in successfully projecting, or protecting, a military force, and/or completing its mission.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/b/ |title=DOD - Battlespace Awareness defined |access-date=2006-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618002413/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/b/ |archive-date=2008-06-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
===BattlespaceBattle-space digitization===
BattlespaceBattle-space digitization is designed to improve [[military operation]]al effectiveness by integrating [[weapons platform]]s, [[sensor network]]s, ubiquitous command and control (UC2), [[Military intelligence|intelligence]], and [[network-centric warfare]]. This military doctrine reflects that in the future, military operations will be merged into [[joint warfare|joint operations]] rather than take place in separate battlespacesbattle-spaces under the domain of individual armed services.
 
===Battlespace intelligence preparation===
 
====Intelligence preparation====
[[Military intelligence|Intelligence preparation of the battlespace]] (IPB) is an analytical methodology employed to reduce uncertainties concerning the enemy, environment, and terrain for all types of operations. Intelligence preparation of the battlespacebattle-space builds an extensive [[database]] for each potential area in which a unit may be required to operate.
 
The database is then analyzed in detail to determine the impact of the enemy, environment and terrain on operations and presents it in graphic form. Intelligence preparation of the battlespacebattle-space is a continuing process.
 
====Joint intelligence preparation====
Joint intelligence preparation of the battlespacebattle-space (JIPB) is the analytical process used by joint intelligence organizations to produce intelligence assessments, estimates and other intelligence products in support of the joint force commander's decision making process. It is a continuous process that includes defining the total battlespacebattle-space environment; describing the battlespacebattle-space's effects; evaluating the adversary; and determining and describing adversary potential courses of action.
 
The process is used to analyze the [[air|aerial]], [[landform|terrestrial]], [[sea|maritime/littoral]], [[space|spatial]], [[Electromagnetism|electromagnetic]], [[cyberspace]], and human dimensions of the environment and to determine an opponent's capabilities to operate in each. JPIB products are used by the joint force and component command staffs in preparing their estimates and are also applied during the analysis and selection of friendly courses of action.
 
===BattlespaceBattle-space measures===
 
====ManoeuvreManeuver control====
ManoeuvreManeuver control measures are the basic preliminary step in effective clearance of [[fire support]] (e.g. [[artillery]], [[Naval gunfire support|Naval gunfire]], and [[close air support]]), marked by imaginary boundary lines used by commanders to designate the geographical area for which a particular unit is tactically responsible. It is usually established on identifiable terrain to help aid in hasty referencing for better lateral advantage in the [[military science|science]] of fire support, normally orchestrated by a higher echelon of the [[general staff]], mainly the [[operations (military staff)|operations staff]] sections.
 
They are normally designated along terrain features easily recognizable on the ground. An important point on maneuver control graphics: staffs must be knowledgeable regarding the different maneuver control measures and their impact on clearance of fires. For instance, boundaries are both restrictive and permissive; corridors are restrictive, while routes, axis, and directions of attack are neither.
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**There are free-fire areas (FFA) which fire support can commence without additional coordination with the establishing headquarters. Normally, it is established on identifiable terrain by division or higher headquarters.
 
===BattlespaceBattle-space shaping===
{{Further|Area of responsibility}}
BattlespaceBattle-space shaping is a concept involved in the practice of [[maneuver warfare]] that are used for shaping a situation on the battlefield, gaining the military advantage for the commander. It forecasts the elimination of the enemy's capability by fighting in a coherent manner before deploying determine-sized forces.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1997/Lukas.htm DEATH FROM ABOVE: I MEF's use of Marine TACAIR during Desert Storm]</ref>
 
==See also==
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==Further reading==
 
*Mitchell, W. (2013). ''BattlespaceBattle-space Agility 101''. Royal Danish DefenceDefense College Publishing House. {{ISBN|978-87-7147-006-2}}
*Mitchell, W. (2013). ''BattlespaceBattle-space Agility 201''.Royal Danish DefenceDefense College Publishing House. {{ISBN|978-87-7147-018-5}}
*Mitchell, W. (2012). ''BattlespaceBattle-space Intelligence''. Royal Danish DefenceDefense College Publishing House. {{ISBN|9788798772064}}
*Mitchell, W. (2012). ''BattlespaceBattle-space Agility in Helmand''. Royal Danish DefenceDefense College Publishing House. {{ISBN|9788798772057}}
*Mitchell, W. (2008). ''Comprehensive Approach Capacity Building''.Royal Danish DefenceDefense College Publishing House. {{ISBN|978-87-9142-152-5}}
*Blackmore, T. (2005). ''War X: Human Extensions in BattlespaceBattle-space''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-8791-4}}
*Owens, W. (2002). ''Dominant BattlespaceBattle-space Knowledge''. University Press of the Pacific. {{ISBN|1-4102-0413-8}}
 
==External links==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlespace"