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The '''Indonesian Throughflow''' (ITF) is an ocean current with importance for global climate since it provides a low-latitude pathway for warm, freshwater to move from the [[Indopacific|Pacific to the Indian Ocean]] and this serves as the upper branch of the [[thermohaline circulation|global heat conveyor belt]]. Higher [[ocean surface topography]] in the western Pacific than found in the Indian Ocean drives upper [[thermocline]] water from the North Pacific through the western route of the [[Makassar Strait]] to either directly exit through the [[Lombok Strait]] or flow eastward into the [[Banda Sea]]. Weaker flows of saltier and denser South Pacific water pass over the Lifamatola Passage into the Banda Sea, where these waters mass are mixed due to tidal effects, [[Ekman spiral|Ekman pumping]], and heat and freshwater [[Flux|flux]] at the ocean surface. From the Banda Sea the ITF exits [[Timor Sea|Timor]], [[Ombai Strait|Ombai]], and Lombok passages.
The location and topography of the channels that make up the ITF are shown in the Figure. Lombok Strait is 300m deep and roughly 35 km wide and the currents vary between 0.286 m/s (0.6 mi/hr) eastward to 0.67 m/s westward and average 0.25 m/s westward. Currents in Ombai vary between 0.12 m/s eastward to 0.16 m/s westward, averaging 0.11 m/s westward and are funneled within the 1250m deep and 35 km wide passage. Timor passage, which is 1890 m deep by 160 km wide, is the widest of the exit pathways and averages only 0.02 m/s. From 2004–2006, 11 [[mooring (oceanography)|moorings]] were deployed across the entrance and exit regions of the ITF and were positioned to accurately measure each passage’s contribution as part of the International Nusantara Stratification and Transport (INSTANT) program. The ITF increases the temperature of the Southern Indian Ocean but has no significant observed in surface salinity.<ref>[https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_03_0399_0406_0.pdf "Impact of Indonesian throughflow blockage on the southern Indian ocean by Pandey, Vivek K ; Bhatt, V ; Pandey, AC and Das, IML in Current Science (August, 2007), Vol. 93, Issue .3, pp. 399-406"]. (PDF) ITF net effect observed through artificial blockage using Princeton Ocean Model.</ref>. Flow in through Makassar (11.6 Sv, 1 [[Sverdrup|Sv]] = 10<sup>6</sup> m³/s) and Lifamatola (1.1 Sv) sums to 12.7 Sv. Total outflow transport corresponds to 15.0 Sv (varying from 10.7 to 18.7 Sv) and is made up of Lombok (2.6 Sv), Ombai (4.9 Sv) and Timor (7.5 Sv) contributions.<ref>[http://www.marine.csiro.au/~cow074/SPRINTALL_JGR.pdf Sprintall, J., S.E. Wijffels, R. Molcard, and I. Jaya, Direct estimates of the Indonesian Throughflow entering the Indian Ocean: 2004-2006, Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 114, 19, 2009.]</ref> Heat Transport of the Indonesian Throughflow is 1.087 PW (1 PW=10<sup>15</sup> Watt).<ref>[http://www.igu.in/10-4/2vivek.pdf “Heat transport through Indonesian throughflow by Vivek Kumar Pandey and Avinash Chand Pandey in J. Ind. Geophys. Union ( October 2006 ) Vol.10, No.4, pp.273-277”]. (PDF) ITF heat transport result from POM Model.</ref>. Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE) of the ITF is of the order of 10<sup>-3</sup> m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-2</sup> in the upper layer whereas it is 10<sup>-4</sup> m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-2</sup> in the middle layer. Corresponding values of ITF TKE dissipation rate are of the order of 10<sup>-6</sup> m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-3</sup> and 10<sup>-8</sup> m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-3</sup> which indicate that this ITF archipelagoes region is a highly turbulent and a high heat dissipative in nature.<ref>[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.531.3839&rep=rep1&type=pdf “Turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate of the Indonesian throughflow region via Lombok and Savu Straits by Vivek Kumar Pandey and Avinash Chand Pandey in J. Ind. Geophys. Union ( April 2007 ) Vol.11, No.2, pp.117-122”]. (PDF) Indonesian Throughflow high turbulent in nature and its heat dissipation characteristics analyzed at Lombok and Savu Straits of it by POM model.</ref>
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