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Line 1: {{Short description\|Economic agreements between the EU and other countries}} {{for\|the free trade scheme between two countries\|Economic partnership agreement}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} '''Economic Partnership Agreements''' are a scheme to create a [[free trade area]] (FTA) between the [[European Union]] and the [[ACP countries\|African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP)]]. They are a response to continuing criticism that the non-reciprocal and discriminating [[Preferential trading area\|preferential trade agreements]] offered by the EU are incompatible with [[WTO]] rules. The EPAs date back to the signing of the [[Cotonou Agreement]]. The EPAs with the different regions are at different states of play. In 2016, EPAs with three African [[Regional Economic Communities]] ([[East African Community]], [[Economic Community of West African States]] and [[Southern African Development Community]]) were to be signed but faced challenges.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/brussels-must-redefine-its-trade-relations-africas-regional-economic-communities\|title=In the balance\|author=Helmut Asche\|publisher=D+C, Development and Cooperation\|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref>{{update-inline\|date=February 2019}} [[File:UK_EPA.png\|thumb\|right\|450px\|'''United Kingdom's Economic Partnership Agreements''' {{legend\|Black\|United Kingdom}} {{legend\|#fc4e2a\|Cameroon EPA}} {{legend\|#33a02c\|CARIFORUM EPA}} {{legend\|#ffff33\|Eastern and Southern Africa EPA}} {{legend\|#9970ab\|Ghana EPA}} {{legend\|#feb24c\|Ivory Coast EPA}} {{legend\|#081d5a\|Kenya EPA}} {{legend\|#41b6c4\|Pacific States EPA}} {{legend\|#984ea3\|Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique EPA}}]] '''Economic Partnership Agreements''' ('''EPAs''') are a scheme to create a [[free trade area]] (FTA) between the [[European Union]] and other countries. They are a response to continuing criticism that the non-reciprocal and discriminating [[Preferential trading area\|preferential trade agreements]] offered by the EU are incompatible with [[WTO]] rules. The EPAs date back to the signing of the [[Cotonou Agreement]]. The EPAs with the different regions are at different states of play. The EU has signed EPAs with the following countries: the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), [[Economic Community of West African States\|ECOWAS]] (16 states), six countries in [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa\|Eastern and Southern Africa]], [[Cameroon]], four Pacific states, and the [[CARIFORUM]] states.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=EU Trade agreements \|url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/negotiations-and-agreements_en \|access-date=2022-08-29 \|website=policy.trade.ec.europa.eu \|language=en}}</ref> Their defining characteristic is that they open up exports to the EU immediately, while exports to the partner regions is opened up only partially and over transitioning periods.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Access2Markets Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) \|url=https://trade.ec.europa.eu/access-to-markets/en/content/economic-partnership-agreements-epas \|access-date=2022-08-29 \|website=trade.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Following the [[Brexit\|withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union]], the [[United Kingdom]] duplicated eight EPAs, such as with Cameroon, [[Ghana]], the Caribbean, and the pacific states.<ref name="ukta"/> There is also an [[Economic Partnership Agreement (Japan-EU)\|EU-Japan EPA]], which is however symmetrical in opening markets, and thus only an EPA in name. Similarly the [[UK–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement]] is only an EPA in name for the same reason. ==Key elements== Line 7 ⟶ 14: Due to the continuing [[WTO]] incompatibility of previous arrangements, the EPAs' key feature is their [[Reciprocity (international relations)\|reciprocity]] and their non-discriminatory nature. They involve the phased out removal of all trade preferences which have been established between the EU and the [[ACP countries]] since 1975 as well as the progressive removal of [[trade barriers]] between the partners. In order to fulfil the criterion of being a non-discriminatory agreement, the EPAs are open to all [[developing countries]],{{Citation needed\|date=April 2011}} thereby effectively terminating the ACP group as the main development partner of the EU. The establishment of a reciprocal trade agreement confronts the EU with the problem of how to reconcile the special status of the ACP group with the ~~EU’s~~EU's [[Trade pact#By the World Trade Organization\|obligations to the WTO]]. The solution proposed for this dilemma is an agreement which is only as reciprocal as necessary to fulfil WTO criteria. In reality, the ACP countries will have some room to manoeuvre and to maintain some limited protection of their most vital products. The extent to which [[trade]] must be liberalised under the new EPAs is still a widely debated issue and it remains to be seen whether the WTO provisions regulating regional trade agreements will be revised in favour of the EPA scheme at the end of the [[Doha Round]]. ===Regionalism=== True to the Cotonou principle of ''differentiation and regionalisation'' the [[developing countries]] are encouraged to enter into the EPAs in regional groupings. So far the [[ACP countries]] have formed seven <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/regions/africa-caribbean-pacific/\|title=Africa, Caribbean, Pacific (ACP) - Trade - European Commission\|~~publisher=\|accessdate~~access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref> regional groupings in which they intend to enter into EPAs with the European Union. These regional groupings are the [[Economic Community of West African States]] ~~<ref>http://www.ecowas.int/</ref>~~ the [[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa]]<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.cemac.int/ \|title=Commission de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale (CEMAC) \|access-date=2010-02-26 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310151637/http://www.cemac.int/ \|archive-date=2010-03-10 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Southern African Development Community]]~~<ref>http://www.sadc.int/ </ref>~~ the [[East African Community]]<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.eac.int/ \|title=East African Community - Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi \|access-date=2006-07-19 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705202327/http://www.eac.int/ \|archive-date=2014-07-05 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> * the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa\|Eastern and Southern Africa]] (ESA)<ref>~~http~~{{Cite web\|url=https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/esa/\|title=Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) - Trade - European Commission\|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> the Caribbean Community + Dominican Republic ([[CARIFORUM]])<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.crnm.org/esp/acp_esp.htm \|title=CRNM - Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery \|access-date=2007-02-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120134710/http://www.crnm.org/esp/acp_esp.htm \|archive-date=2008-11-20 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Pacific]] region. Line 30 ⟶ 37: * Removing tariff barriers may make it economically feasible to export additional products to the EU that are already exported to other markets. * The most significant, but not necessarily most likely effect, is that there could be increases in foreign exchange earning and positive effects for the rest of the economy. ==United Kingdom== [[File:UK_EPA.png\|thumb\|right\|450px\|{{legend\|Black\|United Kingdom}} {{legend\|#fc4e2a\|Cameroon EPA}} {{legend\|#33a02c\|CARIFORUM EPA}} {{legend\|#ffff33\|Eastern and Southern Africa EPA}} {{legend\|#9970ab\|Ghana EPA}} {{legend\|#feb24c\|Ivory Coast EPA}} {{legend\|#081d5a\|Kenya EPA}} {{legend\|#41b6c4\|Pacific States EPA}} {{legend\|#984ea3\|Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique EPA}}]] Following the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\|Brexit referendum]], the United Kingdom replicated the eight European Economic Partnership Agreements that were entered into force prior to the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-trade-agreements-in-effect\|title=UK trade agreements in effect\|access-date=13 April 2024\|date=3 November 2022\|work=[[gov.uk\|GOV.UK]]\|archive-date=13 April 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413224201/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-trade-agreements-in-effect\|url-status=live}}</ref> These "[[Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom\|continuity trade agreements]]" duplicate the majority of its clauses and text from the European agreements.<ref>{{Cite web \|last1= Eiser \|last2= McEwen \|last3= Roy \|first1= David \|first2= Nicola \|first3= Graeme \|date=7 April 2021 \|title=The Trade Policies of Brexit Britain: the Influence of and Impacts on the Devolved Nations \|url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/eris/8/1/article-p22_22.pdf \|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]\|access-date=20 February 2024\|archive-url=https://ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/comms/r116.pdf\|archive-date=14 April 2023\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following agreements, with countries and regions, were entered into force following Brexit: [[Cameroon]]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Jayawardena\|first=Ranil\|title=United Kingdom and Cameroon secure Economic Partnership Agreement\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/united-kingdom-and-cameroon-secure-economic-partnership-agreement \|website=GOV.UK\|access-date=30 December 2020\|date=30 December 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230103448/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/united-kingdom-and-cameroon-secure-economic-partnership-agreement\|archive-date=30 December 2020\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[CARIFORUM]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=UK signs trade continuity agreement with Caribbean countries\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-signs-trade-continuity-agreement-with-caribbean-countries\|last=Hollingbery\|first=George\|date=22 March 2019\|website=GOV.UK\|access-date=11 December 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718171938/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-signs-trade-continuity-agreement-with-caribbean-countries\|archive-date=18 July 2023\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa\|Eastern and Southern Africa]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=UK signs Eastern and Southern Africa trade continuity agreement\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-signs-eastern-and-southern-africa-trade-continuity-agreement\|last=Hollingbery\|first=George\|date=31 January 2019\|website=GOV.UK\|access-date=10 December 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131225251/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-signs-eastern-and-southern-africa-trade-continuity-agreement\|archive-date=31 January 2019\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Duddridge\|first1=James\|last2=Jayawarden\|first2=Jaya\|last3=Truss\|first3=Liz\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-signs-trade-partnership-agreement-with-ghana\|title=UK signs Trade Partnership Agreement with Ghana\|date=2 March 2021\|work=GOV.UK\|access-date=22 March 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302162419/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-signs-trade-partnership-agreement-with-ghana\|archive-date=2 March 2021\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ivory Coast]]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Jayawardena\|first=Ranil\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-united-kingdom-and-cote-divoire-sign-economic-partnership-agreement\|title=The United Kingdom and Côte d'Ivoire sign Economic Partnership Agreement\|website=GOV.UK\|date=15 October 2020\|access-date=31 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015174614/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-united-kingdom-and-cote-divoire-sign-economic-partnership-agreement\|archive-date=15 October 2020\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Duddridge\|first1=James\|last2=Jayawardena\|first2=Ranil\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-kenya-secure-a-trade-agreement\|title=UK and Kenya secure a trade agreement\|website=GOV.UK\|date=3 November 2020\|access-date=1 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718172615/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-kenya-secure-a-trade-agreement\|archive-date=18 July 2023\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pacific Islands Forum\|Pacific States]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=UK and Pacific Islands sign trade continuity agreement\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-pacific-islands-sign-trade-continuity-agreement\|date=14 March 2019\|website=GOV.UK\|access-date=6 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315020752/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-pacific-islands-sign-trade-continuity-agreement\|archive-date=15 March 2019\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=UK agreed trade continuity with 6 African nations\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-agreed-trade-continuity-with-six-african-nations\|last=Truss\|first=Elizabeth\|date=11 September 2019\|website=GOV.UK\|access-date=17 December 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095744/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-agreed-trade-continuity-with-six-african-nations\|archive-date=11 September 2019\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Cameroon=== The Cameroon EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[Economic Community of Central African States]], with Cameroon being the only ECCAS member to ratify the EPA.<ref name="Cotton">{{cite web \|last=Cotton\|first=Barney\|title=UK and Cameroon secure Economic Partnership Agreement\|url=https://www.businessleader.co.uk/uk-and-cameroon-secure-economic-partnership-agreement/\|website=Business Leader\|date=4 January 2021\|access-date=26 November 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925160945/https://www.businessleader.co.uk/uk-and-cameroon-secure-economic-partnership-agreement/\|archive-date=25 September 2021\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 28 December 2020, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|title=United Kingdom - Cameroon\|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114\|website=World Trade Organization\|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> ===CARIFORUM=== The CARIFORUM EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[CARIFORUM\|Caribbean Forum]] states; these include [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Dominica]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Grenada]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Partington\|first=Richard\|url= https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/22/uk-secures-post-brexit-trade-deal-with-group-of-caribbean-countries\|website=[[The Guardian]]\|title=UK secures post-Brexit trade deal with group of Caribbean countries\|date=22 March 2019\|access-date=11 December 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829163029/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/22/uk-secures-post-brexit-trade-deal-with-group-of-caribbean-countries\|archive-date=29 August 2023\|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 22 March 2019, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|title=United Kingdom - CARIFORUM States\|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114\|website=World Trade Organization\|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> [[Suriname]] signed and acceded to the EPA on 5 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Jayawardena\|first=Ranil\|title=Suriname signs CARIFORUM-UK EPA\|date=5 March 2021\|website=GOV.UK\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/suriname-signs-cariforum-uk-epa\|access-date=30 April 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305165837/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/suriname-signs-cariforum-uk-epa\|archive-date=5 March 2021\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Haiti]] is eligible to join the EPA if it signs the agreement and bring it into effect.<ref>{{cite web\|date=8 August 2019\|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/summary-of-the-cariforum-uk-economic-partnership-agreement-epa\|access-date=29 December 2020\|website=GOV.UK\|title=Trade with the CARIFORUM States from 1 January 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405110458/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/summary-of-the-cariforum-uk-economic-partnership-agreement-epa\|archive-date=5 April 2023\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Eastern and Southern Africa=== The Eastern and Southern Africa EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa\|COMESA]] states; these include [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]], and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://african-chamber.com/news/f/uk-trade-with-eastern-and-southern-africa-esa-from-1-jan-2021?blogcategory=Africa\|title=UK Trade with Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) from 1 Jan 2021\|website=African Business Chamber\|date=5 November 2020\|access-date=10 December 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829163439/https://african-chamber.com/news/f/uk-trade-with-eastern-and-southern-africa-esa-from-1-jan-2021?blogcategory=Africa\|archive-date=29 August 2023\|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 31 January 2019, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|title=United Kingdom - Eastern and Southern African States\|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114\|website=World Trade Organization\|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> [[Madagascar]] signed the EPA on 4 November 2021 and joined the agreement on 1 August 2024.<ref name="esaepa"/> [[Comoros]] signed the EPA on 12 April 2022, both countries wil be covered by the agreement when they bring it into effect.<ref name="ukta">{{cite web\|date=2 March 2020\|title=The UK's trade agreements\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/the-uks-trade-agreements\|access-date=14 April 2023\|website=GOV.UK\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419191827/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/the-uks-trade-agreements\|archive-date=19 April 2020\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Zambia]] will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.<ref name="esaepa">{{cite web\|date=6 February 2019\|title=ESA-UK economic partnership agreement (EPA)\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/esa-uk-economic-partnership-agreement-epa--2\|access-date=14 April 2023\|website=GOV.UK\|archive-date=10 May 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510180439/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/esa-uk-economic-partnership-agreement-epa--2\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Ghana=== The Ghana EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[ECOWAS\|Economic Community of West African States]], with Ghana being one of only two ECOWAS member to ratify the EPA.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/ghana-uk-to-sign-new-trade-agreement-today/\|title=Ghana, UK to sign new trade agreement today\|date=2 March 2021\|work=[[Ghanaian Times]]\|access-date=22 March 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302141913/https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/ghana-uk-to-sign-new-trade-agreement-today/\|archive-date=2 March 2021\|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 2 March 2021, while the agreement entered into force on 5 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|title=United Kingdom - Ghana\|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114\|website=World Trade Organization\|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> ===Ivory Coast=== The Ivory Coast EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[ECOWAS\|Economic Community of West African States]], with Ivory Coast being the other ECOWAS member to ratify the EPA.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Ballard\|first=Oli\|url=https://www.businessleader.co.uk/the-uk-and-ivory-coast-sign-economic-partnership-agreement/\|title=The UK and Ivory Coast sign Economic Partnership Agreement\|website=Business Leader\|date=20 October 2020\|access-date=31 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829181610/https://www.businessleader.co.uk/the-uk-and-ivory-coast-sign-economic-partnership-agreement/\|archive-date=29 August 2023\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 15 October 2020, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|title=United Kingdom - Côte d'Ivoire\|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114\|website=World Trade Organization\|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> ===Kenya=== The Kenya EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[East African Community]], with Cameroon being the only ECCAS member to ratify the EPA.<ref name="Cotton"/> The trade deal was signed on 8 December 2020, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|title=United Kingdom - Kenya\|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114\|website=World Trade Organization\|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> All the other East African Community members are eligible to apply for accession to the EPA; these members include [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo\|DR Congo]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Scrutiny of international agreements: Economic Partnership Agreement with Kenya, Trade in Goods Agreement with Norway and Iceland, and Free Trade Agreement with Vietnam\|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5801/ldselect/ldintagr/221/22104.htm\|access-date=14 April 2023\|website=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom\|UK Parliament]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418195034/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5801/ldselect/ldintagr/221/22104.htm\|archive-date=18 April 2023\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Willems\|first=Michiel\|date=1 March 2021\|title=New UK-Kenya trade deal to be extended to all of East Africa after threats not to ratify\|url=https://www.cityam.com/uk-kenya-trade-deal-to-be-extended-to-all-of-east-africa-following-threats-not-to-ratify/ \|website=[[City A.M.]]\|access-date=29 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804155321/https://www.cityam.com/uk-kenya-trade-deal-to-be-extended-to-all-of-east-africa-following-threats-not-to-ratify/\|archive-date=4 August 2023\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Pacific States=== The Pacific States EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[Pacific Islands Forum]] states; these initially included [[Fiji]], and [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Partington\|first=Richard\|date=14 March 2019\|title=UK signs post-Brexit trade deal with Fiji and Papua New Guinea\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/14/uk-signs-post-brexit-trade-deal-with-fiji-and-papua-new-guinea\|website=The Guardian\|access-date=6 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315041527/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/14/uk-signs-post-brexit-trade-deal-with-fiji-and-papua-new-guinea\|archive-date=15 March 2019\|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 14 March 2019, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|title=United Kingdom - Pacific States\|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114\|website=World Trade Organization\|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> The [[Solomon Islands]] joined the EPA on the 5 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|date=5 January 2021\|title=Solomon Islands Accession onto the UK-Pacific interim Economic Partnership Agreement\|url=http://www.mfaet.gov.sb/media-center/press-releases/external-trade-news/211-si-accession-uk-pacific-interim-epa.html \|website=Solomon Islands Government {{!}} Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade\|access-date=6 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128030351/http://www.mfaet.gov.sb/media-center/press-releases/external-trade-news/211-si-accession-uk-pacific-interim-epa.html\|archive-date=28 January 2021\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Samoa]] joined the EPA on the 11 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Rheeney\|first=Alexander\|date=11 January 2022\|title=Samoa signs trade agreement with U.K.\|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/77330 \|website=[[Samoa Observer]]\|access-date=6 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112150510/https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/77330\|archive-date=12 January 2021\|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Cook Islands]], [[Kiribati]], the [[Marshall Islands]], the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], [[Nauru]], [[Niue]], [[Palau]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], and [[Vanuatu]] are eligible to join the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect; Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the EPA.<ref>{{cite report\|date=March 2019\|title=Continuing the United Kingdom's trade relationship with the Republic of Fiji and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ("the Pacific States")\|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/795433/Continuing-the-uks-trade-relationship-with-pacific-states.pdf\|access-date=17 April 2023\|website=GOV.UK\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725034024/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/795433/Continuing-the-uks-trade-relationship-with-pacific-states.pdf\|archive-date=25 July 2019\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique=== The [[Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique]] EPA is a continuity trade agreement based of the EU's EPA with the [[Southern African Customs Union]] states; these include [[Botswana]], [[Eswatini]], [[Lesotho]], [[Namibia]], and [[South Africa]], while the UK EPA also incorporated [[Mozambique]] which had joined the customs union since the EU–SACUM EPA was signed.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Bavier\|first=Joe\|date=11 September 2019\|title=Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-africa-trade-idUKKCN1VW1N5\|website=Reuters\|access-date=17 December 2023\|url-access=registration\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218025328/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-africa-trade-idUKKCN1VW1N5/\|archive-date=18 February 2022\|url-status=live}}</ref> The trade deal was signed on 9 October 2019, aside from South africa which signed on the 16 October 2019, while the agreement entered into force on 1 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web\|title=United Kingdom - SACU and Mozambique\|url=http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1114\|website=World Trade Organization\|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal\|Business and economics}} * [[Free trade agreements of the European Union]] * [[Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom]] * [[Free trade area]] * [[List of free trade agreements]]▼ * [[List of bilateral free trade agreements]] ▲* [[List of multilateral free trade agreements]] [[ACP-EU Development Cooperation]] [[Cotonou Agreement]] Line 48 ⟶ 95: ==Further reading== Bilal, S; Rampa, F. (2006). Alternative (to) EPAs. Possible scenarios for the future ACP trade relations with the EU (ECDPM Policy Management Report 11). Maastricht: ECDPM. Retrieved June 9, 2006, from [http://www.ecdpm.org/pmr11 www.ecdpm.org] ECDPM. 2002. Cotonou Infokit. Maastricht: ECDPM. Retrieved June 8, 2006 from [http://www.ecdpm.org/Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Content.nsf/7732def81dddfa7ac1256c240034fe65/a6001a8c37b47429c1256c7f0052a33e?OpenDocument www.ecdpm.org] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006053913/http://www.ecdpm.org/Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Content.nsf/7732def81dddfa7ac1256c240034fe65/a6001a8c37b47429c1256c7f0052a33e?OpenDocument \|date=6 October 2006 }} Giesbert, L; Pfeiffer, B.; Schotte, S (2016): [https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/economic-partnership-agreements-with-the-eu-trade-offs-for-africa Economic Partnership Agreements with the EU: Trade-Offs for Africa]. GIGA Focus Africa ~~7-2016~~7–2016, retrieved 21 December 2016 from [http://www.giga-hamburg.de www.giga-hamburg.de]. Gillson, I; Grimm, S. (2004). European development cooperation to 2010. EU trade partnerships with developing countries. London: Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from [http://www.odi.org.uk/Publications/briefing/edc/edc_bp_eu_trade.pdf www.odi.org.uk] Jessop, David. Understanding the EPA: cultural services. The possibilities for CARIFORUM regarding the agreement involving culture under the EPA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828011746/http://www.crnm.org/documents/ACP_EU_EPA/epa_agreement/Understanding_the_EPA_Cultural_Services%20_by_David_Jessop.pdf Understanding the EPA: cultural services] (in English), Retrieved on 15 December 2008. Jessop, David. Governing the EPA (2008-10-12). "[http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20081012/business/business8.html Governing the EPA]" (in English), ''The Jamaica Gleaner Newspaper.'' Retrieved on 15 December 2008. Stevens, C; Kennan, J. (2005). EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements: the effects of reciprocity. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies Retrieved on June 19, 2006, from [https://web.archive.org/web/20061123072922/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/8FE27AE7-A319-4F07-B2FD-22D26D31440A_EU-ACPEPAs-EffectsofReciprocity.pdf www.thecommonwealth.org] TY. Think twice about EPA, says Marshall (2008-04-23). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150610211319/http://barpublish.bits.baseview.com/story/324405778669346.php Think twice about EPA, says Marshall]" (in English), ''The Barbados Daily Nation Newspaper.'' Retrieved on 16 November 2013. ==External links== [https://web.archive.org/web/20070901141142/http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/briefingnotes/bn0612_EPAs_slamming_the_door_on_development Slamming the Door on Development: Analysis of the EU’s response to the Pacific’s EPA negotiating proposals] [http://www.ecdpm.org European Centre for Development Policy Management] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028182014/http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/Campaigning/EPAs%20report%20web2.pdf Partnership under Pressure - an assessment of the EU's conduct in the EPA negotiations] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060823203406/http://www.acp-eu-trade.org/ ACP-EU trade website] *[http://agritrade.cta.int/ ''Agritrade'' policy analysis of ACP-EU trade issues] Line 72 ⟶ 119: [[Category:Treaties entered into by the European Union]] [[Category:Free trade agreements of the European Union]] [[Category:Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Foreign relations of the Caribbean]] [[Category:Foreign relations of the European Union]] [[Category:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Trade blocs]] [[Category:Proposed treaties]] [[Category:Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific ~~Group of~~ States]]