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==Terminology==
This relationship type usually has elements of [[bisexual]]ity involved, but occasionally at least one of the participants is [[heterosexual]], [[homosexual]] or [[asexuality|asexual]].<ref name="Encyclopedia.com 2022">{{cite web | title=Ménage à Trois | website=Encyclopedia.com | date=February 28, 2022 | url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/menage-trois | access-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref> Because this term is sometimes interchangeably used for a [[threesome]], which solely refers to a sexual experience involving three people, it can sometimes be misrepresented as some type of casual encounter.<ref name="Publishing 2009 p. 138">{{cite book | last=Publishing | first=B. | title=Faux Pas?: A No-Nonsense Guide to Words and Phrases from Other Languages | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-4081-0348-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoSxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 | access-date=March 19, 2022 | page=138}}</ref> However, the ''ménage à trois'' is a specific type of committed relationship, in which vows are often made. It does not apply to all polyamorous relationships with three individuals, since polyamory can have many different forms.
The topic sometimes overlaps seemingly opposing concepts such as [[Christian feminism]] and [[lesbian feminism]].<ref name="Roach 2003 p. 16">{{cite book | last=Roach | first=C.M. | title=Mother / Nature: Popular Culture and Environmental Ethics | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-253-10978-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znCu-JEASj4C&pg=PA16 | access-date=March 19, 2022 | page=16}}</ref><ref name="Roffey 2019">{{cite web | last=Roffey | first=Monique | title=Reinventing the ménage à trois for the feminist age | website=Boundless | date=August 23, 2019 | url=https://unbound.com/boundless/2019/08/23/feminist-possibilities-for-the-menage-a-trois/ | access-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref> These ideas were explored by film maker [[Angela Robinson (filmmaker)|Angela Robinson]] in her film ''[[Professor Marston and the Wonder Women]]'' through the love story of historical couple [[William Moulton Marston]] and [[Elizabeth Holloway Marston]] with their research assistant [[Olive Byrne]].<ref name="Berlatsky 2017">{{cite web | last=Berlatsky | first=Noah | title=The crucial thing the new Wonder Woman movie gets right | website=The Verge | date=October 16, 2017 | url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/16/16481692/wonder-woman-professor-marston-homophobia-history-sexuality-real-life-vs-fiction | access-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Comics Journal 2017">{{cite web | title=Professor Marston and the Wonder Women | website=The Comics Journal | date=October 17, 2017 | url=https://www.tcj.com/professor-marston-and-the-wonder-women/ | access-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Ph.D. 2017">{{cite web | last=Ph.D. | first=Travis Langley | title=The "True Story" of Wonder Woman's Marston Ménage à Trois | website=Psychology Today | date=October 9, 2017 | url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/beyond-heroes-and-villains/201710/the-true-story-wonder-womans-marston-m-nage-trois | access-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref>
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Traditional ideas of the [[Abrahamic]] faiths and [[Christian views on marriage]] are prevalent in literature and media discussing this topic.<ref name="Williams 2018">{{cite web | last=Williams | first=Holly | title=The art of the ménage à trois | website=BBC Culture | date=November 7, 2018 | url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20181107-the-art-of-the-mnage-trois | access-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref> Patriarchs [[Abraham]] and [[Sarah]] had an arrangement with Sarah's [[handmaiden]] [[Hagar]].<ref name="Women's League for Conservative Judaism Engaging, enriching, and empowering Conservative Jewish women 2013">{{cite web | title=November – Infertility, Surrogacy and Adoption | website=Women's League for Conservative Judaism | date=December 4, 2013 | url=https://www.wlcj.org/pastresources/mishpacha/november/ | access-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref> Interpretations of this vary, for example Judaism and Islam treat it much more like a [[polygamous]] situation, whereas Christian sources sometimes discuss the [[love triangle]] aspect of it, which are not directly analogous with a ménage à trois. Similarly when [[Jacob]] married [[Leah]] and [[Rachel]], the polygamy and love triangle perspectives are well researched compared to the ménage à trois.<ref name="Frankel 2001 p. 132">{{cite book | last=Frankel | first=J. | title=Jews and Gender: The Challenge to Hierarchy | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Studies in Contemporary Jewry | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-19-534977-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47F-KDRr3rYC&pg=PA132 | access-date=March 19, 2022 | page=132}}</ref>
[[Sappho]]'s writings influenced the early Christian church, and the topic of [[lesbian]]ism within the ménage à trois framework of [[Christian views on marriage|Christian couples]] began to be explored in post-[[Renaissance]] literature within [[Christian media]].<ref name="Classics
=== Post-Renaissance history ===
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The Russian and Soviet poet [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]] (1893–1930) lived with [[Lilya Brik]], who was considered his muse, and her husband [[Osip Brik]], an ''avant garde'' writer and critic.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gray |first=du Plessix Gray |title=Them: A Memoir of Parents |date=2006-06-06 |pages=51–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdLMFUEkOJQC |place=New York |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |isbn=0-14-303719-6 |quote=In 1918, when Mayakovsky and the Briks became inseparable, he simply moved in with them. Throughout the rest of his life, he made his home at a succession of flats that the Briks occupied. |author-link=Francine du Plessix Gray}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Elena Golovin |date=June 2000 |script-title=ru:Караван Историй |trans-title=Caravan Stories |url=http://www.peoples.ru/love/mayakovsky-brik/ |access-date=2013-09-06 |language=ru}}</ref>
The English poet, novelist and critic [[Robert Graves]] (1895–1985) and his wife Nancy Nicholson for some years attempted a triadic relationship called "The Trinity" with Laura Riding, a woman that Graves met and fell in love with in 1926. This triangle became the "Holy Circle" with the addition of Irish poet [[Geoffrey Phibbs]], who himself was still married to Irish artist [[Norah McGuinness]].<ref>{{
As recounted by the author and journalist [[Arthur Koestler]] (1905–1983) in ''[[The Invisible Writing]]'', a conspicuous fixture of the intellectual life of 1930s [[Budapest]] was a threesome—a husband, his wife and the wife's lover—who were writers and literary critics and had the habit of every day spending many hours, the three of them together, at one of the Hungarian capital's well known cafes. As noted by Koestler, their relationship was so open and lasted so many years that it became no longer the subject of gossip.
The Italian surrealist artist [[Leonor Fini]] (1907–1996) sustained a ''ménage à trois'' until her death with Italian [[Stanislao Lepri|Count Stanislao Lepri]] and Polish writer [[Konstanty Jeleński|Konstanty Jelenski]] in Paris. The relationship is believed to have impacted Fini's work, as she depicts gender neutral individuals or figures where traditional gender roles are reversed with a passive male and dominant female, such as ''Woman Seated on Naked Man (1942)''.
The writer [[Aldous Huxley]] (1894–1963) and his first wife Maria engaged in a ''ménage'' with Mary Hutchinson, a friend of [[Clive Bell]]. Huxley coined the term "[[wikt:
From 1939, the [[Nobel Prize]] winning
[[William Moulton Marston|Charles Moulton]], the creator of [[Wonder Woman]], lived with two women, his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston, and Olive Byrne, until he died. Marston had two children with each. Elizabeth supported the family financially while Olive stayed home to take care of all four children.<ref name=hrcm/>
In 1963, the actress [[Hattie Jacques]] (1922–1980) lived with her husband [[John Le Mesurier]] and her lover John Schofield.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hattie |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00xllyq |website=BBC Four}}</ref>
Some 21st-century examples of notable triads include [[Seven Lions]], who lives with his wife Emma and their girlfriend Courtney Simmons; [[Bella Thorne]], who was publicly in a throuple with rapper [[Mod Sun]] and influencer [[Tana Mongeau]] from 2017 to 2019; and [[Frankie Grande]], a gay actor, describes living in a gay triad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=12 polyamorous celebrities who've opened up about non-monogamy |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/love-sex/relationships/g39137546/polyamorous-celebrities/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Cosmopolitan |language=en-GB}}</ref> According to a study conducted by dating app [[Tinder (app)|Tinder]], data has shown that [[Generation Z]] is actually more concerned with open-mindedness than looks. Per the report, "they would rather date someone who is open to trying new relationship styles than someone who looks pretty".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=12 polyamorous celebrities who've opened up about non-monogamy |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/love-sex/relationships/g39137546/polyamorous-celebrities/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Cosmopolitan |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).
A primary source (i.e. the original Tinder study) should be added here.|date=October 2024}}
===Cultural influence===
[[Folie à Deux (winery)|Folie à Deux]] winery has a popular set of [[wine]]s labeled as Ménage à Trois.
In the ''[[Seinfeld]]'' TV series, [[Seinfeld season 6|season 6]], episode 11, titled "The Switch," Jerry and George use this term as they devise a solution to address challenges in their relationships with women.
[[Wonder Woman]] is based on two women that were in a real life ménage à trois, as featured in ''[[Professor Marston and the Wonder Women]]'', the creator of the comic [[William Moulton Marston]] and his legal wife [[Elizabeth Holloway Marston]] had a polyamorous life partner, [[Olive Byrne]].<ref name="bu">Lamb, Marguerite. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20040202224438/http://www.bu.edu/alumni/bostonia/2001/fall/wonderwoman Who Was Wonder Woman? Long-Ago LAW Alumna Elizabeth Marston Was the Muse Who Gave Us a Superheroine]", ''Boston University Alumni Magazine'', Fall 2001.</ref><ref name=hrcm>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/what-professor-marston-misses-wonder-womans-origins-guest-column-1049868|title=What 'Professor Marston' Misses About Wonder Woman's Origins (Guest Column)|access-date=21 October 2017|last=Marston|first=Christie|date=20 October 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="spotlight">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070222092804/http://www.bu.edu/law/prospective/jd/spotlight/sp-marston.html "Alumni Spotlight: Elizabeth Holloway Marston (LAW '18)"]</ref><ref name="outtowns">Malcolm, Andrew H. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1DF1539F93BA25751C0A964958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print "OUR TOWNS; She's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel"]. ''The New York Times'', 18 February 1992.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3yST26ZUJUC|title=Darger's Resources|last=Moon|first=Michael|date=2012-03-12|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822351566}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Wonder Woman: The complete History|last=Daniels|first=Les|publisher=Chronicle Books|year=2000|isbn=0-8118-2913-8}}</ref>▼
▲[[Wonder Woman]] is based on two women that were in a real life ménage à trois, as featured in ''[[Professor Marston and the Wonder Women]]'', the creator of the comic [[William Moulton Marston]] and his legal wife [[Elizabeth Holloway Marston]] had a polyamorous life partner, [[Olive Byrne]].<ref name="bu">Lamb, Marguerite. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20040202224438/http://www.bu.edu/alumni/bostonia/2001/fall/wonderwoman Who Was Wonder Woman? Long-Ago LAW Alumna Elizabeth Marston Was the Muse Who Gave Us a Superheroine]", ''Boston University Alumni Magazine'', Fall 2001.</ref><ref name=hrcm>{{cite web|url=
==See also==
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