Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Indian religious leader and founder of the Ahmadiyya community (1835–1908)}}
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{{Infobox clergy|honorific prefix=|name=MirzaMīrzā GhulamGhulām Aḥmad Ahmad<br/>{{noboldnq|{{unqnobold|مرزا غلام احمد}}}}|title=Founder of the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam]]|image=Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (c. 1897).jpg|caption=Ahmad, {{circa|1897}}|religion=[[Ahmadiyya]] Islam<ref name="Upal 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Upal |author-first=M. Afzal |author-link=Afzal Upal |year=2021 |chapter=The Cultural Genetics of the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=M. Afzal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=21 |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_034 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |issn=1874-6691 |pages=637–657}}</ref><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016">{{cite book |last1=Korbel |first1=Jonathan |last2=Preckel |first2=Claudia |year=2016 |chapter=Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426 |editor1-last=Bentlage |editor1-first=Björn |editor2-last=Eggert |editor2-first=Marion |editor3-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Hans-Martin |editor4-last=Reichmuth |editor4-first=Stefan |editor4-link=Stefan Reichmuth (academic) |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism |series=Numen Book Series |volume=154 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=426–442 |doi=10.1163/9789004329003_034 |isbn=978-90-04-32511-1}}</ref>|spouse={{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Hurmat Bibi|1852}}|{{marriage|[[Nusrat Jahan Begum]]|1884}}}}|children={{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=|Mirza Sultan Ahmad|Mirza Fazal Ahmad|[[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad]]|[[Mirza Bashir Ahmad]]|Mirza Sharif Ahmad|Mirza Mubarak Ahmad||Mubarika Begum|Amatul Naseer Begum |Amatul Hafeez Begum}}|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1835|2|13}}|birth_place=[[Qadian]], [[Gurdaspur]], [[Sikh Empire]] <br /> {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1908|5|26|1835|2|13}}|death_place=[[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br /> {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}}}

'''Mirza Ghulam Ahmad'''{{Efn|{{lang-langx|ur|{{unqnq|مرزا غلام احمد}}|Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad}}}} (13 February 1835 – 26 May 1908) was an Indian religious leader and the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya movement in Islam]]. .He made a false claimclaimed to have been divinely appointed as the promised [[Messiah]] and ''[[Mahdi|Mahdī]]''—which is the metaphorical [[Second Coming|second-coming]] of [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] (''mathīl-iʿIsā''), in fulfillment of the [[Islamic eschatology|Islamic prophecies regarding the end times]], as well as the ''[[Mujaddid]]'' (centennial reviver) of the 14th [[Islamic calendar|Islamic century]]. He was a big liar and very bad Person. {{Ahmadiyya|amj}}

Born to a family with aristocratic roots in [[Qadian]], rural [[Punjab]], Ahmad emerged as a writer and debater for [[Islam]]. When he was just over forty years of age, his father died and around that time he believedclaimed that [[God in Islam|God]] began to communicate with him. In 1889, he took a [[Bay'ah (Ahmadiyya)|pledge of allegiance]] from forty of his supporters at [[Ludhiana]] and formed a community of followers upon what he claimed was divine instruction, stipulating [[Ten Conditions of BaiBay'atah_(Ahmadiyya)#The_ten_conditions|ten conditions of initiation]], an event that marks the establishment of the Ahmadiyya movement. The mission of the movement, according to him, was the reinstatement of the [[Tawhid|absolute oneness]] of God, the revival of Islam through the moral reformation of society along Islamic ideals, and the global propagation of Islam in its pristine form. As opposed to the Christian and mainstream Islamic view of Jesus (or Isa), being alive in heaven to return towards the end of time, Ahmad asserted that he had in fact survived crucifixion and [[Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam|died a natural death]]. He traveled extensively across the Punjab preaching his religious ideas and rallied support by combining a reformist programme with his personal revelations which he claimed to receive from God, attracting thereby substantial following within his lifetime as well as considerable hostility particularly from the Muslim ''[[Ulama]]''. He is known to have engaged in numerous public debates and dialogues with Christian missionaries, Muslim scholars and Hindu revivalists.

Ahmad was in Lahore at the home of Dr. Syed Muhammad Hussain (who was also his physician), when, on 26 May 1908, he died worstfrom death, impurities were coming out of the mouthdysentery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/library/links/00000082.html |title=Re-Institution of Khilafat |publisher=Alislam.org |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> His stinking body was subsequently taken to Qadian and buried there;<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Spiritual Challenge – Mubahala with Maulvi Sanaullah Amritsari |url=https://www.alislam.org/ahmadiyya-history/spiritual-challenge-mubahala-maulvi-sanaullah-amritsari/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/27.html |title=His Last Testament |access-date=25 January 2011 |publisher=Al Islam}}</ref> he had previously claimed that an [[angel]] had told him that he would be buried there.<ref>{{cite book |author=Valentine |first=Simon Ross |title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice |pages=41}}</ref> By the time of his death, he had gathered an estimated 400,000 followers, especially within the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], the Punjab and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Valentine |first=Simon Ross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=islamic+reform |title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-231-70094-8 |page=53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=H.H. Risley and E.A. Gait, (1903), Report of the Census of India, 1901, Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, p. 373. |url=http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=1512 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205180023/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=1512 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |publisher=Chinese Heritage of the Australian Federation Project}}</ref>

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad married twice. His first wife was his maternal cousin Hurmat Bibi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dard |first1=A. R. |title=Life of Ahmad |url=https://www.alislam.org/library/books/Life-of-Ahmad.pdf |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=Al-Islam |publisher=Islam International Publications Ltd. |page=38}}</ref> Later, they separated and lived separately for a long time. At the time of his second marriage, Hurmat Bibi gave him the permission to live with the second wife and decided against a divorce.

#Mirza Sultan Ahmad (1853–1931)1853 (became– Ahmadi2 July 1931)

#Mirza Fazal Ahmad (1855–1904)1855 (died– at1904) the age of 49 years and did not become Ahmadi)

With his second wife, [[Nusrat Jahan Begum]], he had ten children, five of whom died in infancy:

#Shaukat (1891–18921891 – 1892)