Pepi I Meryre: Difference between revisions

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The Sixth Dynasty royal annals, only a small part of which are still legible, record further activities during Pepi's reign, including the offering of milk and young cows for a feast of Ra, the building of a "south chapel" on the occasion of the new year and the arrival of messengers at court.{{sfn|Baud|Dobrev|1995|pp=32–33}} Further offerings of lapis-lazuli,{{sfn|Baud|Dobrev|1995|p=38}} cattle, bread and beer are mentioned,{{sfn|Baud|Dobrev|1995|pp=35–36}} for [[Ancient Egyptian deities|gods]] including [[Horus]]{{sfn|Baud|Dobrev|1995|p=36}} and the [[Ennead]].{{sfn|Baud|Dobrev|1995|p=37}}
 
=== Harem Conspiracy ===
[[File:StoneReliefWithNameOfPepiI RosicrucianEgyptianMuseum.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=Large block of stone covered with a seated man facing a large hieroglyphic text on its left|Weni shown on a lintel from his tomb with the name of Pepi I's pyramid, ''Pepi Men-nefer'', mentioned on the top row of hieroglyphs, [[Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum]].{{sfn|Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum|2020}}{{efn|group=note|Catalog number RC-1771.{{sfn|Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum|2020}}}}]]
At some point in his reign,{{efn|group=note|The precise date when Pepi faced the harem conspiracy is debated. Darrell Baker proposed that this happened early in his rule,{{sfn|Baker|2008|p=293}} while Hans Goedicke proposes Pepi's 21st year of reign as the ''[[terminus post quem]]'' for this conspiracy,{{sfn|Goedicke|1954|p=89}} positing that the most probable date is Pepi's 44th year on the throne.{{sfn|Goedicke|1955|p=183}}}} Pepi faced a conspiracy hatched by one of his harem consorts, only known by her title "Weret-Yamtes". Although Weni, who served as a judge during the subsequent trial, does not report the precise nature of her crime, this at least shows that the person of the king was not untouchable.{{sfn|Málek|2000|p=105}} If the conspiracy happened early in Pepi's reign as proposed by Wilfried Seipel and Vivienne Callender, the queen concerned could have been Userkare's mother and Teti's consort rather than Pepi's.{{sfn|Callender|1994|p=151}} Most scholars, however, agree with Hans Goedicke's thesis that the conspiracy occurred after more than two decades into Pepi's reign. For Goedicke, the queen could have been Merenre's mother.{{sfn|Goedicke|1955|p=183}} Nicolas Grimal{{efn|group=note|Hans Goedicke and Nicolas Grimal both use "Weret-Yamtes" as a proper name rather than a title,{{sfn|Grimal|1992|pp=82–83}} but this is strongly opposed by others including Michel Baud.{{sfn|Baud|1999b|p=626}}}} and Baud see this as highly unlikely and outright outlandish respectively,{{sfn|Baud|1999b|p=626}} as this queen's son would have been punished along with her.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|pp=82–83}} Rather, the queen might have attempted unsuccessfully to secure the throne for her son, whose name is now lost.{{sfn|Callender|1994|p=151}}
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The substructure of the pyramid was accessed from the north chapel which has since disappeared. From the entrance, a descending corridor gives way to a vestibule leading into the horizontal passage. Halfway along the passage, three granite portcullises guard the chambers. As in preceding pyramids, the substructure contains three chambers: an antechamber on the pyramids vertical axis, a [[serdab]] with three recesses to its east, and a burial chamber containing the king's sarcophagus to the west.{{sfn|Verner|2001c|pp=353–354}} Extraordinarily, the pink granite [[canopic chest]] that is sunk into the floor at the foot of the sarcophagus has remained undisturbed.{{sfn|Lehner|1997|p=158}}{{sfn|Hellum|2007|p=107}} Discovered alongside it was a bundle of viscera presumed to belong to the pharaoh.{{sfn|Hellum|2007|p=107}} The provenance of a mummy fragment and fine linen wrappings discovered in the burial chamber are unknown, but they are hypothesized to belong to Pepi I.{{sfn|Verner|2001c|p=354}}
 
The walls of Pepi I's antechamber, burial chamber, and much of the corridor{{efn|group=note|The corridor texts in Pepi I's pyramid are the most extensive, covering the whole horizontal passage, the vestibule, and even a section of the descending corridor.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=12}}{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=111}} Unas' pyramid constrained the texts to the south section of the corridor,{{sfn|Lehner|1997|p=154}} as did Teti's.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=12}} The texts in Merenre I's and Pepi II's pyramids covered the entire corridor and the vestibule.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=12}}}} are covered with vertical columns of inscribed hieroglyphic text.{{sfn|Lehner|1997|p=158}}{{sfn|Verner|2001c|p=354}}{{sfn|Hayes|1978|p=82}} The hieroglyphs are painted green with ground [[malachite]] and [[gum arabic]], a colour symbolising renewal.{{sfn|Leclant|1999|p=867}} His sarcophagus is also inscribed on its east side with the king's titles and names, as part of a larger set of spells that includes texts at the bottom of the north and south walls opposite the sarcophagus, and in a line running across the top of the north, west, and south walls of the chamber.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=97 & 100}} The writing comprises 2,263 columns and lines of text from 651 spells, of which 82 are unique to Pepi's pyramid.{{sfn|Mission Archéologique Franco-Suisse de Saqqâra|2020b}} This is the most extensive corpus of [[Pyramid Texts]] from the Old Kingdom.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=97}} The tradition of inscribing texts inside the pyramid was begun by Unas at the end of the Fifth Dynasty,{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=590}}{{sfn|Málek|2000|p=102}}{{sfn|Allen|2001|p=95}} but originally discovered in Pepi I's pyramid in 1880.{{sfn|Lehner|1997|p=158}}{{sfn|Verner|2001c|pp=39–40}} Their function, like that of all [[Ancient Egyptian funerary texts|funerary literature]], was to enable the reunion of the ruler's [[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul#Ba (personality)|''ba'']] and [[Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul#kꜣ "double"|Ka]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-29|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul#kꜣ "double"|reason= The anchor (kꜣ "double") [[Special:Diff/953557876|has been deleted]].}}, leading to the transformation into an [[Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul#Akh (intellect)|''akh'']],{{sfn|Allen|2005|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Lehner|1997|p=24}} and to secure eternal life among the gods in the sky.{{sfn|Verner|1994|p=57}}{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=126}}{{sfn|Hays|2012|p=10}}
 
====Mortuary temple====
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*{{cite book|last=Brovarski|first=Edward|pages=15–45|chapter=Abydos in the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period, Part II|title=For His Ka: Essays Offered in Memory of Klaus Baer|series=Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization |year=1994|volume=55|editor1-last=Silverman|editor1-first=David P.|publisher=[[The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago]]|location=Chicago|url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/saoc/saoc-55-his-ka-essays-offered-memory-klaus-baer|isbn=0-918986-93-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Bussmann|first=Richard|chapter=Pepi I and the Temple of Satet at Elephantine|editor1-first=Rachel|editor1-last=Mairs|editor2-first=Alice|editor2-last=Stevenson|title=Current Research in Egyptology 2005. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Symposium, University of Cambridge, 6-8 January 2005|location=Oxford|year=2007|publisher=[[Oxbow Books]]|pages=16–21|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/4176/1/Bussmann_Pepi_I_and_2007.pdf|jstor=j.ctt1cd0npx }}
*{{cite book|last=Callender|first=Vivienne Gae|chapter= Part III. A prosopographical register of the wives of the Egyptian Kings (Dynasties I–XVII)|year=1994|publisher=Macquarie University. School of History, Philosophy, and Politics|oclc=862671624|title=The wives of the Egyptian kings: dynasties I–XVII|url=https://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:28005|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=27 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427095716/http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:28005|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Cauville|first=Sylvie|chapter=Dendera|pages=298–301|year=1999|editor1-first=Kathryn A.|editor1-last=Bard|editor1-link=Kathryn A. Bard |editor2-first=Steven|editor2-last=Blake Shubert|title=Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt|location=New York|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-203-98283-9}}
*{{cite book|last1=Clayton|first1=Peter A.|author-link=Peter A. Clayton|title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs|year=1994|location=London|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|isbn=978-0-500-05074-3|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay}}
*{{cite journal|last=Collombert|first=Philippe|year=2011|title=Découvertes récentes de la mission archéologique française à Saqqâra (campagnes 2007–2011)|journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Année 2011|volume=155|number=2|pages=921–938|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2011_num_155_2_93230|publisher=persée|doi=10.3406/crai.2011.93230|language=fr}}
*{{cite journal|last=Collombert|first=Philippe|title=Découvertes récentes dans la nécropole de Pépy Ier à Saqqâra|language=fr|journal=Pharaon Magazine|volume=21|year=2015a|pages=10–18|url=https://www.unige.ch/lettres/antic/files/2914/4101/7718/41.pdf|publisher=Nefer-IT|location=Brétigny sur Orge|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412013145/https://www.unige.ch/lettres/antic/files/2914/4101/7718/41.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal|last=Collombert|first=Philippe|title=Le mystérieux vizir Nefer-oun-Méryrê et la nécropole des hauts dignitaires de Pépy Ier à Saqqâra, Egypte|journal=Afrique & Orient|volume=77|year=2015b|pages=35–44|url=https://www.unige.ch/lettres/antic/files/5714/4230/1083/42.pdf|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite journal|last=Collombert|first=Philippe|title=Recent discoveries of the Mission archéologique franco-suisse de Saqqâra in the funerary complex of queen Ankhnespepy II|pages=66–75|year=2018|journal=Saqqara Newsletter|volume=16|publisher=Friends of Saqqara Foundation|location=Leiden}}
*{{cite web|title=Cylinder Seal with the Name of Pepi I ca. 2289–2255 B.C.|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/561724|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=19 August 2020|ref={{harvid|Cylinder seal of Pepi I, MET|2020}}}}