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| header = The Three Pashas
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The '''Three
The Three Pashas, all members of the Central Committee of the [[Committee of Union and Progress]], were largely responsible for the Empire's [[Ottoman entry into World War I|entry into World War I]] in 1914 on the side of the [[Central Powers]] and also largely responsible for the [[Armenian genocide|genocide]] of
After their deaths, Talaat and Enver's remains have been reburied at the [[Monument of Liberty, Istanbul|Monument of Liberty in Istanbul]]<ref name="Garibian">{{cite journal |last1=Garibian |first1=Sévane |title="Commanded by my Mother's Corpse": Talaat Pasha, or the Revenge Assassination of a Condemned Man |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |year=2018 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=220–235 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2018.1459160|s2cid=81928705 |url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:104682 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.uslanmam.com/cumhuriyet-tarihi/36115-abide-i-hurriyet-aniti.html Uslanmam-History of the Republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003902/http://www.uslanmam.com/cumhuriyet-tarihi/36115-abide-i-hurriyet-aniti.html |date=13 January 2019 }} {{in lang|tr}}</ref> and many of Turkey's streets have been
==Legacy==▼
[[File:Enver Pasha and Jamal (Cemal) Pasha visiting the Dome of the Rock.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Enver Pasha]] and [[Djemal Pasha]] visiting the [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]] during the [[First World War]].]]▼
While the [[triumvirate]] consisted of
== Actions ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2024}}
▲== Legacy ==
[[File:İkdam, 4 Kasım 1918.jpg|right|thumb|The front page of the Ottoman newspaper ''[[İkdam]]'' on 4 November 1918 after the Three Pashas fled the country following [[World War I]]. Showing left to right [[Djemal Pasha|Cemal Pasha]]; [[Talaat Pasha]]; [[Enver Pasha]] ]]
Western scholars hold that after the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, these three men became the ''de facto'' rulers of the Ottoman Empire until its dissolution following World War I.<ref>Emin, 310; Kayali, 195</ref> They were members of the Committee of Union and Progress,<ref>Derogy, 332; Kayali, 195</ref> a progressive organisation that they eventually came to control and transform into a primarily [[Pan-Turkism|Pan-Turkist]] political party.<ref>Allen, 614</ref>
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Ismail Enver had only once taken control of any military activity ([[Battle of Sarikamish|Battle of Sarıkamış]]), and left the [[Third Army (Ottoman Empire)|Third Army]] in ruins. The [[Raid on the Suez Canal|First Suez Offensive]] and the [[Arab Revolt]] are Ahmed Cemal's most significant failures.
▲===Historiography===
▲[[File:Enver Pasha and Jamal (Cemal) Pasha visiting the Dome of the Rock.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Enver Pasha]] and [[Djemal Pasha]] visiting the [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]] during the [[First World War]].]]
▲While the triumvirate consisted of Talat, Enver, and Cemal, some say [[Halil Menteşe|Halil Bey]] was a fourth member of this clique. Historian [[Hans-Lukas Kieser]] asserts that this state of rule by the Three Pashas is only accurate for the year 1913–1914, and that Talat Pasha would increasingly become a more central figure within the Union and Progress party state, especially once he also became Grand Vizier in 1917.{{Sfn|Kieser|2018}} Alternatively, it would also be accurate to call the Unionist regime a [[clique]] or even an [[oligarchy]], as many prominent Unionists held some form of ''de jure'' or ''de facto'' power. Other than the Three Pashas and Halil Bey, personalities such as [[Doctor Nazım|Dr. Nazım]], [[Bahaeddin Şakir]], [[Mehmed Reshid|Mehmed Reşid]], [[Ziya Gökalp]], and the party's secretary general [[Mithat Şükrü Bleda|Midhat Şükrü]] also dominated the [[Central Committee of the Committee of Union and Progress|Central Committee]] without formal positions in the Ottoman government. The CUP regime was also less hierarchically totalitarian than future European dictatorships. Instead of relying on strict and rigid chains of command the regime functioned through the balancing of factions through massive corruption and kickbacks.{{Sfn|Kieser|2018|p=220}} Individual governors were allowed much autonomy, such as Cemal Pasha's governorship of Syria and [[Rahmi Arslan|Rahmi Bey]]'s governorship of the [[Aidin vilayet|Izmir vilayet]]. This lack of rule of law, lack of respect to the constitution, and extreme corruption worsened as the regime aged.
===Involvement in the Armenian genocide===
[[File:The Emperor on board the Javus Sultan Selim (Goeben). German Emperor Wilhelm II. in conversation with Enver Pascha. October 1917 - NARA - 17391108 (restored).jpeg|thumb|upright=0.85|[[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] (left) with [[Enver Pasha]] (right), October 1917. Enver was one of the
As ''de facto'' rulers, the Three Pashas have been considered{{by whom|date=May 2022}} the masterminds behind the Armenian genocide. After the war the three were put on trial ([[Trial in absentia|in their absence]]) and sentenced to death, although the sentences were not carried out. Talaat and Cemal were assassinated in exile in [[Assassination of Talaat Pasha|1921]] and 1922 respectively by Armenian revolutionaries; Enver died in a [[Red Army]] ambush in Tajikistan in 1922 while trying to lead an [[Basmachi movement|anti-Russian insurrection]].
===Reputation in the Republic of Turkey===
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==Sources==
*{{Cite book |last1=Akçam |first1=Taner |title=A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility |title-link=A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility |date=2007 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Books]] |isbn=978-0805079326 |location=New York |author-link=Taner Akçam}}
* Allen, W.E.D. and R. Muratoff. ''Caucasian Battlefields: A History Of The Wars On The Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. 614 pp.
* Bedrossyan, Mark D. ''The First Genocide of the 20th Century: The Perpetrators and the Victims.'' Flushing, NY: Voskedar Publishing, 1983. 479 pp.
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* Joseph, John. ''Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East.'' Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 1983. 240 pp.
* Kayalı, Hasan. ''"Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918"'' 195 pp.
*{{Citation|last=Kieser|first=Hans-Lukas|title=[[Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide]]|date=26 June 2018|publication-date=2018|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15762-7}}
== Notes ==
{{Persecution of Christians}}▼
{{notelist}}
▲{{Persecution of Christians}}
{{Armenian Genocide}}
[[Category:1913 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
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