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{{Redirect|Coal miner|the John J. Szaton statue|Coal Miner (statue)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Lackawanna Coal Mine car, Nov 2014.jpg|thumb|A coal mine [[mantrip]] at [[Lackawanna Coal Mine]] in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]]]]
[[File:FIRST SHIFT OF MINERS AT THE VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS COAL COMPANY MINE ^4 NEAR RICHLANDS, VIRGINIA, LEAVING THE ELEVATOR.... - NARA - 556393 tweaked.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Coal miners exiting a [[Hoist (mining)|winder]] [[Shaft sinking|cage]] at a mine near [[Richlands, Virginia]], USin (1974)]]
[[File:Coal mine Wyoming.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Surface coal mining in [[Wyoming]], USU.S.]]
[[File:0 Frameries - Charbonnage de Crachet Picquery (1).JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|A coal mine in [[Frameries]], Belgium]]
'''Coal mining''' is the process of [[resource extraction|extracting]] [[coal]] from the ground or from a mine. Coal is valued for its [[Energy value of coal|energy content]] and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. [[Steel]] and [[cement]] industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from [[iron ore]] and for cement production. In the [[United Kingdom]] and [[South Africa]], a coal mine and its structures are a '''colliery''', a coal mine is called a '"pit'", and the above-ground mining structures are referred to as a '"[[pit head]]'". In [[Australia]], "colliery" generally refers to an underground coal mine.
 
Coal mining has had many developments in recent years, from the early days of men tunneling, digging, and manually extracting the coal on carts to large [[Open-pit mining|open-cut]] and [[Longwall mining|longwall]] mines. Mining at this scale requires the use of [[Dragline excavator|draglines]], trucks, [[conveyor]]s, [[hydraulic jack]]s, and shearers.
 
The coal mining industry has a long history of significant negative [[Health and environmental impact of the coal industry|environmental impacts]] on local ecosystems, health impacts on local communities and workers, and contributes heavily to the global environmental crises, such as [[Air pollution|poor air quality]] and [[climate change]]. For these reasons, coal has been one of the first [[Fossil fuel phase-out|fossil fuels to be phased out]] of various parts of the [[Energy industry|global energy economy]]. The major coal producing countries, though, such as [[Coal in China|China]], Indonesia, [[Coal in India|India]] and [[Australia]], have not reached peak production, with production increases replacing falls in Europe and USthe United States<ref name=iea-2020/> and proposed mines under development.<ref name="T2">Ryan Driskell Tate, Christine Shearer, and Andiswa Matiknca, [https://globalenergymonitor.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/CoalMines_2021_r4.pdf "Deep Trouble: Tracking Global Coal Mine Proposals,"] Global Energy Monitor, June 2021</ref> The coal mining industry employs almost 2.7 million workers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coal industry faces 1 million job losses from global energy transition - research |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/coal-industry-faces-1-million-job-losses-global-energy-transition-research-2023-10-10/ |work=Reuters |date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
==History==▼
{{Excerpt|History_of_coal_mining}}[[File:Boats hauling coal.jpg|thumb|Ships have been used to haul coal since Roman times.]]▼
 
▲==History==
{{Excerpt|History_of_coal_mining}}
▲{{Excerpt|History_of_coal_mining}}[[File:Boats hauling coal.jpg|thumb|Ships have been used to haul coal since the [[Roman times.Empire]]]]
{{Coal sidebar|state=collapsed}}
==Methods of extraction==
Coal extraction methods vary depending on whether the mine is an underground mine or a surface (also called an open cast) mine. Additionally, coal seam thickness and geology are factors in the selection of a mining method. The most economical method of coal extraction for surface mines is the electric shovel or drag line. The most economical form of underground mining is the long wall, which involves using two spinning drums with carbide bits that runs along sections of the coal seam. Many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a [[coal preparation plant]]. Technical and economic feasibility are evaluated based on the following: regional geological conditions; [[overburden]] characteristics; coal seam continuity, thickness, structure, quality, and depth; strength of materials above and below the seam for roof and floor conditions; topography, (especially altitude and slope); climate; land ownership as it affects the availability of land for mining and access; surface drainage patterns; groundwater conditions; availability of labor and materials; coal purchaser requirements in terms of tonnage, quality, and destination; and capital investment requirements.<ref>[http://www.greatmining.com/articles/methods-of-coal-mining/ "Methods of Coal Mining"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318121002/http://www.greatmining.com/articles/methods-of-coal-mining/ |date=18 March 2012 }} ''Great Mining'' (2003) accessed 19 December 2011</ref>
 
Surface mining and deep underground mining are the two basic methods of mining. The choice of mining method depends primarily on depth, density, overburden, and thickness of the coal seam; seams relatively close to the surface, at depths less than approximately {{convert|180|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}, are usually surface mined.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
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===Surface mining===
[[File:Cerrejonmine1.png|thumb|right|Trucks loaded with coal at the [[Cerrejón]] coal mine in [[Colombia]]]]
When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using [[Open-pit mining|open-cut]], (also referred to as open-cast, open-pit, mountaintop removal or strip), mining methods. Opencast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the [[stratum|strata]] may be exploited. This equipment can include the following: Draglines which operate by removing the overburden, power shovels, large trucks in which transport overburden and coal, bucket wheel excavators, and conveyors. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface or overburden, of the mining area. The overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured and thoroughly mined in strips. The coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used.<ref name="CoalMining2009"/>
 
Most open cast mines in the United States extract [[bituminous coal]]. In Canada (BC), Australia, and South Africa, [[open cast mining]] is used for both [[thermal coal|thermal]] and [[metallurgical coal]]s. In [[New South Wales]] open casting for steam coal and [[anthracite]] is practiced. Surface mining accounts for around 80 percent of production in Australia, while in the US it is used for about 67 percent of production. Globally, about 40 percent of coal production involves surface mining.<ref name="CoalMining2009"/>
 
====Strip mining====
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====Mountaintop removal mining====
{{Main|Mountaintop removal mining}}
Mountaintop coal mining is a surface mining practice involving removal of mountaintops to expose coal seams, and disposing of associated mining overburden in adjacent "valley fills." Valley fills occur in steep terrain where there are limited disposal alternatives.<ref>{{CitationCite web needed|title=Valley fills |url=https://archive.kftc.org/valley-fills |access-date=January2024-04-23 2021|website=Kentuckians For The Commonwealth |language=en}}</ref>
 
[[Mountaintop removal mining]] combines area and contour strip mining methods. In areas with rolling or steep terrain with a coal seam occurring near the top of a ridge or hill, the entire top is removed in a series of parallel cuts. Overburden is deposited in nearby valleys and hollows. This method usually leaves the ridge and hilltops as flattened plateaus.<ref name="Christman, R.C. 1980"/> The process is highly controversial for the drastic changes in topography, the practice of creating ''head-of-hollow-fills'', or filling in valleys with mining debris, and for covering streams and disrupting ecosystems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mountainjusticesummer.org/facts/steps.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029154012/http://mountainjusticesummer.org/facts/steps.php|archive-date=29 October 2005|title=Mountain Justice Summer – What is Mountain Top Removal Mining?|date=29 October 2005}}</ref><ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Philadelphia, PA (2005). [http://www.epa.gov/region3/mtntop/eis2005.htm "Mountaintop mining/valley fills in Appalachia: Final programmatic environmental impact statement."]</ref>
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===Underground mining===
{{Main|Underground soft-rock mining}}
[[File:Coal Washer.JPG|thumb|right|CoalA coal wash plant in [[Clay County, Kentucky]], US]]
[[File:Continuous Miner.jpg|thumb|RemoteA remote Joy HM21 Continuouscontinuous Minerminer used underground]]▼
Most coal seams are too deep underground for opencast mining and require underground mining, a method that currently accounts for about 60 percent of world coal production.<ref name="CoalMining2009"/> In deep mining, the [[room and pillar|room and pillar or bord and pillar]] method progresses along the seam, while pillars and timber are left standing to support the mine roof. Once room and pillar mines have been developed to a stopping point (limited by geology, ventilation, or economics), a supplementary version of room and pillar mining, termed second mining or [[retreat mining]], is commonly started. Miners remove the coal in the pillars, thereby recovering as much coal from the coal seam as possible. A work area involved in pillar extraction is called a pillar section.<ref>{{Citation needed|title=Room and pillar mining |date=January2024-04-20 2021|work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Room_and_pillar_mining&oldid=1219912988 |access-date=2024-04-23 |language=en}}</ref>
 
Modern pillar sections use remote-controlled equipment, including large hydraulic mobile roof-supports, which can prevent cave-ins until the miners and their equipment have left a work area. The mobile roof supports are similar to a large dining-room table, but with hydraulic jacks for legs. After the large pillars of coal have been mined away, the mobile roof support's legs shorten and it is withdrawn to a safe area. The mine roof typically collapses once the mobile roof supports leave an area.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
 
▲[[File:Continuous Miner.jpg|thumb|Remote Joy HM21 Continuous Miner used underground]]
There are six principal methods of underground mining:
* [[Longwall mining]] accounts for about 50 percent of underground production. The longwall shearer has a face of {{convert|1000|ft|m}} or more. It is a sophisticated machine with a rotating drum that moves mechanically back and forth across a wide coal seam. The loosened coal falls onto an armored chain conveyor or pan line that takes the coal to the conveyor belt for removal from the work area. Longwall systems have their own hydraulic roof supports which advance with the machine as mining progresses. As the longwall mining equipment moves forward, overlying rock that is no longer supported by coal is allowed to fall behind the operation in a controlled manner. The supports make possible high levels of production and safety. Sensors detect how much coal remains in the seam while robotic controls enhance efficiency. Longwall systems allow a 60-to-100 percent coal recovery rate when surrounding geology allows their use. Once the coal is removed, usually 75 percent of the section, the roof is allowed to collapse in a safe manner.<ref name="CoalMining2009" />
* [[Continuous mining]] utilizes a Continuouscontinuous Minerminer Machinemachine with a large rotating steel drum equipped with tungsten carbide picks that scrape coal from the seam. Operating in a "room and pillar", (also known as "bord and pillar") system—wheresystem, where the mine is divided into a series of 20-to-30-foot (5–10 m) "rooms" or work areas cut into the coalbed—it can mine as much as 14 tons of coal a minute, more than a non-mechanised mine of the 1920s would produce in an entire day. Continuous miners account for about 45 percent of underground coal production. [[Conveyor system|Conveyors]] transport the removed coal from the seam. Remote-controlled continuous miners are used to work in a variety of difficult seams and conditions, and robotic versions controlled by computers are becoming increasingly common. Continuous mining is a misnomer, as room and pillar coal mining is very cyclical. In the US, one can generally cut up to around {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us|0}}. This may be increased with [[Mine Safety and Health Administration|MSHA]] permission. In South Africa, the limit may be as high as {{Convert|12|m|ft}}. After the cutting limit is reached, the continuous miner assembly is removed and the roof is supported by the use of a roof bolter, after which the face has to be serviced before it can be advanced again. During servicing, the "continuous" miner moves to another face. Some continuous miners can bolt and rock dust the face, (two major components of servicing), while cutting coal, while a trained crew may be able to advance ventilation, to truly earn the "continuous" label. However, very few mines are able to achieve it. Most continuous mining machines in use in the US lack the ability to bolt and dust. This may partly be because the incorporation of bolting makes the machines wider, and therefore, less maneuverable.<ref>{{citationCite web needed|title=Rock bolt {{!}} Reinforcement, Anchoring & Stability {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/rock-bolt |access-date=October2024-04-23 2014|website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Room and pillar|Room and pillar mining]] consists of coal deposits that are mined by cutting a network of rooms into the coal seam. Pillars of coal are left behind in order to keep up the roof. The pillars can make up to forty percent of the total coal in the seam, however, where there was space to leave the head and floor coal there is evidence from recent open cast excavations that 18th-century operators used a variety of room and pillar techniques to remove 92 percent of the ''in situ'' coal. However, this can be extracted at a later stage (''see'' [[retreat mining]]).<ref name="CoalMining2009">{{cite web|title=Coal Mining. World Coal|work= World Coal Institute |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=92>|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428202846/http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=92|archive-date=28 April 2009}}</ref>
* [[Rock blasting|Blast mining]] or conventional mining, is an older practice that uses [[explosive]]s such as [[dynamite]] to break up the coal seam, after which the coal is gathered and loaded onto shuttle cars or conveyors for removal to a central loading area. This process consists of a series of operations that begins with "cutting" the coalbed so it will break easily when blasted with explosives. This type of mining accounts for less than 5 percent of total underground production in the US today.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
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==Production==
[[File:Coal mine in Inner Mongolia 002.jpg|thumb|Lignite (brown coal) mine, [[Inner Mongolia]], China]]
[[File:Loy Yang open cut brown coal mine and dredgers.jpg|thumb|Lignite mine, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia]]▼
 
{{Main|Major coal producing regions}}
[[File:HistoricalCoal coalmine productionin ofInner differentMongolia countries002.svgjpg|thumb|HistoricalA lignite brown coal productionmine in of[[Inner differentMongolia]], countriesChina]]
▲[[File:Loy Yang open cut brown coal mine and dredgers.jpg|thumb|LigniteA lignite mine, in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia]]
[[File:Historical coal production of different countries.svg|thumb|The historical coal production of various countries]]
Coal is mined commercially in over 50 countries. 7,921 million metric tons (Mt) of coal were produced in 2019, a 70% increase over the 20 years since 1999. In 2018, the world production of [[brown coal|brown coal (lignite)]] was 803.2 Mt, with Germany the world's largest producer at 166.3 Mt. China is most likely the second largest producer and consumer of lignite globally although specific lignite production data is not made available.<ref name=iea-2020>{{cite web |title=Coal Information: Overview |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-information-overview |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=4 November 2020 |location=Paris |date=July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Coal Information: Overview |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/c40f0317-f8e6-4f00-b183-27a24c7b6a8f/Coal_Information_2019_Overview.pdf |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=4 November 2020 |location=Paris |date=2019}}</ref>
 
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|112 Mt
|}
 
=== Economic impact ===
GloballyEnergy production from coal mining is highly concentrated in certain jurisdictions, concentratingwhich also concentrates much of the social and economic impacts of the industry to these regions.<ref name=":1">Table is extracted from {{Cite journal|last1=Pai|first1=Sandeep|last2=Zerriffi|first2=Hisham|last3=Jewell|first3=Jessica|last4=Pathak|first4=Jaivik|date=6 March 2020|title=Solar has greater techno-economic resource suitability than wind for replacing coal mining jobs|journal=Environmental Research Letters|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=034065|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab6c6d|bibcode=2020ERL....15c4065P|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free|hdl=11250/2765429|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Globally theThe industry directly employs over 7seven million workers worldwide, which, in turn, creates millions of indirect jobs.<ref name=":1" />

In manyseveral parts of the world, producers have reached [[peak coal]] as thesome globaleconomies economy shiftsshift away from fossil fuels like coal to address climate change. A 2020 study found that renewables jobs could feasibly be created in these geographies to replace many of the coal mining jobs as part of a [[just transition]]; however, renewable energy was not suitable in some of the geographies with high concentrations of miners, (such as in China), which is far and away the leading coal-mining nation.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="6" |2018 coal production, reserves, miners, and major coal-producing regions for [[China]], [[India]], the US[[United States]], and [[Australia. Together]], these countrieswhich account for approximately 70% of global annual coal production. ThisThe following table includes jurisdictions which are the top coal-producing provinces/ and states, responsible for over 85% of each country's coal production.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ivanova|first1=Diana|last2=Barrett|first2=John|last3=Wiedenhofer|first3=Dominik|last4=Macura|first4=Biljana|last5=Callaghan|first5=Max W|last6=Creutzig|first6=Felix|author6-link=Felix Creutzig|date=1 April 2020|title=Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=15|issue=9|page=093001|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589|bibcode=2020ERL....15i3001I|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
!Country
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|138,819
|6110
|[[Shanxi]], Inner Mongolia, [[Shaanxi]], [[Anhui]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[Xinjiang]], [[Shandong]], [[Henan]], [[Guizhou]]
|90%
|-
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|97,728
|485
|[[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Orissa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Telangana]]
|85%
|-
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|250,916
|52
|[[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], [[Montana]], [[North Dakota]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Texas]], [[West Virginia]], and [[Wyoming]]
|[[Coal mining in Wyoming|Wyoming]], [[Coal mining in West Virginia|West Virginia]], [[Coal mining in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], Illinois, [[Coal mining in Kentucky|Kentucky]], Texas, [[Coal mining in Montana|Montana]], Indiana, North Dakota
|90%
|-
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|144,818
|50
|[[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[Victoria, Australia]]
|99%
|}
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{{Excerpt|Coal refuse}}
 
====Disasters====
{{Excerpt|Coal refuse|Disasters}}
 
==Modern mining==
[[File:Coal Miner Laser Profiling.png|thumb|upright|Laser profiling of a minesitemine site by a coal miner using a Maptek I-site laser scanner in 2014]]
 
The use of sophisticated sensing equipment to monitor air quality is common and has replaced the use of small animals such as canaries, often referred to as "[[domestic Canary#Miner's canary|miner's canaries]]".<ref>{{cite web| last=Engelbert| first=Phillis| title=Energy – What Is A "Miner's Canary"?| url=http://www.enotes.com/science-fact-finder/energy/what-miners-canary| publisher=enotes| access-date=18 August 2010| archive-date=1 October 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001041554/http://www.enotes.com/science-fact-finder/energy/what-miners-canary| url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
In the United States, the increase in technology has significantly decreased the mining workforce. in 2015 US coal mines had 65,971 employees, the lowest figure since [[Energy Information Administration|EIA]] began collecting data in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/coal/annual/|title=Annual Coal Report – Energy Information Administration|website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> However, a 2016 study reported that a relatively minor investment would allow most coal workers to retrain for the solar energy industry.<ref name=Louie>{{cite journal|last1=Louie|first1=Edward P.|last2=Pearce|first2=Joshua M.|title=Retraining investment for U.S. transition from coal to solar photovoltaic employment|journal=Energy Economics|date=June 2016|volume=57|pages=295–302|doi=10.1016/j.eneco.2016.05.016|bibcode=2016EneEc..57..295L |s2cid=156845876 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02113504/file/Retraining_Investment_for_U.S._Transitio.pdf}}</ref>
 
== Safety ==
{{See also|Mine safety|Mining accident}}
 
===Dangers to miners===
[[File:Farmington-Mine-Disaster-smoke.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Farmington Mine disaster|The Farmington coal mine disaster]], killswhich killed 78. people in [[West Virginia,]] US,in 1968.]]
[[File:Miner spirometry (9253624711).jpg|thumb|upright|Miners can be regularly monitored for reduced lung function due to coal dust exposure using [[spirometry]].]] ▼
Historically, coalCoal mining has been a very dangerous activity and the list of historical coal [[mining disasters]] is long. In the US aloneU.S., 104,895 coal miners were killed in mine accidents since 1900,<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2010 |title=Former Miner Explains Culture Of Mining |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125676950}}</ref> 90 percent of the fatalities occurring in the first half of the 20th century. 3,242 died in 1907, the worst year ever; in 2020 there were five.<ref name="MSHA">{{cite web |title=Coal Fatalities for 1900 Through 2020 |url=https://arlweb.msha.gov/stats/centurystats/coalstats.asp |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration |access-date=11 November 2021 |location=Arlington, Virginia}}</ref>
 
Open cut hazards are principally mine wall failures and vehicle collisions; underground mining hazards include suffocation, gas poisoning, roof collapse, [[rock burst]], [[outburst (mining)|outbursts]], and [[gas]] explosions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
 
[[Firedamp]] explosions can trigger the much-far more- dangerous [[coal dust]] explosions, which can engulf an entire mine. Most of these risks are greatly reduced in modern mines, and multiple fatality incidents are now rare in most parts of the developed world. Modern coal mining in the US has an average 23 deaths per year due to mine accidents (2001–2020).<ref name="MSHA"/><ref>OccupationalHazards.com. [http://www.occupationalhazards.com/Issue/Article/38114/Breathing_Easy_Respiratory_Protection_in_Coal_Mines.aspx "Respiratory Protection in Coal Mines."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423220800/http://www.occupationalhazards.com/Issue/Article/38114/Breathing_Easy_Respiratory_Protection_in_Coal_Mines.aspx |date=23 April 2008 }}</ref>
However, in lesser developed countries and some developing countries, many miners continue to die annually, either through direct accidents in coal mines or through adverse health consequences from working under poor conditions. [[Coal power in China|China]], in particular, has the highest number of coal mining related deaths in the world, with official statistics claiming that 6,027 deaths occurred in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clb.org.hk/public/contents/news?revision_id=19324&item_id=19316|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122719/http://www.clb.org.hk/public/contents/news?revision_id=19324&item_id=19316|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=CLB :: Deconstructing deadly details from China's coal mine safety statistics|date=30 September 2007}}</ref> To compare, 28 deaths were reported in the USU.S. in the same year.<ref>US Mine Safety and Health Administration. [http://www.msha.gov/stats/charts/coalbystates.pdf "Statistics – Coal Mining Fatalities by State – Calendar Year."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223160802/http://www.msha.gov/stats/charts/coalbystates.pdf |date=23 February 2011 }}</ref> Coal production in China is twice that in the US,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=104|title=Home|website=World Coal Association|access-date=24 October 2006|archive-date=30 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430214615/http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=104|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the number of coal miners is around 50 times that of the US, making deaths in coal mines in China 4 times as common per worker (108 times as common per unit output) as in the US.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
 
Mine disasters have still occurred in recent years in the USU.S.,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. |year=2006 |title=Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary |location=Washington D.C. |url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm}}</ref> Examples include the [[Sago Mine disaster]] of 2006, and the 2007 mine accident in [[Utah]]'s [[Crandall Canyon Mine]], where nine miners were killed and six entombed.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |date=4 September 2007 |title=Panel to Explore Deadly Mine Accident |newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-Utah-Mine-Collapse.html}}</ref> In the decade 2005–2014, US coal mining fatalities averaged 28 per year.<ref>[http://arlweb.msha.gov/stats/centurystats/coalstats.asp Coal mining fatalities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419010203/http://arlweb.msha.gov/stats/centurystats/coalstats.asp |date=19 April 2016 }}, US Mine Safety and Health Administration, accessed 27 June 2016.</ref> The most fatalities during the 2005–2014 decade were 48 in 2010, the year of the [[Upper Big Branch Mine disaster]] in West Virginia, which killed 29 miners.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/10/us/10westvirginia.html
|title=No Survivors Found After West Virginia Mine Disaster |newspaper=The New York Times|date= 9 April 2010 |first=Ian| last=Urbina}}</ref>
 
▲[[File:Miner spirometry (9253624711).jpg|thumb|upright|Miners can be regularly monitored for reduced lung function due to coal dust exposure using [[spirometry]].]]
Chronic [[lung]] diseases, such as [[pneumoconiosis]] (black lung) were once common in miners, leading to reduced [[life expectancy]]. In some mining countries black lung is still common, with 4,000 new cases of black lung every year in the US (4 percent of workers annually) and 10,000 new cases every year in China (0.2 percent of workers).<ref>[http://www.abelard.org/briefings/fossil_fuel_disasters.php Abelard.org], "Fossil fuel disasters".</ref> The use of water sprays in mining equipment reduces the risk to miners' lungs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jacquelyn L. Banasik|title=Pathophysiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4lIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA504|year=2018|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|page=504|isbn=9780323510424}}</ref>
 
====Damps {{anchor|damp|damps}}====
 
Build-ups of a hazardous gas are known as damps, possibly from the German word {{Lang|de|Dampf}} which means steam or vapor:
* [[Black damp]]: a mixture of [[carbon dioxide]] and [[nitrogen]] in a mine can cause suffocation, and is formed as a result of corrosion in enclosed spaces so removing [[oxygen]] from the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haldane |first=John |author-link=John Scott Haldane |date=1894 |title=Notes of an Enquiry into the Nature and Physiological ActinAction of Black-Damp, as Met with in Podmore Colliery, Staffordshire, and Lilleshall Colliery, Shropshire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/115391 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=57 |pages=249–257 |bibcode=1894RSPS...57..249H |jstor=115391}}</ref>
* [[Afterdamp|After damp]]: similar to black damp, after damp consists of [[carbon monoxide]], [[carbon dioxide]] and nitrogen and forms after a mine explosion.
* [[Firedamp|Fire damp]]: consists of mostly [[methane]], a highly flammable gas that explodes between 5% and 15% – at 25% it causes [[asphyxiation]].
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* [[Carbon monoxide|White damp]]: air containing carbon monoxide which is toxic, even at low concentrations
* A heavy curtain used to direct air currents in mines and prevent the buildup of dangerous gases is known as a ''damp sheet''.
 
====Noise====
 
Noise is also a contributing factor to potential adverse effects on coal miners' health. Exposure to excessive noise can lead to [[noise-induced hearing loss]]. Hearing loss developed as a result of occupational exposures is coined [[occupational hearing loss]]. To protect miners' hearing, the US [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]]'s (MSHA) guidelines for noise place a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for noise at 90 dBA time-weighted over 8 hours. A lower cutoff, 85 dBA, is set for a worker to fall into the MSHA Action Level which dictates that workers be placed into hearing conservation programs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
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Improvements in mining methods (e.g. longwall mining), hazardous gas monitoring (such as [[safety-lamp]]s or more modern electronic gas monitors), gas drainage, [[Electrical equipment in hazardous areas|electrical equipment]], and ventilation have reduced many of the risks of rock falls, explosions, and unhealthy air quality. Gases released during the mining process can be recovered to generate electricity and improve worker safety with [[gas engines]].<ref>[http://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-type/coal-gas/ Coal Gas Utilisation], www.clarke-energy.com</ref> Another innovation in recent years is the use of [[Self-contained self-rescue device|closed circuit escape respirator]]s, respirators that contain oxygen for situations where mine ventilation is compromised.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/08/07/super-workplace/ |title = The Importance of Occupational Safety and Health: Making for a "Super" Workplace |date = 7 August 2013 |access-date = 15 January 2015 |first1 = Jaclyn |last1 = Krah |first2 = Richard L. |last2 = Unger |publisher = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}</ref> Statistical analyses performed by the US Department of Labor's [[Mine Safety and Health Administration]] (MSHA) show that between 1990 and 2004, the industry cut the rate of injuries by more than half and fatalities by two-thirds. But according to the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]], even in 2006, mining remained the second most dangerous occupation in America, when measured by [[mortality rate|fatality rate]].<ref name="laborbureau2006">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. [http://stats.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfch0005.pdf Stats.bls.gov]</ref>{{Verify source|date=May 2015}} These numbers, however, include all mining activities, and [[oil well|oil and gas mining]] contribute to the majority of fatalities. Coal mining resulted in 47 fatalities that year.<ref name="laborbureau2006"/> One study, though, has suggested that hazards of modern mining are now more accretive with workers facing long-term health impacts, such as sleep deprivation, that build up over time.<ref name="T3">Ryan Driskell Tate, "Slow Violence and Hidden Injuries: The Work of Stripmining in the American West," ''Violence of Work: New Essays in Canadian and US Labour History'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020).</ref>
 
==Health and environmentalEnvironmental impacts==
{{Excerpt|Health and environmental impact of the coal industry|Impact to land and surroundings}}
 
==Coal mining by country==
{{See also| Coal in Europe}}
[[File:Top coal production countries.svg|thumb|The six largest countriescoal byproducing coalnations productionas inof 2015, asaccording determined byto the US[[United States Energy Information Agency|U.S. Energy Information Agency]]]]
'''Top 10 hard and brown coal producers''' in 2012 were (in million metric tons): [[Energy in China|China]] 3,621, [[Coal mining in the United States|United States]] 922, [[Coal mining in India|India]] 629, [[Coal mining in Australia|Australia]] 432, [[Energy in Indonesia|Indonesia]] 410, [[Energy in Russia|Russia]] 351, [[Energy in South Africa|South Africa]] 261, [[Energy in Germany|Germany]] 196, [[Energy in Poland|Poland]] 144, and [[Energy in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] 122.<ref name="öljy">[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf IEA Key energy statistics 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011091637/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf |date=11 October 2010 }} pages 11, 21</ref><ref>US Energy Information Administration, [http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=1&pid=7&aid=1 International energy statistics], accessed 29 December 2013.</ref>
 
===Australia===
[[File:SLNSW 31753 Balmain Coal Mine for LJ Hooker Ltd.jpg|thumb|BalmainA Coalbalmain Minecoal mine in [[Sydney]], Australia, in 1950]]
{{Main|Coal mining in Australia}}
Coal has been mined in every state of Australia, but mainly in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. It is mostly used to generate electricity, and 75% of annual coal production is exported, mostly to eastern Asia.
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===Canada===
{{main|Coal in Canada}}
Canada was ranked as the [[List of countries by coal production|15th]] coal producing country in the world in 2010, with a total production of 67.9&nbsp;million tonnes. Canada's [[coal reserves]], the 12th largest in the world, are located largely in the province of [[Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/pdf/Coalmining/expo_vegas/Overview_Canada_Coal_Sector.pdf |title=Overview of Canada's Coal Sector |work=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525231929/http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/pdf/Coalmining/expo_vegas/Overview_Canada_Coal_Sector.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=deadusurped }}</ref>
 
The first coal mines in North America were located in [[Joggins]] and [[Port Morien]], [[Nova Scotia]], mined by French settlers beginning in the late 1600s. The coal was used for the British garrison at [[Annapolis Royal]], and in the construction of the [[Fortress of Louisbourg]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
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===China===
{{Main|Coal power in China}}
The [[China]] is by far the largest producer of coal in the world, producing over 2.8&nbsp;billion tons of coal in 2007, or approximately 39.8 percent of all coal produced in the world during that year.<ref name="eia.doe.gov">{{cite web|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|year=2008 |title=World Coal Production, Most Recent Estimates 1980–2007 (October 2008) |url= http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/coalproduction.html }}</ref> For comparison, the second largest producer, the United States, produced more than 1.1&nbsp;billion tons in 2007. An estimated 5&nbsp;million people work in China's coal-mining industry. As many as 20,000 miners die in accidents each year.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070305132334/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1595235,00.html "Where The Coal Is Stained With Blood."] ''Time'', 2 March 2007.</ref> Most Chinese mines are deep underground and do not produce the surface disruption typical of strip mines. Although there is some evidence of [[mine reclamation|reclamation]] of mined land for use as parks, China does not require extensive reclamation and is creating significant acreages of [[abandoned mined land]], which is unsuitable for agriculture or other human uses, and inhospitable to indigenous wildlife. Chinese underground mines often experience severe surface [[subsidence]] (6–12 meters), negatively impacting farmland because it no longer drains well. China uses some subsidence areas for [[Aquaculture in China|aquaculture]] ponds but has more than they need for that purpose. Reclamation of subsided ground is a significant problem in China. Because most Chinese coal is for domestic consumption, and is burned with little or no [[air pollution]] control equipment, it contributes greatly to visible smoke and severe air pollution in industrial areas using coal for fuel. China's total energy uses 67% from coal mines.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
 
===Colombia===
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===Germany===
[[File:Ende Gelände 2017 CHB 23 (cropped).jpg|thumb|An [[Open-pit mining|open-pit]] coal mine in the [[Rheinisches Braunkohlerevier|Rhineland lignite mining area]] ([[in Germany]])]]
[[Germany]] has a long history of coal mining, going back to the [[Middle Ages]]. Coal mining greatly increased during the [[industrialIndustrial revolutionRevolution]] and the following decades. The main mining areas were around [[Aachen]] and the [[Ruhr]] area, along with many smaller areas in other parts of Germany, and until 1945 also in [[Upper Silesia]], while the [[Saarland]] was repeatedly under French control. These areas grew and were shaped by coal mining and coal processing, and this is still visible even after the end of the coal mining.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Czierpka|first=Juliane|title=Der Ruhrbergbau. Von der Industrialisierung bis zur Kohlenkrise|url=https://www.bpb.de/apuz/283262/der-ruhrbergbau-von-der-industrialisierung-bis-zur-kohlenkrise|access-date=2022-01-12|website=bpb.de|date=4 January 2019 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Route der Industriekultur|url=https://www.ruhr-tourismus.de/de/industriekulturruhr/route-der-industriekultur.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=www.ruhr-tourismus.de|language=de|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225093906/https://www.ruhr-tourismus.de/de/industriekulturruhr/route-der-industriekultur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Coal mining reached its peak in the first half of the 20th century. After 1950, the coal producers started to struggle financially. In 1975, a subsidy was introduced (''Kohlepfennig'', ''coal penny'' as part of the electricity bill), which was discontinued in the 1990s. In 2007, due to EU regulations, the [[Bundestag]] decided to end subsidies by 2018. As a consequence, [[RAG AG]], the owner of the two remaining coal mines in Germany, Prosper Haniel and Ibbenbüren, announced it would close all mines by 2018, thus ended underground coal mining in Germany.
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===Greece===
Lignite has been mined in [[Greece]] since 1873, and today supplies approximately 75% of the country's energy. The main mining areas are located in Western Macedonia ([[Ptolemaida]]) and the Peloponnese ([[Megalopoli Mine|Megalopolis]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miningreece.com/mining-greece/minerals/coal/|title = Mining Greece Coal}}</ref>
 
===India===
[[File:Coal Mine.jpg|thumb|Jharia coal mine]]▼
{{Main|Coal mining in India}}
▲[[File:Coal Mine.jpg|thumb|JhariaA coal mine in [[Jharia]], India]]
Coal mining in India has a long history of commercial exploitation starting in 1774 with John Sumner and [[Suetonius Grant Heatly]] of the [[East India Company]] in the [[Raniganj Coalfield]] along the Western bank of [[Damodar River]]. Demand for coal remained low until the introduction of steam locomotives in 1853. After this, production rose to an annual average of 1 Mt and India produced 6.12 Mt per year by 1900 and 18 Mt per year by 1920, following increased demand in the First World War, but went through a slump in the early thirties. The production reached a level of 29 Mt by 1942 and 30 Mt by 1946. After independence, the country embarked upon five-year development plans. At the beginning of the 1st Plan, annual production went up to 33 Mt. During the 1st Plan period, the need for increasing coal production efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry was being felt. Setting up the National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC), a Government of India undertaking, in 1956 with the collieries owned by the railways as its nucleus was the first major step towards planned development of Indian Coal Industry. Along with the Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL) which was already in operation since 1945 and which became a government company under the control of Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956, India thus had two Government coal companies in the fifties. SCCL is now a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana and Government of India.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
 
===Japan===
[[File:Daikodo of Horonai Coal Mine.jpg|thumb|The Daikōdō, the first [[adit]] of the [[Hokutan Horonai coal mine|Horonai mine]], was dug in 1879.]]▼
{{Main|List of coal mines in Japan}}
▲[[File:Daikodo of Horonai Coal Mine.jpg|thumb|The Daikōdō, the first [[adit]] of the [[Hokutan Horonai coal mine|Horonai mine]], was dug in 1879.]]
 
The richest Japanese coal deposits have been found on [[Hokkaido]] and [[Kyushu]].
 
Japan has a long history of coal mining dating back into the [[Sengoku period|Japanese Middle Ages]]. It is said that coal was first discovered in 1469 by a farming couple near [[Ōmuta, Fukuoka|Ōmuta]], central Kyushu.<ref>Kodama Kiyoomi, Sekitan no gijutsushi, p. 19</ref> In 1478, farmers discovered burning stones in the north of the island, which led to the exploitation of the Chikuhõ coalfield.<ref>Honda Tatsumi, Honda Tatsumi shashinshũ tankō ōsai, p. 165</ref>
 
Following Japanese industrialization, additional coalfields were discovered in northern Japan. One of the first mines in Hokkaido was the [[Hokutan Horonai coal mine]].<ref>Kasuga Yutaka, [http://d-arch.ide.go.jp/je_archive/pdf/workingpaper/je_unu48.pdf Transfer and Development of Coal-Mine Technology in Hokkaido], pp. 11–20.</ref>
 
===New Zealand===
{{Mainexcerpt|Mining in New Zealand#|section = Coal}}
Coal mining in New Zealand produced almost 4 million tonnes of coal in 2014, of which 44% was exported.<ref name="Energy2015">{{cite web| url=http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/energy/energy-data-modelling/publications/energy-in-new-zealand| title=Energy in New Zealand| date=August 2015| publisher=[[Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment|MBIE]]| access-date=23 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215114526/http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/energy/energy-data-modelling/publications/energy-in-new-zealand/| archive-date=15 February 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, production was down to 2,834,956 tonnes.<ref name="NZPAM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzpam.govt.nz/our-industry/nz-minerals/minerals-data/coal/operating-mines/|title=Operating coal mine production figures|last=Minerals|first=New Zealand Petroleum and|website=New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref>
 
===Poland===
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===Russia===
Russia ranked as the [[List of countries by coal production|fifth largest coal producing country]] in 2010, with a total production of 316.9 Mt. Russia has the world's second largest coal reserves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls |title=BP Statistical review of world energy June 2007 |publisher=BP |format=XLS |date=June 2007 |access-date=22 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206104056/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls |archive-date=6 February 2009 }}</ref> Although Russian oil and gas exports get a lot more attention, Russia is the world's third largest coal exporter and these exports are an important source of foreign revenue and are important for the coal mining communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Loginova |first2=Julia |date=2023-08-01 |title=The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia? |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=102 |pages=103150 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 |issn=2214-6296|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ERSS..10203150O }}</ref> Russia and Norway share the coal resources of the Arctic archipelago of [[Svalbard]], under the [[Svalbard Treaty]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}
 
===Spain===
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===Taiwan===
[[File:New Pinghsi Coal Tunnel.JPG|thumb|AbandonedAn abandoned coal mine in the [[Pingxi District|Pingxi]], of [[New Taipei]], Taiwan]]
In [[Taiwan]], coal is distributed mainly in the northern area. All of the commercial coal deposits occurred in three [[Miocene]] coal-bearing formations, which are the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower Coal Measures. The Middle Coal Measures was the most important with its wide distribution, great number of coal beds and extensive potential reserves. Taiwan has coal reserves estimated to be 100–180 Mt. However, coal output had been small, amounting to 6,948 metric tonnes per month from 4 pits before it ceased production effectively in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=1540 |title=Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C. – Energy Statistical annual Reports |publisher=Web3.moeaboe.gov.tw |access-date=21 September 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119222336/http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ecw/english/content/contentlink.aspx?menu_id=1540 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The abandoned coal mine in [[Pingxi District]], [[New Taipei]], has now turned into the [[Taiwan Coal Mine Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/coal/as/tw/p0005.htm |title=Coal Mining in Taiwan (ROC) – Overview |publisher=Mbendi.com |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075643/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/coal/as/tw/p0005.htm |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
=== Turkey ===
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===United Kingdom===
{{Excerpt|Coal mining in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:John Wilson Carmichael - A View of Murton Colliery near Seaham, County Durham - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|A view of Murton colliery near [[Seaham]], United Kingdom, in 1843]]{{Excerpt|Coal mining in the United Kingdom}}
 
===United States===
[[File:GROUP OF MINERS WAITING TO GO TO WORK ON THE 4 P.M. TO MIDNIGHT SHIFT AT THE VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS COAL COMPANY MINE ^4... - NARA - 556348.jpg|thumb|Miners at the Virginia-Pocahontas Coal Company Mine in 1974 waiting to go to work on the 4&nbsp;pm to midnight shift]]▼
{{Main|Coal mining in the United States}}
{{Further|:List of coal mines in the United States}}
▲[[File:GROUP OF MINERS WAITING TO GO TO WORK ON THE 4 P.M. TO MIDNIGHT SHIFT AT THE VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS COAL COMPANY MINE ^4... - NARA - 556348.jpg|thumb|Miners at the Virginia-Pocahontas Coal Company Mine in 1974 waiting to go to work on the 4&nbsp;pm to midnight shift]]
Coal wasbegan being mined in Americathe [[United States]] in the early 18th century, and commercial mining started around 1730 in [[Midlothian, Virginia]].<ref>MCCartney, Martha W. (1989). [http://www.midlomines.org/history.html "Historical Overview Of The Midlothian Coal Mining Company Tract, Chesterfield County, Virginia."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419170121/http://www.midlomines.org/history.html |date=19 April 2007 }} December 1989.</ref>▼
The U.S. share of world coal production remained steady at about 20 percent from 1980 to 2005, at about 1&nbsp;billion [[short tons]] per year. The United States was ranked as the [[List of countries by coal production|second]] highest coal producing country in the world in 2010, and possesses the largest [[coal reserves]] in the world. In 2008 then-[[President George W. Bush]] stated that coal was the most reliable source of electricity.<ref>The White House, Washington, DC (2008). [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/07/20080731-5.html "President Bush Attends 2008 Annual Meeting of the West Virginia Coal Association."] President George W. Bush Archives. Press release, 31 July 2008.</ref>
 
The American share of world coal production remained steady at about 20 percent from 1980 to 2005, at about 1&nbsp;billion [[short tons]] per year. The United States was ranked as the [[List of countries by coal production|second]] highest coal producing country in the world in 2010, and possesses the largest [[coal reserves]] in the world. In 2008 then-[[President George W. Bush]] stated that coal was the most reliable source of electricity.<ref>The White House2011, Washington,former DC (2008)U. [https://georgewbush-whitehouseS.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/07/20080731-5.html "President Bush Attends 2008 Annual Meeting of the West Virginia Coal Association."] President George W. Bush Archives. Press release, 31 July 2008.</ref> However, in 2011 Presidentpresident [[Barack Obama]] said that the USU.S. should rely more on cleaner sources of energy that emit lower or no [[Greenhouse gas|carbon dioxide pollution]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Massive' Closures of U.S. Coal Plants Loom, Chu Says |first=Simon |last=Lomax |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-09/-massive-closures-of-u-s-coal-plants-loom-chu-says.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213054038/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-09/-massive-closures-of-u-s-coal-plants-loom-chu-says.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2011 |newspaper=Bloomberg Business Week |date=9 February 2011}}</ref> For a time, while domestic coal consumption for electric power was being displaced by natural gas, exports were increasinggrew.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/|title=Quarterly Coal Report – Energy Information Administration|website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> USU.S. net coal exports increased ninefold from 2006 to 2012, peaked at 117&nbsp;million short tons in 2012, then declined to 63&nbsp;million tons in 2015. In 2015, 60% of net US exports went to Europe, 27% to Asia. US coal production increasingly comes from strip mines in the western United States, such as from the [[Powder River Basin]] in [[Wyoming]] and [[Montana]].<ref name="T1"/><ref name=SFC031713>{{cite news|title=Company eyes coal on Montana's Crow reservation|url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/energy/article/Company-eyes-coal-on-Montana-s-Crow-reservation-4361446.php|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=17 March 2013|author=Matthew Brown|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>▼
▲Coal was mined in America in the early 18th century, and commercial mining started around 1730 in [[Midlothian, Virginia]].<ref>MCCartney, Martha W. (1989). [http://www.midlomines.org/history.html "Historical Overview Of The Midlothian Coal Mining Company Tract, Chesterfield County, Virginia."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419170121/http://www.midlomines.org/history.html |date=19 April 2007 }} December 1989.</ref>
 
Coal has come under continued price pressure from [[natural gas]] and [[renewable energy]] sources, which has resulted in a rapid decline of coal in the U.S. and several notable bankruptcies including [[Peabody Energy]]. On 13 April 2016 itthe company reported, that its revenue had reduced by 17 percent as coal prices fell and that it had lost two billion dollars the previous year.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/13/news/companies/peabody-coal-bankruptcy/index.html|title=Top U.S. coal company Peabody Energy files for bankruptcy|last1=Riley|first1=Charles|last2=Isidore|first2=Chris|website=CNNMoney|date=13 April 2016|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> It then filed [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] on 13 April 2016.<ref name=":0" /> The ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'' discussedaddressed retraining coal workers for [[solar photovoltaic]] employment because of the rapid rise in U.S. solar jobs.<ref>[https://hbr.org/2016/08/what-if-all-u-s-coal-workers-were-retrained-to-work-in-solar What If All U.S. Coal Workers Were Retrained to Work in Solar?] – Harvard Business Review. August. 2016</ref> A 2016 study indicated that this was technically possible and would account for only 5% of the industrial revenue from a single year to provide coal workers with job security in the energy industry as whole.<ref name=Louie/>▼
▲The American share of world coal production remained steady at about 20 percent from 1980 to 2005, at about 1&nbsp;billion [[short tons]] per year. The United States was ranked as the [[List of countries by coal production|second]] highest coal producing country in the world in 2010, and possesses the largest [[coal reserves]] in the world. In 2008 then-[[President George W. Bush]] stated that coal was the most reliable source of electricity.<ref>The White House, Washington, DC (2008). [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/07/20080731-5.html "President Bush Attends 2008 Annual Meeting of the West Virginia Coal Association."] President George W. Bush Archives. Press release, 31 July 2008.</ref> However, in 2011 President [[Barack Obama]] said that the US should rely more on cleaner sources of energy that emit lower or no [[Greenhouse gas|carbon dioxide pollution]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Massive' Closures of U.S. Coal Plants Loom, Chu Says |first=Simon |last=Lomax |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-09/-massive-closures-of-u-s-coal-plants-loom-chu-says.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213054038/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-09/-massive-closures-of-u-s-coal-plants-loom-chu-says.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2011 |newspaper=Bloomberg Business Week |date=9 February 2011}}</ref> For a time, while domestic coal consumption for electric power was being displaced by natural gas, exports were increasing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/|title=Quarterly Coal Report – Energy Information Administration|website=www.eia.gov}}</ref> US net coal exports increased ninefold from 2006 to 2012, peaked at 117&nbsp;million short tons in 2012, then declined to 63&nbsp;million tons in 2015. In 2015, 60% of net US exports went to Europe, 27% to Asia. US coal production increasingly comes from strip mines in the western United States, such as from the [[Powder River Basin]] in Wyoming and Montana.<ref name="T1"/><ref name=SFC031713>{{cite news|title=Company eyes coal on Montana's Crow reservation|url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/energy/article/Company-eyes-coal-on-Montana-s-Crow-reservation-4361446.php|access-date=18 March 2013|newspaper=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=17 March 2013|author=Matthew Brown|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>
 
[[Donald Trump]] pledged to bring back coal jobs during the [[2016 US presidential election]], and as president he announced plans to reduce environmental protection, particularly by repealing the [[Clean Power Plan]] (CPP). However, industry observers have warned that this might not lead to a boom in mining jobs<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rushe|first1=Dominic|title=Top US coal boss Robert Murray: Trump 'can't bring mining jobs back'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/27/us-coal-industry-clean-power-plan-donald-trump|access-date=29 March 2017|work=The Guardian|date=27 March 2017|location=London}}</ref>
▲Coal has come under continued price pressure from [[natural gas]] and [[renewable energy]] sources, which has resulted in a rapid decline of coal in the U.S. and several notable bankruptcies including [[Peabody Energy]]. On 13 April 2016 it reported, that its revenue had reduced by 17 percent as coal prices fell and that it had lost two billion dollars the previous year.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/13/news/companies/peabody-coal-bankruptcy/index.html|title=Top U.S. coal company Peabody Energy files for bankruptcy|last1=Riley|first1=Charles|last2=Isidore|first2=Chris|website=CNNMoney|date=13 April 2016|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> It then filed [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] on 13 April 2016.<ref name=":0" /> The ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'' discussed retraining coal workers for [[solar photovoltaic]] employment because of the rapid rise in U.S. solar jobs.<ref>[https://hbr.org/2016/08/what-if-all-u-s-coal-workers-were-retrained-to-work-in-solar What If All U.S. Coal Workers Were Retrained to Work in Solar?] – Harvard Business Review. August. 2016</ref> A 2016 study indicated that this was technically possible and would account for only 5% of the industrial revenue from a single year to provide coal workers with job security in the energy industry as whole.<ref name=Louie/>
 
[[Donald Trump]] pledged to bring back coal jobs during the [[2016 US presidential election]], and as president he announced plans to reduce environmental protection, particularly by repealing the [[Clean Power Plan]] (CPP). However, industry observers have warned that this might not lead to a boom in mining jobs<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rushe|first1=Dominic|title=Top US coal boss Robert Murray: Trump 'can't bring mining jobs back'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/27/us-coal-industry-clean-power-plan-donald-trump|access-date=29 March 2017|work=The Guardian|date=27 March 2017|location=London}}</ref> A 2019 projection by the [[Energy Information Administration]] estimated that coal production without CPP would decline over coming decades at a faster rate than indicated in the agency's 2017 projection, which had assumed the CPP was in effect.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Crooks |first=Ed |user=Ed_Crooks |number=1089186288220192768 |date=26 January 2019 |title=President Obama's Clean Power Plan was expected to lead to a steep fall in US coal production. Now the plan has been blocked, and coal production is expected to fall even faster than if it had come into effect: https://t.co/HmhRutJnc2 https://t.co/qfF7LhefOY |language=en |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622174145/https://twitter.com/Ed_Crooks/status/1089186288220192768 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==See also==
{{columns-list|
* [[{{annotated link|Black lung disease]]}}
* [[{{annotated link|George Bretz (photographer)]]}}
* [[{{annotated link|Child labour]]}}
* [[{{annotated link|Coal Measures]]}}
* [[{{annotated link|Coal mining in Plymouth, Pennsylvania]]}}
* [[{{annotated link|Coal slurry impoundment]]}}
* [[{{annotated link|Coal train]]}}
* [[{{annotated link|Coal-mining region]]}}
* {{annotated link|Glossary of coal mining terminology}}
* [[Environmental impact of the coal industry]]
* [[{{annotated link|Environmental justiceimpact andof coalthe mining incoal Appalachia]]industry}}
* {{annotated link|Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia}}
* [[Hurrying]]
* {{annotated link|Hurrying}}
* [[{{annotated link|List of books about coal mining]]}}
* [[Mine fire]]
* {{annotated link|Mine fire}}
* [[{{annotated link|Mining accident]]}}
* [[{{annotated link|Problems in coal mining]]}}
* [[{{annotated link|Land rehabilitation#Mine rehabilitation|Recovering of heat from old coal mines]]}}
}}
 
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{{Main|History of coal mining#Bibliography}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Baylies, Carolyn. ''History of the Yorkshire Miners 1881-19181881–1918'' (Routledge, 2003) in England [https://books.google.com/books?id=i4-JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 online].
 
* Chirons, Nicholas P. ''Coal Age Handbook of Coal Surface Mining'' ({{ISBN|0-07-011458-7}})
* {{cite web |author=Department of Trade and Industry, UK |title=The Coal Authority |url=http://www.coal.gov.uk/resources/cleanercoaltechnologies/CoalMineandbedmethane.cfm |access-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013144159/http://www.coal.gov.uk/resources/cleanercoaltechnologies/CoalMineandbedmethane.cfm |archive-date=13 October 2008 }}
* Faull, Margaret L. "Coal mining and the landscape of England, 1700 to the present day." ''Landscape History'' 30.1 (2008): 59-7459–74.
* Gardner, A. Dudley. ''Forgotten frontier: A history of Wyoming coal mining'' (Routledge, 2019) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GUyfDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22coal+mining%22++%22wyoming%22+history&pg=PT7 online].
* Goin, Peter, and Elizabeth Raymond. "Living in anthracite: Mining landscape and sense of place in Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania." ''Public Historian'' 23.2 (2001): 29-4529–45. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2001.23.2.29 online]
 
* Hamilton, Michael S. ''Mining Environmental Policy: Comparing Indonesia and the USA'' (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005). ({{ISBN|0-7546-4493-6}}).
* Hinde, John Roderick. ''When coal was king: Ladysmith and the coal-mining industry on Vancouver Island'' (2003), in Canada [https://archive.org/details/whencoalwaskingl0000hind online]
 
* Kuenzer, Claudia. ''Coal Mining in China'' (In: Schumacher-Voelker, E., and Mueller, B., (Eds.), ''BusinessFocus China, Energy: A Comprehensive Overview of the Chinese Energy Sector'' ( Deutschland Verlag, 2007); 281 pp., {{ISBN|978-3-940114-00-6}} pp.&nbsp;62–68)
* Latzko, David A. "Coal mining and regional economic development in Pennsylvania, 1810–1980." ''Economies et Sociétés'' 44 (2011): 1627-16491627–1649. [http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/research/articles/coal.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528042008/http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/research/articles/coal.pdf |date=28 May 2023 }}▼
 
* Lovejoy, Owen R. "The coal mines of Pennsylvania." ''The ANNALSAnnals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 38.1_suppl (1911): 133-138133–138. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1011890.pdf online]▼
▲* Latzko, David A. "Coal mining and regional economic development in Pennsylvania, 1810–1980." ''Economies et Sociétés'' 44 (2011): 1627-1649. [http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/research/articles/coal.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528042008/http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/research/articles/coal.pdf |date=28 May 2023 }}
* Madsen, Peter M. "These lives will not be lost in vain: Organizational learning from disaster in US coal mining." ''Organization Science'' 20.5 (2009): 861-875861–875.▼
▲* Lovejoy, Owen R. "The coal mines of Pennsylvania." ''The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 38.1_suppl (1911): 133-138. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1011890.pdf online]
 
▲* Madsen, Peter M. "These lives will not be lost in vain: Organizational learning from disaster in US coal mining." ''Organization Science'' 20.5 (2009): 861-875.
* Merrill, Travers, and Lucy Kitson. ''End of Coal Mining in South Wales: Lessons learned from industrial transformation.'' (International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2017) [https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/end-of-coal-mining-south-wales-lessons-learned.pdf online]
 
* Metheny, Karen Bescherer. ''From the miners' doublehouse: archaeology and landscape in a Pennsylvania coal company town'' (Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=nXPLWRrRMXsC&dq=%22coal+mining%22+Pennsylvania&pg=PR11 online].
* Mitchell, Brian R. ''Economic development of the British coal industry 1800-19141800–1914'' (Cambridge UP, 1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BFQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR11 online]
 
* Nielsen, Charles V., and George F. Richardson. ''1982 Keystone Coal Industry Manual'' (1982)
* Oei, Pao-Yu, Hanna Brauers, and Philipp Herpich. "Lessons from Germany’sGermany's hard coal mining phase-out: policies and transition from 1950 to 2018." ''Climate Policy'' 20.8 (2020): 963-979963–979. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14693062.2019.1688636?needAccess=true&role=button online]
* Srivastava, A.K. ''Coal Mining Industry in India'' (1998) ({{ISBN|81-7100-076-2}})
* Stern, Gerald M. ''The Buffalo Creek Disaster: How the survivors of one of the worst disasters in coal-mining history brought suit against the coal company--{{snd}}and won'' (Vintage, 2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=n_cMJ_9EJygC&dq=coal+mining+disasters&pg=PR11 online].
* Woytinsky, W. S., and E. S. Woytinsky. ''World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks'' (1953) pp. 840–881; with many tables and maps on the worldwide coal industry in 1950▼
 
▲* Woytinsky, W. S., and E. S. Woytinsky. ''World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks'' (1953) pp 840–881; with many tables and maps on the worldwide coal industry in 1950
===Child labour===
* Kirby, Peter Thomas. "Aspects of the employment of children in the British coal-mining industry, 1800-18721800–1872" (PhD. Diss. University of Sheffield, 1995) [https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/24960/1/296852.pdf online].
* Lovejoy, Owen R. "Child labor in the coal mines." ''The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 27.2 (1906): 35-4135–41. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1010788.pdf online]▼
 
▲* Lovejoy, Owen R. "Child labor in the coal mines." ''The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 27.2 (1906): 35-41. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1010788.pdf online]
* McGill, Nettie Pauline. ''The welfare of children in bituminous coal mining communities in West Virginia'' (US Government Printing Office, 1923) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fmvSYhyA6pcC&dq=children+coal+mining&pg=PP10 online].
* McIntosh, Robert. ''Boys in the pits: child labour in coal mines'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2000) in Canada; [https://books.google.com/books?id=uZgMaTs09TUC&dq=children+coal+mining&pg=PP11 online].
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* Hughes. Herbert W, ''A Text-Book of Mining: For the use of colliery managers and others'' (London, many editions 1892–1917), the standard British textbook for its era.
* Tonge, James. ''The principles and practice of coal mining'' (1906)
 
===Fiction===
* Grisham, John. [[Gray Mountain (Grisham novel)|"Gray Mountain" (2014)]], novel set in Appalachia about a fictional legal clinic intern in Virginia coal mining
 
* [[Émile Zola|Zola, Émile]], ''[[Germinal (novel)|Germinal]]'' (novel, 1885); realistic story of a coalminers' strike in northern France in the 1860s
 
===Government documents and primary sources===
* Illinois Dept. of Commerce and Economic Opportunity. ''"Coal mining in Illinois 2010''" (2010) [https://archive.org/details/coalmininginilli00unse online]
* Kowalski-Trakofler, K. M., et al. "Underground coal mining disasters and fatalities--{{snd}}United States, 1900-20061900–2006." (2009). [https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/107649/cdc_107649_DS1.pdf online]
 
* {{cite web |author=National Energy Information Center |title=Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, Energy |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html |access-date=16 October 2007 }}
* U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Natural Resources. ''MINING"Mining INin AMERICAAmerica: POWDERPowder RIVERRiver BASINBasin COALCoal MININGMining, THEThe BENEFITSBenefits ANDand CHALLENGES''Challenges". (2013) [https://archive.org/details/gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-113hhrg81894 online]▼
 
▲* U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Natural Resources. ''MINING IN AMERICA: POWDER RIVER BASIN COAL MINING, THE BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES'' (2013) [https://archive.org/details/gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-113hhrg81894 online]
{{Refend}}
 
{{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Energy|Global warming}}▼
 
==External links==
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{{Coal}}
{{Pollution}}
▲{{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Energy|Global warming}}
{{Authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Coal mining| ]]
[[Category:Fuel production]]
[[Category:Coal phase-out]]
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