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{{Short description|
{{Distinguish|Blyth Power Station}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox power station
| name
| image
| image_caption
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|55|12|15|N|1|31|15|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| name_official
| country
| location
| status
| construction_began
| commissioned
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner
| operator = EP UK Investments
| website = https://www.epuki.co.uk/
| th_fuel_primary = [[Biomass]]
| th_fuel_tertiary = <!-- Optional -->
|
| ps_electrical_capacity = 420 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
}}
'''Lynemouth Power Station''' is a [[Biomass (energy)|biomass]] power plant which provides electricity for the UK [[National Grid (
The station
In 2011, it was announced that the power station may be converted to burn biomass only, in a bid to avoid government legislation. In January 2016 the station was purchased by Energetický a průmyslový holding (EPH). The station converted to biomass in 2018, ending its use of coal. Two separate [[wind farm]]
==History==
In 1968, [[Alcan]] had applied for planning permission for the construction of a new [[aluminium smelter]] in Northumberland at [[Lynemouth]].<ref name=smelters>{{cite web|first=Anthony|last=Crosland|title=Aluminium Smelters|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1968/may/29/aluminium-smelters#S5CV0765P0_19680529_HOC2_10|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=29 May 1968|access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref><ref name=pevsner>{{cite book|last=Pevsner|first =Nikolaus|author2=John Grundy|author3=Ian Richmond|author4=Grace McCombie|author5=Humphrey Welfare|author6=Peter Ryder|author7=Stafford Linsley|title =Northumberland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kClO7NOfvsIC|access-date=8 February 2009|edition=2|year=1992|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-09638-0|page=103}}</ref> Later that year, Alcan was granted the permission and site preparation would soon begin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Crosland
|title=Aluminium Smelters|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1968/jul/10/aluminium-smelters#S5CV0768P0_19680710_HOC_33|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=10 July 1968|access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref> However, to meet the electric demand of the new smelter, a power station would also be needed to be a built.<ref name=smelters /> Therefore, Lynemouth Power Station was constructed only {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}} from the aluminium smelter.<ref name=sine_project>{{cite web|title=Structure details|work=SINE Project (Structural Images of the North East)|publisher=[[Newcastle University]]|url=http://www.sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=473|access-date=29 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528053319/http://sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=473|archive-date=28 May 2006}}</ref>
The smelter and power station were constructed in southeast Northumberland to lower high unemployment numbers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernyhough|title= Unemployment (Northumberland)|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jul/01/unemployment-northumberland#S5CV0767P0_19680701_CWA_64
|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=1 July 1968|access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref> The site was chosen because of the nearby [[Ellington Colliery|Ellington]] and Lynemouth [[colliery|collieries]]. Ellington Colliery was sunk in 1909 and Lynemouth Colliery in 1927. In 1968 the two collieries were connected underground by the Bewick Drift, from which coal was brought to the surface. The Drift had no rail connection, and so coal was sent to the washery at Lynemouth by [[conveyor belt]].<ref name=big_e>{{cite web|url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/e/ellington_colliery/index.shtml|title=Site Records
|access-date=8 February 2009|last=Catford|first=Nick|date=15 March 2005|format=SHTML}}</ref> The power station was constructed at the end of the conveyor belt.
Both buildings were designed by architects [[Yorke Rosenberg Mardall]], with engineering consultation from Engineering & Power Consultants Ltd. The power station was constructed by [[Tarmac Limited|Tarmac Construction]] and the smelter by M.J. Gleeson Company.<ref name=design>{{cite journal|author1= Architects, Royal Institute of British|year=1973|title=RIBA Journal|volume=80|pages=433|access-date=14 July 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obZUAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Both the power station and smelter were brought into operation in March 1972.<ref name=cornerstone>{{cite news|url=http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/article.aspx?id=934319|title=Cornerstone that looked far from secure|access-date=28 December 2008|date=3 July 2002|newspaper=[[The Journal (Newcastle upon Tyne newspaper)|The Journal]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
==Design and specifications==
[[File:Alcan lynemouth.JPG|thumb|right|Electricity is fed from the power station to the smelter by a 24 kilovolt connection]]
The [[Mechanical room|boiler house]] and [[turbine hall]] have a [[steel frame]] with aluminium [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]]. Other structures include a single {{convert|114|m|abbr=on}} tall chimney of [[reinforced concrete]], and coal delivery and sorting plant.<ref name=focus>{{
|date=12 January 2009}}</ref>
The station's boiler house houses three 380 [[MWth]] [[International Combustion]] boilers, which were fuelled by pulverised [[bituminous coal]].<ref name=entec>{{cite web|url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file27734.pdf|title=EU Emissions Trading Scheme Benchmark Research for Phase 2|access-date=17 February 2009|date=July 2005|publisher=[[Entec Engine Corporation]]|pages=318|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224192147/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file27734.pdf|archive-date=24 February 2009
}}</ref><ref name=industcards>{{cite web|url=http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-uk-eng-n.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210053543/http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-uk-eng-n.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 December 2012|title=Coal-Fired Power Plants in England – North|access-date=17 February 2009|date=30 May 2008}}</ref> Each of these provide steam a 140 [[megawatt]] (MW) [[C. A. Parsons and Company|Parsons]] [[turbo-alternator]]s, situated in the station's turbine hall.<ref name=industcards /> These give the station a total generating capacity of 420 MW. The electricity generated was fed at 24 [[Volt|kilovolts]] (kV) to a [[Electrical substation|substation]] to power the smelter during operation. The substation also has a 132 kV connection to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]], where electricity is distributed to homes and other industries by [[Northern Electric|Northern Electric Distribution Limited]]. The smelter's two pot lines required 310 MW of the 420 MW that the power station produces, so the excess 110 MW was fed into the national grid.<ref name=no_slide>{{cite web|title=No Slide Title
|work=John Clarkson|publisher=[[Alcan]]|url=http://www.iema.net/download/events/northeast/20051118/John%20Clarkson.pdf|access-date=29 July 2008
|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171300/http://www.iema.net/download/events/northeast/20051118/John%20Clarkson.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> Since the closure of the smelter, all generation goes to the grid.
Between 1999 and 2000, the power station was given a turbine upgrade.<ref name=no_slide /> In 2000, the station's condensers were also refurbished. The condenser refurbishment was carried out by [[Alstom]].<ref name=alstom /> These improvements saw an increase in the station's generating capacity, thermal efficiency and [[MWh]] production.<ref name=no_slide />
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===Coal supply and transport===
[[File:Lynemouth power station coal delivery.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Coal
The power station was the leading coal customer in Northumberland, burning 1,200,000 tonnes of coal a year, with a weekly coal consumption between 25,000 and 27,000 tonnes.<ref name=no_slide /><ref name=shotton>{{Cite web|url=http://pscm.northumberland.gov.uk/pls/portal92/docs/12793|title=SHOTTON SURFACE MINING SCHEME|access-date=8 January 2009|last=Price|first=David|year=2006|pages=3–5}}{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The station had relatively limited coal storage facilities, and was only able to hold three to four weeks' worth of its fuel.<ref name=shotton />
The station was designed specifically to burn coal from the Northumberland coalfields. The neighbouring [[Ellington, Northumberland|Ellington Colliery]] originally fed coal directly to the power station using a [[conveyor belt]] from its Bewick Drift Mine, situated {{convert|970|m}} from the station.<ref name=shotton /> Within a year of the power station opening, 3,000 men were employed between the Ellington and Lynemouth collieries, producing over two million tons of coal a year, the majority of it being sold to the power station.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tuck|first=James|title=The Collieries of Northumberland|year=1993 |volume=2|publisher=Trade Union Printing Serviced|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|isbn= 1-871518-12-1|page=47}}</ref> In 1994, Ellington Colliery connected underground with Lynemouth Colliery, but coal continued to be taken straight to the power station's coal sorting area using conveyor belts. This supply was supplemented by coal from local [[opencast mine]]s. However, Ellington Colliery was forced to close when it flooded in January 2005.<ref name=shotton /> The station burned the colliery's remaining coal stock after it closed, and since then coal had been sourced from opencast mines in [[Northumberland]] and [[Scotland]], but then a small amount of import was necessary.<ref name=shotton />
Coal was then delivered to the station mainly using rail transport and was unloaded at the station using a [[Merry-go-round train|merry-go-round]] system. Trains supplying the station used the Newbiggin and Lynemouth branch line of the [[Blyth and Tyne Railway]], which also served the smelter. This line was originally used to export coal from the local coalfield, and also had passenger services. These passenger services ceased in 1964, and then the line was only used to serve the power station and smelter.<ref name=newbiggin>{{cite web|url=http://www.northumbrian-railways.co.uk/index.php?page=newbiggin
|title=Newbiggin Station|access-date=22 February 2009|format=PHP}}</ref> Coal from the local opencast mines was brought to the station by road using [[heavy goods vehicle]]s.<ref name=lorry>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/image_galleries/coal_mining_082008_gallery.shtml?13|title=Coal mining in the 21st Century|access-date=8 January 2009|publisher=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113174015/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/image_galleries/coal_mining_082008_gallery.shtml?13|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> Coal was graded and washed at the station prior to being burned.<ref name=wash>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/image_galleries/coal_mining_082008_gallery.shtml?14|title=Coal mining in the 21st Century|access-date=8 January 2009|publisher=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113174015/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/image_galleries/coal_mining_082008_gallery.shtml?14|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref>
With only one significant opencast in the local area mining past 2008, along with another smaller opencast at Stony Heap, there was a need for more local supplies of coal for the station because of the risks in depending upon overseas sources of coal.<ref name=shotton /> Long distance supplies of coal could see sharp fluctuations in price, as well as the flexibility and security of the supply, whereas local sources would not be as vulnerable to interruptions and would have fixed, contracted prices.<ref name=shotton /> The station was not an established importer of coal, having only imported since 2005. It is situated a long way from the major coal unloading ports of [[Teesside]], [[Port of Hull|Hull]] and [[Immingham Dock|Immingham]], which had been booked by power stations closer to them. This meant that coal for the power station needed to be imported via [[Blyth, Northumberland|Blyth]] or the [[Port of Tyne]]. However, because of the small sizes of these docks, they can only receive ships from [[Poland]] and Russia. Due to high production costs and industry restructuring in Poland though, the only realistic source of imported coal for the station was Russia.<ref name=shotton /> The [[environmental impact of shipping]] 1,000,000 tonnes of coal from Russia to Lynemouth was the production of 12,812 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>, whereas hauling coal from local mines to the station would produce only 703 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>.<ref name=shotton /> There were currently two local opencast mines for which planning approval had been granted, one at Shotton near [[Cramlington]] approved in 2007, the other at Potland Burn near [[Ashington]] approved in October 2008.<ref name=potland_burn>{{cite news|url=http://ashington.journallive.co.uk/2008/10/ashington-loses-opencast-mine.html|title=Ashington loses opencast mine fight|access-date=8 January 2009|last=Black|first=Dave|date=8 October 2008|newspaper=The Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811221959/http://ashington.journallive.co.uk/2008/10/ashington-loses-opencast-mine.html|archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> However, the coal mined from Potland Burn would have had too high a [[sulphur]] content to meet the station's environmental requirements, meaning it would not have been an immediate choice of coal for the station.<ref name=potland_burn2>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/276650/dispute_over_jobs_promise/|title=Dispute Over Jobs Promise|access-date=8 January 2009|date=19 October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522071604/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/276650/dispute_over_jobs_promise/|archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Coal had been provided by the Delhi surface mine at [[Blagdon Hall|Blagdon]], owned by [[Banks Developments]], since 2002. It finished extracting coal in March 2009, following the permission of extension proposals to its original plans in May 2007.<ref name=delhi>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.banksdevelopments.com/energy/sites/coal/north_east/Delhi/|title=Delhi Surface Mine|access-date=2 September 2012|publisher=Banks Developments|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121095938/http://www.banksdevelopments.com/energy/sites/coal/north_east/Delhi/|archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>
===Water use===
For creating the steam to turn steam turbines and generate electricity, and for cooling the steam coming away from the turbines, water is needed, and is thus beneficial to have near any [[thermal power station]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Steam turbines|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/dampfturbine.php3?v=2|format=PHP|access-date=23 September 2009|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320042735/http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/dampfturbine.php3?v=2|archive-date=20 March 2009}}</ref> The cooling water that is used in the Lynemouth power station is taken from a body of water located close to the plant, the [[North Sea]]. The water is transferred from the sea to the plant by a series of shafts and tunnels.<ref name=offshore>{{cite web|url=http://www.onemine.org/search/summary.cfm/Offshore-Shaft-Construction-In-The-North-Sea?d=0FBB2EC8376B038EE6D703879A5AD02CC1841857027E3333C3FEE694260FD0C634812|title=Offshore Shaft Construction in the North Sea|access-date=22 February 2009
|date=1 January 1997|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723023341/http://www.onemine.org/search/summary.cfm/Offshore-Shaft-Construction-In-The-North-Sea?d=0FBB2EC8376B038EE6D703879A5AD02CC1841857027E3333C3FEE694260FD0C634812|archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> There are three [[Surface condenser|condenser]]s (one per each generating set) in the interior of the power station, which are used to cool the heated water before it is reused in the [[steam cycle]]. The cooling water is then transferred back to the North Sea.<ref name=alstom>{{cite web|title= ALSTOM wins euros 7 million condensor contract from Alacan in the UK|url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2000/11/ALSTOM-wins-euros-7-million-condensor-contract-from-Alacan-in-the-UK-20001124/|work=[[Alstom]]|date=24 November 2000|access-date=23 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315005216/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2000/11/ALSTOM-wins-euros-7-million-condensor-contract-from-Alacan-in-the-UK-20001124/|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Water used in the steam cycle is taken from the local mains water, supplied by [[Northumbrian Water]]. Up to 300,000 tons of mains water per year is used in the station
Operating close to the power station is a [[fishing bait]] company, Seabait. Seabait uses some of the excess hot water that the plant generates to grow worms four times as fast as in the wild.<ref name=bait>{{cite news|title=Bait company bought out of administration|newspaper=The Journal|url=http://www.nebusiness.co.uk/business-news/latest-business-news/2008/08/01/bait-company-bought-out-of-administration-51140-21445918/|access-date=2 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004064759/http://www.nebusiness.co.uk/business-news/latest-business-news/2008/08/01/bait-company-bought-out-of-administration-51140-21445918/|archive-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> The worms are used for several purposes, primarily for providing worms as bait while fishing. However, the worms are also frozen, packaged and exported to seafood farms.<ref name=seabait>{{cite news|url=http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/article.aspx?id=1069331|title=University casts out and US takes bait|access-date=8 January 2009|last=Walker
|first=Howard|date=14 August 2003|newspaper=The Journal}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> This is seen as environmentally beneficial as it reduces the need for bait digging in natural habitats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/295194/0108037.pdf|title=Water Abstraction|work=[[Scottish Government]]|page=6|access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref>
===Ash removal===
[[File:Lynemouth power station ash.JPG|thumb|right|Ash from the station is usually either landfilled or recycled in the [[construction industry]]]]
[[Fly ash]] and [[bottom ash]] are two byproducts made through the burning of coal in power stations. Ash is normally dumped in the station's Ash Lagoons landfill site, which is located on site. Since 2006, ash produced at Lynemouth Power Station has been recycled and used as a [[Fill dirt|sub-fill material]] in the [[construction industry]] and in the production of [[grout]]. In 2007, 63,000 tonnes of ash from the station, along with 100,000 tonnes of ash from the Ash Lagoons, was taken and recycled. In September 2007, Pulverised Fuel Ash was utilised as a filling material in the capping of Woodhorn Landfill, which had been used for the disposal of [[spent potlining]] from the smelter.<ref name=report_07>{{Cite web|url= http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/pdf/es_library/27.4_alcan_aluminium_uk_limited_07.pdf|title=Environmental Report 2007|access-date=8 January 2009|last=Anderson|first=R.J.|year=2007|publisher=[[Rio Tinto Alcan]]|pages=4–5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116002506/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/pdf/es_library/27.4_alcan_aluminium_uk_limited_07.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref>
===Biomass usage===
In December 2003 the [[Environment Agency]] granted permission for the plant to co-fire biomass fuels in the station. Since 2004 three different types of biomass fuel been in use at Lynemouth; [[Sawdust]] and [[Wood pellet]]s from [[Forest Stewardship Council|FSC]] certified forests and Olive residues. These fuels are mixed with the coal on the conveyor belt into the power station. In 2004 11,000 tonnes of biomass fuel were used in the station. Biomass conversion ambitions have increased, with the site currently aiming to be 100% biomass fired from 2015.<ref name=biomass2015>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/business/business-news/another-record-year-port-blyth-6715743|title=Another record year for Port of Blyth|access-date= 10 March 2014|date=17 February 2014|work=The Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307114657/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/business/business-news/another-record-year-port-blyth-6715743|archive-date=7 March 2014}}</ref>
The station earned the world class OHSAS 18001 [[health and safety]] certificate in 2003, ahead of [[Rio Tinto Alcan|Alcan's]] global targets. All of the station's staff were required to take place in safety audits to improve working practice at the station. The certificate was presented to the station's manager by [[Wansbeck (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansbeck]] [[Member of Parliament#United Kingdom|MP]] [[Denis Murphy (UK politician)|Denis Murphy]] on 15 March 2003.<ref name=health_safety>{{cite news|url=http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/article.aspx?id=1159075|title=A powerful accolade|access-date=2 January 2009|date=15 March 2003|newspaper=[[Evening Chronicle]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The station's attention to health and safety was further recognised on 6 June 2007 when they were honoured by the [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents]] (RoSPA) with a RoSPA Occupational Health and Safety Award at the Hilton Birmingham Metropole Hotel.<ref name=rospa>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/article.aspx?id=1619826|title=Safety record praise|access-date=2 January 2009|last=Burn|first=Zoe|date=6 June 2007|publisher=[[Chronicle Extra|Herald & Post]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Workers at the station had been audited by RoSPA for 10 years before receiving the award.<ref name=rospa2>{{cite news|url=http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/article.aspx?id=1420173|title=In safe hands|access-date=2 January 2009|last=Tomlinson|first=Gayle|date=9 June 2005|newspaper=[[Evening Chronicle]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
===Coastal defence===
In late 1994, the power station was flooded to a foot deep of sea water, after a freak high tide and strong winds. This led to a sea defence system being constructed to protect the building.<ref name=peril>{{cite news|url=http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/article.aspx?id=102903|title=Those in peril from the sea|access-date=28 December 2008|date=27 January 1995|newspaper=[[Evening Chronicle]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The problems came about because of the temporary closure of [[Ellington, Northumberland|Ellington Colliery]]. Tipped waste from the colliery had been used as a coastal defence measure, but as the colliery had closed, waste was no longer being tipped. The colliery was reopened by RJB Mining, and in July 1999 the station ensured the future of the colliery by signing a contract with RJB Mining to be provided with 3,000,000 tonnes of coal from Ellington Colliery and opencast mines in Northumberland, over the course of three years. The colliery closed for good in 2005, leading to problems with coastal defence again, threatening the station's coal stocking area.<ref name=waves /><ref name=coal_deal>{{cite news|url=http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/article.aspx?id=415381|title=Big Coal Deal Protects Jobs|access-date=2 January 2009|date=5 July 1999|newspaper=[[Evening Chronicle]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> This required a £2.5 million new coastal defence scheme be put in place, involving the use of large rocks as a defence wall.<ref name=waves>{{cite news
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==Environmental impact==
The power station's use of biomass since 2004 has been part of an attempt to reduce its [[carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2</sub>) output. In 2002 and 2004 the station met its targets for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=environment>{{cite web|title=Environmental Report 2004|work=John Clarkson|publisher=[[Alcan]]|url=http://www.iema.net/download/readingroom/article/Alcan%20EMAS05/EMAS05.pdf|access-date=29 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906193508/http://www.iema.net/download/readingroom/article/Alcan%20EMAS05/EMAS05.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2008}}</ref> Despite this, in 2006 the power station was revealed as having the fourth highest CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the north of England, for producing 2,685,512 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> per year.<ref name=shame>{{cite news|url=http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/article.aspx?id=1462862|title=Shame of North's Worst Pollution|access-date=28 December 2008|last=Doherty|first=Phil|date=27 August 2006|newspaper=[[Sunday Sun]]
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> However, generally the station reduced its CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 65% between 1990 and 2010, and the local air quality meets UK and European standards.<ref name=doubt />
==Windfarms==
In 2006 a proposal was made by Hawthorn Power, an offshoot of [[UK Coal]], to construct three {{convert|110|m|abbr=on}} tall [[wind turbine]]s on an unused part of the station's coal sorting area, north of the power station.<ref name=ward>{{cite news|url=http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/article.aspx?id=1440204|title=Ward: Lynemouth|access-date=2 January 2009|last=Stirling|first=Nigel|date=1 November 2006|newspaper=The Journal}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Permission was granted for the turbines in February 2008. In July 2010, it was revealed that the project's new developer, [[Clipper Windpower]], would be using the site to erect the country's first super-efficient wind turbines, called [[Liberty Wind Turbine]]. However, this meant the height of the turbines would increase from {{convert|110|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|130|m|abbr=on}}. Each turbine would have a rating of 2.5 MW, but only three turbines would be built. The wind farm would produce enough electricity to provide power for 1,690 houses. One turbine is expected to be erected initially, while environmental issues are assessed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2010/07/28/new-breed-of-wind-turbine-set-for-lynemouth-61634-26944830/|title=New breed of wind turbine set for Lynemouth|first=David|last=Black|date=28 July 2010|work=The Journal|pages=1–3|access-date=21 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404060823/http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2010/07/28/new-breed-of-wind-turbine-set-for-lynemouth-61634-26944830/|archive-date=4 April 2012}}</ref>
[[Scottish Power|ScottishPower Renewables]] also have permission to build 13 wind turbines near the aluminium smelter. They were initially refused planning permission, which they submitted in November 2006. This was because their site is spread over two council boundaries and [[Wansbeck District|Wansbeck Council]] approved the scheme, but [[Castle Morpeth]] refused. An appeal hearing was given in April 2008, and permission was eventually granted in January 2009 for the construction of up to 13 turbines, producing 30 MW of electricity.<ref name=scottishpower>{{cite web|title=Planning Approval for Lynemouth Windfarm in Northumberland|url=http://www.scottishpower.com/PressReleases_1808.htm|work=[[Scottish Power]]|date=9 January 2009|access-date=14 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502005345/http://www.scottishpower.com/PressReleases_1808.htm|archive-date=2 May 2009}}</ref>
==Future of the station==
Following a visit to the station by Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] on 3 July 2009, it became apparent that [[Rio Tinto Alcan]] were hoping to be able to demonstrate [[Carbon Capture and Storage]] (CCS) technology at the station in the future, using "pre-combustion" CCS technology. This would have involved treating the coal prior to burning so that less CO<sub>2</sub> was produced, with any remaining CO<sub>2</sub> being pumped under the [[North Sea]] into an [[aquifer]].<ref name=qt>{{cite web|first=Liam|last=Thompson|title=Lynemouth power station leads the way|url= http://www.newspostleader.co.uk/latest/Lynemouth-power-station-leads-the.5137301.jp|work=News Post Leader|date=2 April 2009|access-date=15 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216033608/http://www.newspostleader.co.uk/news/local/lynemouth_power_station_leads_the_way_1_1629964|archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> However, due to the economic climate, Rio Tinto did not commit the funding for the project themselves, and did not secure any of the required £1 billion [[European Union]] funding available for demonstration of CCS technology.<ref name=PM_visit>{{cite web|title=Prime Minister pays visit to Alcan Lynemouth plant|url=http://widdrington.journallive.co.uk/news/prime-minister-pays-visit-to-alcan-lynemouth-plant.html|work=The Journal|date=3 July 2009|access-date=15 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911090110/http://widdrington.journallive.co.uk/news/prime-minister-pays-visit-to-alcan-lynemouth-plant.html|archive-date=11 September 2010}}</ref> In November 2009 it was announced that a variety of energy experts were preparing for the £1 billion bid to the Government for investment. The plans included a pipeline into the North Sea, and the upgrading of one of the station's generating sets from 140 MW to around 375 MW, to safeguard the supply of electricity to the aluminium smelter.<ref name=bid>{{cite news|title=£1bn bid launched for North clean coal plan|first=Adrian|last=Pearson|url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2009/11/09/1bn-bid-launched-for-north-clean-coal-plan-61634-25121174/|newspaper=The Journal|location=[[North East England]]|date=9 November 2009|access-date= 10 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307113356/http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2009/11/09/1bn-bid-launched-for-north-clean-coal-plan-61634-25121174/|archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
The [[European Commission]] (EC) claimed that Alcan is in breach of their operating licence as the station has failed to "significantly reduce its emissions". The UK Government contested the allegations, as the power station and smelter combined then provided 650 jobs and a contribution of £100,000,000 to the local economy, in an area heavily affected by the loss of traditional heavy industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alcan future threatened by Euro pollution laws|url=http://widdrington.journallive.co.uk/news/alcan-future-threatened-by-euro-pollution-laws.html|work=The Journal|date=21 January 2009|access-date=17 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902091153/http://widdrington.journallive.co.uk/news/alcan-future-threatened-by-euro-pollution-laws.html|archive-date=2 September 2011}}</ref> They lost the court case over it and on 22 April 2010, the [[European Court of Justice]] ruled that the plant was subject to the emission limit values of the [[European directive]] on Large Combustion Plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&Submit=Submit&docrequire=alldocs&numaff=c-346/08|title=Recent case|date=22 April 2010|access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref> As a consequence, the station has to have at least £200 million worth of adaptations made to it so that it conforms to the directive, or be shut down. A date has not yet been given for it to conform, but two options for saving the station are the CCS project, or a switch from coal to biomass as a fuel.<ref name=doubt>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/df8e1ba6-4e6e-11df-b48d-00144feab49a.html|title=Doubt cast over power plant's future|first=Chris|last=Tighe|date=23 April 2010|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=5 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171328/https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/df8e1ba6-4e6e-11df-b48d-00144feab49a.html|archive-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>
Lynemouth's future came further under threat in March 2011, following carbon cutting measures announced in the [[2011 United Kingdom budget]]. The government's plans meant that the station would cost an extra £40 million a year, erasing Rio Tinto Alcan's profits on the station. This has made the station's operators consider the option of converting the power station to operate on biomass only to avoid the penalties. However, this conversion itself would cost €400 million and then using biomass instead of coal would cost an additional £170 million a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFL8N1CN42L|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019152104/http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFL8N1CN42L|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2016|title=Lynemouth firm Rio Tinto Alcan says Budget changes have put 600 jobs under threat|first=Dan|last=Warburton|date=25 March 2011|work=[[Evening Chronicle]]|access-date=2 April 2011}}</ref> Nevertheless, as of 2024 the plant runs fully on wood biomass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.lynemouthpower.com/#about |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Lynemouth Power |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Cultural use and visual impact==
[[File:Fishing off Lynemouth beach - geograph.org.uk - 590895.jpg|thumb|right|Lynemouth power station's {{convert|370|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall chimney can be seen over a {{convert|16|mi|km|abbr=on}} stretch of the Northumberland coast.]]
Since its construction, the station has made appearances in a small number of films shot locally. These include:
*''
|work=Amber Online|access-date=15 July 2009}}</ref> Photographer [[Mik Critchlow]] (who would later become involved with Amber Films' sister company Side Gallery) also documented the seacoalers at Lynemouth, between 1981 and 1983.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Susie|last1=White|access-date=2023-03-09|title=Country diary: This beach is ever-changing. Today it is black with sea coal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/14/country-diary-this-beach-is-ever-changing-today-it-is-black-with-sea-coal|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=14 November 2022|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He also used the power station as an industrial backdrop to some of his images.<ref name=horse>{{cite web|first=Mik| last=Critchlow|title=004|url=http://www.amber-online.com/exhibitions/seacoalers/exhibits/004|work=Amber Online|access-date=16 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908043628/http://www.amber-online.com/exhibitions/seacoalers/exhibits/004|archive-date=8 September 2008}}</ref><ref name=seacoalers>{{cite web|title=Seacoalers|url=http://www.amber-online.com/exhibitions/seacoalers/detail|work=Amber Online|access-date=16 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914092726/http://www.amber-online.com/exhibitions/seacoalers/detail|archive-date=14 September 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Billy Elliot]]'' – a 2000 film directed by [[Stephen Daldry]]. The power station and the smelter both feature as an industrial backdrop in the film's cemetery scenes. The power station's coal sorting area is used to represent a colliery.<ref name=billy>{{cite video|people=Stephen Daldry – Director|date=2000|title=Billy Elliot|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0249462/|medium=DVD|publisher=Universal|access-date=17 July 2009|time=00:12:52 – 00:13:35, 01:13:00 – 01:14:30, 01:31:30 – 01:32:20}}</ref>
The chimney of the power station is a strong landmark on the local coastline, and can be seen over a {{convert|25|km|adj=on}} stretch of coast, from [[Cresswell, Northumberland|Cresswell]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Roger|last=Cornfoot|title=Broad Skear, Cresswell|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/348108
|work=[[Geograph]]|date=26 February 2007|access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref> down to [[South Shields|South Shields pier]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Quintin
|last=Smith|title=Up the coast|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/66215413@N00/2304715160|work=[[Flickr]]|date=2 March 2008|access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref>
==See also==
Line 528 ⟶ 126:
==References==
{{Reflist
==External links==
{{Commons category|Lynemouth Power Station}}
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/downingstreet/3683580689/ Flickr] – a photo from Gordon Brown's visit to the station
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526073458/http://www.lococarriage.org.uk/alcan_lynemouth.htm Lococarrige] – information on [[Ricky Tomlinson]]'s visit to the station in 1998
Line 538 ⟶ 135:
{{North East Power Stations}}
{{good article}}
[[Category:Bioenergy in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in England]]
[[Category:Power stations in North East England]]
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