Southeast Asia: Difference between revisions

|population = {{IncreaseNeutral}} {{UN_Population|South-Eastern Asia}} ([[List of continents and continental subregions by population#Distribution of populations by the United Nations geoscheme|3rd]]){{UN_Population|ref}}

|ethnic_groups = '''[[List of Indigenous peoples#Southeast Asia|Indigenous (Southeast Asians)]]'''<br />[[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]], [[Austroasiatic]], [[Negrito]], [[Sino-Tibetan]], and [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra-DaiTai peoples]]<br />'''[[East Asian people|East Asians]]'''<br />'''[[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]]'''

|religions = [[Buddhism]]{{efn|Majority: [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]],[[Kampuchea Democratic]]<br>Partial majority: [[Singapore]]}}<br />

Southeast Asia is one of the most culturally diverse regions of the world. There are many different languages and ethnicities in the region. Historically, Southeast Asia was significantly influenced by [[Greater India|Indian]], [[East Asian cultural sphere|Chinese]], [[Islam in Southeast Asia|Muslim]], and [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia|colonial]] cultures, which became core components of the region's cultural and political institutions. Most modern Southeast Asian countries were colonised by European powers. European colonisation exploited natural resources and labour from the lands they conquered, and attempted to spread European institutions to the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/economic-impact-colonialism|title=The economic impact of colonialism|website=CEPR|date=30 January 2017 }}</ref> Several Southeast Asian countries were also briefly occupied by the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] during [[World War II]]. The [[aftermath of World War II]] saw most of the region decolonised. Today, Southeast Asia is predominantly governed by independent states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paseng |first=Rohayati |title=Research Guides: Southeast Asia Research Guide: Imperialism, Colonialism, & Nationalism |url=https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105536&p=687513 |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709151235/https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105536&p=687513 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The region was already inhabited by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' from approximately 1,500,000 years ago during the [[Middle Pleistocene]] age.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia|last=Bellwood|first=Peter|date=10 April 2017|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-119-25154-5|edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Distinct ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' groups, ancestral to Eastern non-African (related to East Asians as well as Papuans) populations, reached the region by between 50,000BC to 70,000BC, with some arguing earlier.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lipson|first1=Mark|last2=Reich|first2=David|date=April 2017|title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=34|issue=4|pages=889–902|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293|issn=0737-4038|pmc=5400393|pmid=28074030}}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal|last1=Larena|first1=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=30 March 2021|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|pages=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|issn=0027-8424|pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512|bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Rock art]] (parietal art) dating from 40,000 to 60,000 years ago (which is currently the world's oldest) has been discovered in the caves of [[Sulawesi]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Kiona N.|date=9 November 2018|title=The world's oldest figurative drawing depicts a wounded animal|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/11/the-worlds-oldest-figurative-drawing-depicts-a-wounded-animal/|access-date=6 January 2022|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109201742/https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/11/the-worlds-oldest-figurative-drawing-depicts-a-wounded-animal/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' also lived in the area up until at least 50,000 years ago, after which they became extinct.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Morwood, M. J. | author2=Brown, P.| author3= Jatmiko| author4= Sutikna, T.| author5= Wahyu Saptomo, E.| author6= Westaway, K. E.| author7= Rokus Awe Due| author8= Roberts, R. G.| author9= Maeda, T.| author10= Wasisto, S.| author11= Djubiantono, T. | date = 13 October 2005 | title = Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 437 | pages = 1012–1017 | doi = 10.1038/nature04022 | pmid=16229067 | issue=7061| bibcode=2005Natur.437.1012M| s2cid=4302539}}</ref> During much of this time the present-day islands of western Indonesia were joined into a single landmass known as [[Sundaland]] due to lower sea levels.

Most Southeast Asian people were originally [[animism|animist]], engaged in ancestors, nature, and spirits worship. These belief systems were later supplanted by [[Hinduism]] and Buddhism after the region, especially coastal areas, came under contact with [[Indian subcontinent]] during the first century.<ref name="jgonda">[[Jan Gonda]], The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in {{Google books|X7YfAAAAIAAJ|Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions|page=1}}, pp. 1–54</ref> Indian Brahmins and traders brought Hinduism to the region and made contacts with local courts.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA587|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614174028/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA587|url-status=live}}</ref> Local rulers converted to Hinduism or Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to reinforce their legitimacy, elevate ritual status above their fellow chief counterparts and facilitate trade with South Asian states. They periodically invited Indian Brahmins into their realms and began a gradual process of [[Indianized kingdom|Indianisation]] in the region.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC|title=A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500|last=Hall|first=Kenneth R.|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-6762-7|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201044039/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Vanaik 1997">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYtKhu6rktAC&pg=PA147|title=The Furies of Indian Communalism: Religion, Modernity, and Secularization|last=Vanaik|first=Achin|date=1997|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-016-0|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203937/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYtKhu6rktAC&pg=PA147|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Montgomery 2002">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkeOLTrPDI0C&pg=PA68|title=The Lopsided Spread of Christianity: Toward an Understanding of the Diffusion of Religions|last=Montgomery|first=Robert L.|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97361-2|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203801/https://books.google.com/books?id=RkeOLTrPDI0C&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shaivism]] was the dominant religious tradition of many southern Indian Hindu kingdoms during the first century. It then spread into Southeast Asia via the [[Bay of Bengal]], Indochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with [[Buddhism]] in the region.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions|author=Jan Gonda|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=1975|isbn=978-90-04-04330-5|pages=3–20, 35–36, 49–51|author-link=Jan Gonda|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085012/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bisschopoup2">{{cite web|title=Shaivism|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0051.xml|access-date=6 January 2022|website=obo|language=en|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102174639/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0051.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Theravada Buddhism]] entered the region during the third century, via maritime trade routes between the region and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|title=Archaeology of Religion: Cultures and Their Beliefs in Worldwide Context|last=Steadman|first=Sharon R.|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-43388-2|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731153605/https://books.google.com/books?id=S2-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref> Buddhism later established a strong presence in [[Funan]] region in the fifth century. In present-day mainland Southeast Asia, Theravada is still the dominant branch of Buddhism, practised by the Thai, Burmese, and Cambodian Buddhists. This branch was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]] established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region en route to [[Nalanda]].<ref name=":3" /> It is still the dominant branch of Buddhism practised by Indonesian and Malaysian Buddhists.

From 111&nbsp; BC to 938 AD, northern Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the [[Han dynasty|Han]], [[Eastern Han]], [[Eastern Wu]], [[Cao Wei]]<!-- After Cao Wei annexe Shu Han, Lu Xing 呂興 kill prefect and surrender Jiaozhi to Cao Wei -->, [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin]], [[Liu Song]], [[Southern Qi]], [[Liang dynasty|Liang]], [[Sui dynasty|Sui]], [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], and [[Southern Han]].

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Southeastern Asia present1991–2020.svg|thumb|Southeast Asia map of [[Köppen climate classification]]]]

# [[Northern Vietnam]] (including [[Hanoi]]) with a [[subtropical climate]] that is sometimes influenced by [[cold waves]] which move from the northeast and the [[Siberian High]]

The vast majority of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterized as monsoonal. The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]], the [[orangutan]], the [[Asian elephant]], the [[Malayan tapir]], the [[Sumatran rhinoceros]], and the [[Bornean clouded leopard]] can also be found. Six subspecies of the [[binturong]] or ''bearcat'' exist in the region, though the one endemic to the island of [[Palawan]] is now classed as vulnerable.

|Petroleum, Petrochemicalspetrochemicals, Fishingfishing

|Clothing, Goldgold, Agricultureagriculture

|Petroleum, Coffeecoffee, Electronicselectronics

|Coal, Petroleumpetroleum, Palmpalm oil

|Copper, Electronicselectronics, Tin

|Electronics, Petroleumpetroleum, Petrochemicalspetrochemicals, Palmpalm oil, Automotiveautomotive

|Natural gas, Agricultureagriculture, Clothingclothing

|Electronics, Timbertimber, Automotiveautomotive

|Electronics, Petroleumpetroleum, Chemicalschemicals

|Electronics, Automotiveautomotive, Rubberrubber

|Electronics, Clothingclothing, Petroleumpetroleum

|label4 = [[Chinese Folkfolk Religionreligion|Folk Religionreligion]]

|label5 = No Religionreligion

|'''Lao''', French, Thai, Vietnamese, Khmu, Hmong, MiaoPhuthai, MienBru, DaoTai Lü, ShanAkha, Iu Mien and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Laos|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307193820/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/|url-status=live}}</ref>

|'''Burmese''', Shan, Kayin (Karen), Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Kayah, ChineseMandarin, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu and other ethnic languages.<ref>{{Citation |title=Burma |date=2024-07-08 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718135404/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/BM |title=Country: Myanmar (Burma) |website=Joshua Project |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195440/https://joshuaproject.net/countries/BM |url-status=live }}</ref>

|'''Thai''', Isan, Northern Khmer, Malay, Karen, Hmong, Teochew, Minnan, Hakka, Yuehai, Burmese, Iu Mien, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Arabic, Shan, LueTai Lü, PhutaiPhuthai, Mon and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Thailand|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164345/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/|url-status=live}}</ref>

|'''Vietnamese''', Cantonese, Khmer, Hmong, TaiTày, Cham and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Vietnam|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/|url-status=live}}</ref>

File:ManilaView cityfrom reflectionGrand byHyatt theManila Bayoverlooking (O.Bonifacio Global City and MercaderMakati pic)skylines -at Flickrsunset.jpg|[[Manila]], Philippines