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| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|12|29|1924|10|01}}
| death_place = Plains, Georgia, U.S.
| resting_place = <!-- [[209Jimmy Woodlandand DriveRosalynn Carter House|Carter Family Cemetery]], Plains -->
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rosalynn Smith]]|July 7, 1946|November 19, 2023|end=died}}
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}}
 
'''James Earl Carter Jr.''' (October 1, 1924 – December 29, 2024) was an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1977 to 1981. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], Carter served as the 76th [[governor of Georgia]] from 1971 to 1975 and in the [[Georgia State Senate]] from 1963 to 1967. He was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|longest-lived president in U.S. history]] and the first to reach the [[Centenarian|age of 100]].
 
Born and raised in [[Plains, Georgia]], Carter graduated from the [[United States Naval Academy]] in 1946 and joined the [[United States Navy]]'s submarine service. He married [[Rosalynn Smith]], and they worked closely together throughout their lives. Carter returned home after his military service and revived his family's peanut-growing business. Opposing [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]], he supported the growing [[civil rights movement]] and became an activist within the Democratic Party. After serving in the Georgia State Senate and then as governor of Georgia, Carter [[Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign|ran for president]] in [[1976 United States presidential election|1976]]. Initially a [[dark horse]] candidate not well known outside Georgia, he secured the [[1976 Democratic National Convention|Democratic nomination]] and selected [[Walter Mondale]] as his running mate. They narrowly defeated the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]'s ticket of President [[Gerald Ford]] and Senator [[Bob Dole]].
 
On his second day in office, Carter [[Proclamation 4483|pardoned all Vietnam War draft evaders]]. He created a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. Carter successfully pursued the [[Camp David Accords]], the [[Panama Canal Treaties]], and the second round of [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]]. He also confronted [[stagflation]]. He signed into law bills that established the [[United States Department of Energy]] and the [[United States Department of Education]]. The last two years of [[Carter's presidency]] were marked by the [[Three Mile Island accident]], the [[Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|establishment of diplomatic relations with China]], the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]], the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]], and the [[Iranian Revolution]], which resulted in the [[Iran hostage crisis]] and the [[1979 oil crisis]]. In response to the Soviet invasion, he escalated the [[Cold War]] by ending ''[[détente]]'', imposing [[United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union|a grain embargo against the Soviets]], enunciating the [[Carter Doctrine]], and leading [[1980 Summer Olympics boycott|the multinational boycott]] of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in Moscow. Carter and Mondale [[Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign|sought reelection]] in [[1980 United States presidential election|1980]], and were renominated by the Democratic Party after Carter defeated Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] in [[1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries|the party's primaries]]. They lost by a landslide to the Republican ticket of [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H. W. Bush]].
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Carter attended Plains High School from 1937 to 1941, graduating from the 11th grade; the school did not have a 12th grade.{{sfn|National Park Service|2020}} By that time, Archery and Plains had been impoverished by the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], but the family benefited from [[New Deal]] farming subsidies, and Carter's father took a position as a community leader.{{sfn|Hamilton|2005|p=334}}{{sfn|Hayward|2004|loc=The Plain Man from Plains}} Carter was a diligent student with a fondness for reading.{{sfn|Hobkirk|2002|p=8}} According to a popular anecdote, he was passed over for [[valedictorian]] after he and his friends skipped school to venture downtown in a [[hot rod]]. Carter's truancy was mentioned in a local newspaper, although it is not clear he would otherwise have been valedictorian.{{sfn|Bourne|1997|pp=33–43}} As an adolescent, Carter played on the Plains High School basketball team and joined [[Future Farmers of America]], which helped him develop a lifelong interest in woodworking.{{sfn|Bourne|1997|pp=33–43}}
 
Carter had long dreamed of attending the [[United States Naval Academy]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2005|p=334}} In 1941, he started undergraduate coursework in engineering at [[Georgia Southwestern College]] in nearby Americus, Georgia.{{sfn|Panton|2022|p=99}} The next year, Carter transferred to the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] in Atlanta, where civil rights icon [[Blake Van Leer]] was president.{{sfn|Rattini|2020}} While at Georgia Tech, Carter took part in the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]].{{sfn|Balmer|2014|p=34}} Van Leer encouraged Carter to join the Naval Academy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Archives |title=The Colonel |url=https://vanleerarchives.org/the-colonel/ |website=Van Leer Family Archives & History |date=21 January 2020}}</ref> In 1943, he received an appointment to the Naval Academy from U.S. Representative [[Stephen Pace (politician)|Stephen Pace]], and Carter graduated with a Bachelor of Science in 1946.{{sfn|Hobkirk|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Balmer|2014|p=34}} He was a good student, but was seen as reserved and quiet, in contrast to the academy's culture of aggressive hazing of freshmen.{{sfn|Kaufman|Kaufman|2013|p=62}} While at the academy, Carter fell in love with [[Rosalynn Smith]], a friend of his sister Ruth.{{sfn|Wertheimer|2004|p=343}} The two wed shortly after his graduation in 1946, and were married until her death on November 19, 2023.{{sfn|Bourne|1997|pp=44–55}}{{sfn|Barrow|Warren|2023}} Carter was a [[sprint football]] player for the [[Navy Midshipmen]] and a standout freshman [[Navy Midshipmen cross country|cross country runner]].{{sfn|Hingston|2016}}<ref>{{cite web |title=On the road with Carter ROADRUNNER Continued from Page A1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-on-the-road-with-carter/161959991/ |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=December 31, 2024 |page=91 |date=November 11, 1979}}</ref> He graduated 60th out of 821 midshipmen in the class of 1947{{efn|The Naval Academy's Class of 1947 graduated in 1946 as a result of World War II.{{sfn|Argetsinger|1996}}}} with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as an [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]].{{sfn|Alter|2020|p=59}}
 
== Naval career ==
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On December 12, 1952, an accident with the experimental [[NRX]] reactor at [[Atomic Energy of Canada]]'s [[Chalk River Laboratories]] caused a partial meltdown, resulting in millions of liters of radioactive water flooding the reactor building's basement. This left the reactor's core ruined.{{sfn|Frank|1995|p=554}} Carter was ordered to Chalk River to lead a U.S. maintenance crew that joined other American and Canadian service personnel to assist in the shutdown of the reactor.{{sfn|Martel|2008|p=64}} The painstaking process required each team member to don protective gear and be lowered individually into the reactor for 90 seconds at a time, limiting their exposure to radioactivity while they disassembled the crippled reactor. When Carter was lowered in, his job was to turn a single screw.{{sfn|Marguet|2022|p=262}} During and after his presidency, Carter said that his experience at Chalk River had shaped his views on atomic energy and led him to cease the development of a [[neutron bomb]].{{sfn|Milnes|2009}}
 
In March 1953, Carter began a six-month course in nuclear power plant operation course at [[Union College]] in Schenectady.{{sfn|Zelizer|2010|pp=11–12}} His intent was to eventually work aboard {{USS|Seawolf|SSN-575|6}}, which was intended to be the second U.S. nuclear submarine.{{sfn|Naval History and Heritage Command|1997}} His plans changed when his father died of [[pancreatic cancer]] in July, two months before construction of ''Seawolf'' began, and Carter obtained a release from active duty so he could take over the family peanut business.{{sfn|Wead|2005|p=404}}{{sfn|Panton|2022|p=100}} Deciding to leave Schenectady proved difficult, as Rosalynn had grown comfortable with their life there.{{sfn|Wooten|1978|p=270}}{{sfn|Schneider|Schneider|2005|p=310}} She later said that returning to small-town life in Plains seemed "a monumental step backward."{{sfn|Bourne|1997|p=79}} Carter left active duty on October 9, 1953.{{sfn|Bourne|1997|pp=77–81}}{{sfn|Hayward|2009|p=23}} He served in the inactive [[United States Navy Reserve|Navy Reserve]] until 1961 and left the service with the rank of [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]].{{sfn|Eckstein|2015}} Carter's awards include the [[American Campaign Medal]], [[World War II Victory Medal]], [[China Service Medal]], and [[National Defense Service Medal]].{{sfn|Suciu|2020}} As a submarine officer, he also earned the [[Submarine Warfare insignia|"dolphin" badge]].{{sfn|Naval History and Heritage Command|2023}}
 
== Farming ==
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== Georgia governorship (1971–1975) ==
[[File:Jimmy Carter official portrait as Governor.jpg|thumb|alt=A black and white photographic official portrait of a young Carter as the governor of Georgia|Carter's official portrait as governor of Georgia; dated, 1971]]
 
Carter was sworn in as the 76th [[governor of Georgia]] on January 12, 1971. In his inaugural speech, he declared that "the time for racial discrimination is over",{{sfn|Berman|2022}} shocking the crowd and causing many segregationists who had supported his candidacy to feel betrayed. Carter was reluctant to engage with fellow politicians, making him unpopular with the legislature.{{sfn|Bourne|1997|p=204}}{{sfn|Hayward|2009|pp=55–56}} He expanded the governor's authority by introducing a reorganization plan submitted in January 1972. Despite an initially cool reception in the legislature, the plan passed at midnight on the last day of the session.{{sfn|Bourne|1997|pp=214–220}} Carter merged about 300 state agencies into 22, although it is disputed whether that saved the state money.{{sfn|Freeman|1982|p=5}} On July 8, 1971, during an appearance in [[Columbus, Georgia]], he stated his intention to establish a Georgia Human Rights Council to help solve issues ahead of any potential violence.{{sfn|Rome News-Tribune|1971a}}
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{{main|Presidency of Jimmy Carter}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency}}
[[File:President Carter National Portrait Gallery.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A painting of Carter|Image of President Carter displayed in the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]], Washington, DCD.C. Portrait by Robert Templeton.]]
 
Carter was inaugurated as the 39th president on January 20, 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/48th-inaugural-ceremonies/|title=48TH INAUGURAL CEREMONIES|publisher=United States Senate|access-date=September 2, 2021|archive-date=September 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913210846/https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/48th-inaugural-ceremonies/|url-status=live}}</ref> One of Carter's first acts was the fulfillment of a campaign promise by issuing an [[executive order]] declaring unconditional [[amnesty]] for [[Vietnam War]]-era [[draft evaders]], [[Proclamation 4483]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11967.html |title=Executive Orders |date=October 25, 2010 |access-date=September 8, 2021 |website=archives.gov |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922131219/https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11967.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/vietnam/vietnam_1-21-77.html |title=Online NewsHour: Remembering Vietnam: Carter's Pardon |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228161513/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/vietnam/vietnam_1-21-77.html}}</ref> Carter's tenure in office was marked by an economic malaise, a time of [[Early 1980s recession in the United States|continuing inflation and recession]] and a [[1979 energy crisis]]. Under Carter, in May 1980, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] became "apparently the first agency ever closed by a budget dispute", but Congress took action and the agency opened the next day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-history-of-us-government-shutdowns-2013-9|title=A Complete Guide To Every Government Shutdown In History|last=Cass|first=Connie|date=September 30, 2013|website=Business Insider|access-date=October 2, 2024|archive-date=January 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235018/https://www.businessinsider.com/a-history-of-us-government-shutdowns-2013-9|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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====Holidays and proclamations====
In 1978, Carter signed into law a bill creating a celebration in May called Asian American Heritage Week. May 7th and 10th were designated for national observance and recognition of the contributions of Asian Americans and Asian immigrants to American society. [[Norman Mineta]], [[Daniel Inouye]], and other members of Congress and Asian American activists pushed for the bill's passage. Representative [[Frank Horton (New York politician)|Frank Horton]] introduced the bill in the House of Representatives in 1977. In 1992, President [[George H. W. Bush]] signed a bill expanding the celebration into [[Asian American Heritage Month]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/jimmy-carter-asian-american-heritage-month-rcna71682|title=Jimmy Carter remembered for launching 1st Asian Pacific American Heritage Week|date=December 30, 2024|website=NBC News}}</ref> In 2021, President Biden signed a bill renaming this celebration Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Heritage Month.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proclamation 10189—Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Heritage Month, 2021 |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-10189-asian-american-and-native-hawaiianpacific-islander-heritage-month2021#:~:textmonth-2021 |website=Proclamation%2010189%E2%80%94Asian%20American%20and%20Native,Hawaiian/Pacific%20Islander%20Heritage%20Month,%202021[[The American Presidency Project]] |access-date=6 January 2025 |date=5 May 2021}}</ref>
 
==== Economy ====
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[[File:Carter leaving Three Mile Island.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Carter at [[Three Mile Island]] nuclear accident, April 1979]]
 
Moralism typified much of Carter's action.<ref>Kenneth Earl Morris, ed. ''Jimmy Carter, American Moralist'' ( University of Georgia Press, 1996).</ref> On April 18, 1977, he delivered a televised speech declaring that the current energy crisis was the "moral equivalent of war". He encouraged [[energy conservation]] and installed [[Solar power at the White House|solar water heating panels on the White House]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unity.edu/news/solar1004.htm |title=Maine college to auction off former White House solar panels |date=October 28, 2004 |access-date=January 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122051251/https://www.unity.edu/News/solar1004.htm |archive-date=January 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Burdick |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/27/white-house-solar-panels_n_160575.html |work=HuffPost |title=White House Solar Panels: What Ever Happened To Carter's Solar Thermal Water Heater? (VIDEO) |date=January 27, 2009 |access-date=January 31, 2010 |archive-date=September 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904023005/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/27/white-house-solar-panels_n_160575.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He wore a [[cardigan (sweater)|cardigan]]<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/12/president-jimmy-carter-death-100-environmental-legacy-conservation-solar-energy-alaskan-national-wildlife-refuge/ "|title=The Boldbold Environmentalenvironmental Visionvision of President Jimmy Carter"]|first=Kai|last=Bird}}</ref> to offset turning down the heat in the White House.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/days-of-malaise-and-jimmy-carters-solar-panels|title=Days of 'Malaise' and Jimmy Carter's Solar Panels|first1=Craig|last1=Shirley|date=October 8, 2010|access-date=August 30, 2021|publisher=Fox News|archive-date=November 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122031809/https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2010/10/08/craig-shirley-jimmy-carter-white-house-energy-crisis-solar-panels-ronald-reagan/|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 4, 1977, Carter signed the [[Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977]], forming the Department of Energy, the first new cabinet position in eleven years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Relyea |first1=Harold |title=The executive branch, creation and reorganization |year=2003 |publisher=Nova Publishers |page=29 |last2=Carr |first2=Thomas P. |isbn=978-1-59033-610-6}}</ref>
 
Carter emphasized that the House of Representatives had "adopted almost all" of the energy proposal he had made five months earlier and called the compromise "a turning point in establishing a comprehensive energy program."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-125 |title=The President's News Conference (29 September 1977) |website=The American Presidency Project |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |access-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816115250/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-125 |url-status=live}}</ref> The following month, on October 13, Carter stated he believed in the Senate's ability to pass the energy reform bill and identified energy as "the most important domestic issue that we will face while I am in office."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-122 |title=The President's News Conference (13 October 2021) |website=The American Presidency Project |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |access-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105040157/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-122 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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In an April 11, 1978, news conference, Carter said his biggest surprise "in the nature of a disappointment" since becoming president was the difficulty Congress had in passing legislation, citing the energy reform bill in particular: "I never dreamed a year ago in April when I proposed this matter to the Congress that a year later it still would not be resolved."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-1006 |title=The President's News Conference (11 April 1978) |website=The American Presidency Project |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |access-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212140501/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-1006 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Carter energy legislation was approved by Congress after much deliberation and modification on October 15, 1978. The measure deregulated the sale of [[natural gas]], dropped a longstanding pricing disparity between intra- and interstate gas, and created tax credits to encourage energy conservation and the use of non-fossil fuels.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Burton Ira |title=The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. |date=1993 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-0572-9 |location=Lawrence, Kansas |page=108 |oclc=26359258}}</ref>
 
On March 1, 1979, Carter submitted a standby [[Rationing in the United States|gasoline rationing plan]] per the request of Congress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/standby-gasoline-rationing-plan-message-the-congress-transmitting-the-plan-0 |title=Standby Gasoline Rationing Plan Message to the Congress Transmitting the Plan. (1 March 1979) |website=The American Presidency Project |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |access-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212140613/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/standby-gasoline-rationing-plan-message-the-congress-transmitting-the-plan-0 |url-status=live}}</ref> On April 5, he delivered an address in which he stressed the urgency of energy conservation and increasing domestic production of energy sources such as coal and solar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/energy-address-the-nation |title=Energy Address to the Nation. (5 April 1979) |website=The American Presidency Project |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |access-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212140452/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/energy-address-the-nation |url-status=live}}</ref> During an April 30 news conference, he said it was imperative that the House commerce committee approve the standby gasoline rationing plan and called on Congress to pass the several other standby energy conservation plans he had proposed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-980 |title=The President's News Conference (30 April 1979) |website=The American Presidency Project |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |access-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212140512/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-980 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
On July 15, 1979, Carter delivered a nationally televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "[[s:The Crisis of Confidence|crisis of confidence]]" among American people,<ref name="millercenter1979">{{cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3402 |title="Crisis of Confidence" Speech (July 15, 1979) |publisher=Miller Center, University of Virginia |format=text and video |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721024329/https://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3402 |archive-date=July 21, 2009 |date=October 20, 2016}}</ref> under the advisement of pollster [[Pat Caddell]] who believed Americans faced a crisis in confidence from events of the 1960s and 1970s, before his presidency.<ref name="crisis speech">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/carter-crisis-speech/ |publisher=PBS |series=American Experience |title=Jimmy Carter |access-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101602/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/carter-crisis-speech/}}</ref> Some later called this his "[[malaise]] speech",<ref name="millercenter1979" /> memorable for mixed reactions<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eoearth.org/article/Jimmy_Carter%27s__malaise_speech_ |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |title=Jimmy Carter's "malaise speech" |author=Cutler Cleveland |date=January 24, 2007 |access-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-date=July 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711161737/https://www.eoearth.org/article/Jimmy_Carter%27s__malaise_speech_ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0611F8395D12728DDDA10994DF405B898BF1D3 |title=Speech Lifts Carter Rating to 37%; Public Agrees on Confidence Crisis; Responsive Chord Struck |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 18, 1979 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |author=Adam Clymer |author-link=Adam Clymer |page=A1 |archive-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517074931/https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0611F8395D12728DDDA10994DF405B898BF1D3 |url-status=live}}</ref> and his use of rhetoric.<ref name="crisis speech" /> The speech's negative reception centered on a view that he did not emphasize his own efforts to address the energy crisis and seemed too reliant on Americans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weintraub |first=Walter |title=Political Psychology 7: Profiles of American Presidents as Revealed in Their Public Statements: The Presidential News Conferences of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan |year=1986 |publisher=International Society of Political Psychology |pages=285–295}}</ref>
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Carter signed the [[Airline Deregulation Act]] into law on October 24, 1978. The main purpose of the act was to [[Airline deregulation|remove government control]] over fares, routes and market entry (of new airlines) from [[commercial aviation]]. The Civil Aeronautics Board's powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing market forces to determine routes and fares. The Act did not remove or diminish the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA)'s regulatory powers over all aspects of airline safety.<ref>{{cite book |title=Practical Applications in Business Aviation Management |isbn=978-1-60590-770-3 |last1=Cannon |first1=James R. |last2=Richey |first2=Franklin D. |year=2012|publisher=Government Institutes}}</ref>
 
In 1978, Carter signed a bill into law "allowing homebrewing and small-scale craft brewing to operate legally".<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/money/business/small-business/maine-craft-brew-industry-president-jimmy-carter-homebrewing-small-scale-breweries/97-44c37318-3b14-447c-a92b-cbbbb33f929b#:~:text=In%201978%2C%20Carter%20signed%20HR+1978,+Carter+signed+HR,first%20licensed%20craft%20brewery%20opened+licensed+craft+brewery+opened. "|title=From White House to brew houses: How Jimmy Carter sparked a craft beer revival"]|date=December 31, 2024|website=newscentermaine.com}}</ref> The new law deregulated the American beer industry by making it legal to sell [[malt]], [[hops]], and [[yeast]] to American [[Homebrewing|home brewers]] for the first time since the 1920 beginning of [[prohibition in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2011/08/beer-charts |title=Beer Charts of the Day |first=Tom |last=Philpott |work=Mother Jones |date=August 17, 2011 |access-date=December 10, 2011 |archive-date=December 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218221821/https://motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2011/08/beer-charts |url-status=live}}</ref> This deregulation led to an increase in home brewing over the 1980s and 1990s that by the 2000s had developed into a strong craft [[Microbrewery|microbrew]] culture in the United States, with 9,118 microbreweries, brewpubs, and regional craft breweries in the United States by the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Brewers Association Releases Annual Craft Brewing Industry Production Report and Top 50 Producing Craft Brewing Companies for 2021 |work=Brewers Association |url=https://www.brewersassociation.org/press-releases/brewers-association-releases-annual-craft-brewing-industry-production-report-and-top-50-producing-craft-brewing-companies-for-2021/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209063838/https://www.brewersassociation.org/press-releases/brewers-association-releases-annual-craft-brewing-industry-production-report-and-top-50-producing-craft-brewing-companies-for-2021/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==== Chrysler bailout ====
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==== Education ====
[[File:Jimmy Carter speaks at the Democratic Mid-Term Convention - NARA - 182660.tif|thumb|250px|Jimmy Carter speaks at the Democratic Mid-Term Convention in 1978.]]
Early into his term, Carter collaborated with Congress to fulfill his campaign promise to create a cabinet level education department. In an address from the White House on February 28, 1978, Carter argued "Education is far too important a matter to be scattered piecemeal among various government departments and agencies, which are often busy with sometimes dominant concerns."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/elementary-and-secondary-education-remarks-announcing-the-administrations-proposals-the |title=Elementary and Secondary Education Remarks Announcing the Administration's Proposals to the Congress. (28 February 1978) |website=The American Presidency Project |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |access-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818211940/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/elementary-and-secondary-education-remarks-announcing-the-administrations-proposals-the |url-status=live}}</ref> On February 8, 1979, the Carter administration released an outline of its plan to establish an education department and asserted enough support for the enactment to occur by June.<ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Education Outlined |agency=Associated Press |date=February 9, 1979 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IkwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,1224804 |archive-date=October 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012023354/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IkwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,1224804&dq=department+of+education |url-status=live}}</ref> On October 17, the same year, Carter signed the [[Department of Education Organization Act]] into law,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/department-education-organization-act-statement-signing-s-210-into-law |title=Department of Education Organization Act Statement on Signing S. 210 Into Law. (17 October 1979) |website=The American Presidency Project |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |access-date=August 30, 2021 |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902142407/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/department-education-organization-act-statement-signing-s-210-into-law |url-status=live}}</ref> establishing the [[United States Department of Education]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kosar |first=Kevin |title=Kill the Department of Ed.? It's been done |website=[[Politico]] |date=September 23, 2015 |access-date=October 1, 2024 |url=https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2015/09/department-of-education-history-000235/ |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007090954/https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2015/09/department-of-education-history-000235/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
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Carter sought closer relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC), continuing the Nixon administration's drastic policy of rapprochement. The two countries increasingly collaborated against the Soviet Union, and the Carter administration tacitly consented to the [[Sino-Vietnamese War|Chinese invasion of Vietnam]]. In December 1978, he announced the United States' intention to formally recognize and establish full diplomatic relations with the PRC starting on January 1, 1979, while severing ties with [[Taiwan]], including revoking a mutual defense treaty with the latter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wachman |first=Alan M. |year=1984 |title=Carter's Constitutional Conundrum: An Examination of the President's Unilateral Termination of a Treaty |journal=The Fletcher Forum |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=427–457 |jstor=45331164 |issn=0147-0981}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Edward |date=December 16, 1978 |title=U.S. to Normalize Ties With Peking, End Its Defense Treaty With Taiwan |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/16/us-to-normalize-ties-with-peking-end-its-defense-treaty-with-taiwan/7d53f81a-865d-4a87-8c32-a0f6f343502c/ |access-date=December 11, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514161904/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/16/us-to-normalize-ties-with-peking-end-its-defense-treaty-with-taiwan/7d53f81a-865d-4a87-8c32-a0f6f343502c/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1979, Carter extended formal diplomatic recognition to the PRC for the first time. This decision led to a boom in trade between the United States and the PRC, which was pursuing economic reforms under the leadership of [[Deng Xiaoping]].{{sfn|Herring|2008|pp=839–840}} Carter supported the China-allied [[Khmer Rouge]] regime in [[Cambodia]] fighting the Soviet-backed [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|Vietnamese invasion]].<ref>John W. Garver, ''China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic'' (2016) pp 383–400.</ref>
[[File:Carter Nixon Deng.png|thumb|Carter speaking with Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping and [[Richard Nixon]] at the White House.]]
After the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]], Carter allowed the sale of military supplies to China and began negotiations to share military intelligence.{{sfn|Herring|2008|pp=855–856}} In January 1980, Carter unilaterally revoked the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] with the [[Republic of China]] (ROC), which had lost control of [[mainland China]] to the PRC in 1949, but retained control of the [[island of Taiwan]]. Conservative Republicans challenged Carter's abrogation of the treaty in court, but the Supreme Court ruled that the issue was a non-justiciable [[political question]] in ''[[Goldwater v. Carter]]''. The U.S. continued to maintain diplomatic contacts with the ROC through the 1979 [[Taiwan Relations Act]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Strong|first1=Robert A.|title=Jimmy Carter: Foreign Affairs|url=https://millercenter.org/president/carter/foreign-affairs|website=Miller Center|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=University of Virginia|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031100/https://millercenter.org/president/carter/foreign-affairs|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
During Carter's presidency, the U.S. continued to support [[Indonesia]] under [[Suharto]] as a coldCold warWar ally, despite [[East Timor genocide|human rights violations]] in [[East Timor (province)|East Timor]]. The violations followed Indonesia's [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|December 1975 invasion and occupation]] of East Timor. Under Carter's administration military assistance to Indonesia increased, peaking in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/indoarms.html|title=Report: U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975–1997|work=World Policy Institute|date=March 1997|access-date=September 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226181104/https://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/indoarms.html|archive-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dumbrell |first=John |title=The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation |year=1995 |edition=2nd |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester, England, UK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GK7AAAAIAAJ&q=Indonesia&pg=PA187 |pages=187, 191 |isbn=978-0-7190-4693-3 |access-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410051130/https://books.google.com/books?id=2GK7AAAAIAAJ&q=Indonesia&pg=PA187 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was antithetical to Carter's stated policy of "not selling weapons if it would exacerbate a potential conflict in a region of the world".<ref>{{cite interview |last=Carter |first=Jimmy |subject-link=Jimmy Carter |interviewer=[[Amy Goodman]] |title=Fmr. President Jimmy Carter on "Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid," Iraq, Greeting the Shah of Iran at the White House, Selling Weapons to Indonesia During the Occupation of East Timor, and More |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2007/9/10/fmr_president_jimmy_carter_on_palestine |date=September 10, 2007 |work=Democracy Now! |access-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730232155/https://www.democracynow.org/2007/9/10/fmr_president_jimmy_carter_on_palestine |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Nicole |last2=Lettenberg |first2=Milton |title=The foreign arms sales of the Carter administration |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |date=February 1979 |volume=35 |issue=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgsAAAAAMBAJ&q=Carter+weapons+sales+Indonesia&pg=PA31 |pages=31–36 |publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science |doi=10.1080/00963402.1979.11458586 |bibcode=1979BuAtS..35b..31B |access-date=October 28, 2019 |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206211240/https://books.google.com/books?id=GgsAAAAAMBAJ&q=Carter+weapons+sales+Indonesia&pg=PA31 |url-status=live |issn=0096-3402}}</ref> In the [[Philippines]], Carter supported the regime of President [[Ferdinand Marcos]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Carter Asks for No Cut in Arms Aid to Marcos Despite Negative Human‐Rights Report |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/06/archives/carter-asks-for-no-cut-in-arms-aid-to-marcos-despite-negative.html |work=The New York Times |date=February 6, 1978}}</ref>
 
During a news conference on March 9, 1977, Carter reaffirmed his interest in having a gradual withdrawal of American troops from [[Fourth Republic of Korea|South Korea]] and said he wanted South Korea to eventually have "adequate ground forces owned by and controlled by the South Korean government to protect themselves against any intrusion from North Korea."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-117 |title=The President's News Conference (9 March 1977) |website=The American Presidency Project |last1=Peters |first1=Gerhard |last2=Woolley |first2=John T. |access-date=September 1, 2021 |archive-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011221451/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-117 |url-status=live}}</ref> On May 19, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' quoted Chief of Staff of U.S. forces in South Korea [[John K. Singlaub]] as criticizing Carter's withdrawal of troops from the Korean peninsula. Later that day, Press Secretary Rex Granum announced that Carter had summoned Singlaub to the White House, and confirmed that Carter had seen the ''Washington Post'' article.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/20/archives/carter-summons-general-in-korea-over-criticism-of-withdrawal-plan.html |title=Carter Summons General in Korea Over Criticism of Withdrawal Plan |date=May 20, 1977 |access-date=September 1, 2021 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816120219/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/20/archives/carter-summons-general-in-korea-over-criticism-of-withdrawal-plan.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Carter relieved Singlaub of his duties on May 21 after a meeting between the two.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/22/archives/carter-disciplines-gen-singlaub-who-attacked-his-policy-on-korea.html |title=Carter Disciplines Gen. Singlaub, Who Attacked His Policy on Korea |first=Bernard |last=Weinraub |work=The New York Times |date=May 22, 1977 |access-date=September 1, 2021 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816085328/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/22/archives/carter-disciplines-gen-singlaub-who-attacked-his-policy-on-korea.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914937,00.html |title=Armed Forces: General on the Carpet |date=May 30, 1977 |access-date=September 1, 2021 |magazine=Time |archive-date=October 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014033517/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914937,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
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In 1994, Clinton sought Carter's assistance in a North Korea peace mission, during which Carter negotiated an understanding with [[Kim Il Sung]].<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Marion V.|last1=Creekmore|title=A Moment of Crisis: Jimmy Carter, The Power of a Peacemaker, and North Korea's Nuclear Ambitions|date=2006|publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-58648-414-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kaplan |first1=Fred |author-link=Fred Kaplan (journalist) |date=May 2004 |title=Rolling Blunder |magazine=Washington Monthly |url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/may-2004/rolling-blunder-2/ |access-date=June 8, 2010 |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205113603/https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/may-2004/rolling-blunder-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Carter outlined a treaty with Kim, which he announced to CNN without the Clinton administration's consent to spur American action.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://cartercenter.org/documents/nondatabase/nytimesarticle.htm |work=The New York Times |date=September 5, 2003 |last1=Brooke |first1=James |title=Carter Issues Warning on North Korea Standoff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615210532/https://cartercenter.org/documents/nondatabase/nytimesarticle.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |access-date=September 8, 2021 |via=The Carter Center}}</ref>
 
[[File:The Elders (9358747992).jpg|thumb|alt=Carter, Ahtisaari, Hague, and Brahmdi standing next to each other.|Carter (''second from right'') with [[Martti Ahtisaari]], [[William Hague]], and [[Lakhdar Brahimi]] from The Elders group in London, July 24, 2013.|left]]
In March 1999, Carter visited [[Taiwan]] and met with President [[Lee Teng-hui]]. During the meeting, Carter praised the progress Taiwan made in democracy, human rights, economy, culture, science, and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/1219|title=President Lee Hosts Former US President Jimmy Carter|newspaper=Office of the President Republic of China (Taiwan)|date=March 30, 1999|access-date=May 23, 2023|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522231559/https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/1219|url-status=live}}</ref> But Carter remained a controversial figure in Taiwan for having ended U.S. diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan).<ref>Wong, Tessa. [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn446nmjp1vo "'It was destiny': How Jimmy Carter embraced China and changed history"]. ''BBC News'', December 30, 2024.</ref>
 
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In 2007, Carter founded the [[New Baptist Covenant]] organization for [[social justice]].<ref>Carla Hinton, [https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/2009/07/25/ex-president-jimmy-carter-works-to-unite-all-baptists/61381494007/ Ex-president Jimmy Carter works to unite all Baptists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106230758/https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/2009/07/25/ex-president-jimmy-carter-works-to-unite-all-baptists/61381494007/ |date=November 6, 2023}}, oklahoman.com, US, July 25, 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cooperman |first1=Alan |date=January 21, 2007 |title=Carter, Clinton Seek To Bring Together Moderate Baptists Exiles From Conservative Group Targeted |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/01/21/carter-clinton-seek-to-bring-together-moderate-baptists-span-classbankheadexiles-from-conservative-group-targetedspan/2044354e-264d-4577-8120-03d491375775/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223102738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/01/21/carter-clinton-seek-to-bring-together-moderate-baptists-span-classbankheadexiles-from-conservative-group-targetedspan/2044354e-264d-4577-8120-03d491375775/ |archive-date=December 23, 2021}}</ref>
 
In 2013, Jimmy Carter along with his son Chip and daughter-in-law Becky and wife Rosalynn traveled to the neighborhood of Queens Village in New York City. They worked on 5 housing construction projects under the responsibility of Habitat for Humanity.<ref>https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/queens-remembers-jimmy-carter-100/article_dfb35677-62eb-5fc8-b34f-f29d1d63e29f.html</ref>
 
In 2013, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter traveled to [[Mongolia]]. Jimmy wanted to learn about the culture of the local people. They also fished for [[taimen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flyfisherman.com/editorial/tackling-taimen/152028|title=Jimmy Carter On Fly Fishing For Taimen|first=President Jimmy|last=Carter|date=March 7, 2014|website=Fly Fisherman}}</ref>
 
{{As of|2019|August|df=US}}, Carter was Honorary Chair of the [[World Justice Project]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/about-us/who-we-are/honorary-chairs |title=Honorary Chairs |website=World Justice Project |access-date=August 6, 2019 |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417085713/https://worldjusticeproject.org/about-us/who-we-are/honorary-chairs |url-status=live}}</ref> He was formerly an honorary chair of the [[Continuity of Government Commission]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_continuity_of_government.pdf |title=Preserving Our Institutions |date=June 2009 |publisher=[[Continuity of Government Commission]] |via=brookings.edu |access-date=August 6, 2019 |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428045333/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_continuity_of_government.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> He continued to occasionally teach Sunday school at Maranatha Baptist Church as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mbcplains.org/?page_id=212 |title=Jimmy Carter's Sunday School Class |website=Maranatha Baptist Church |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519103559/https://mbcplains.org/?page_id=212 |archive-date=May 19, 2019 |access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Carter also taught at [[Emory University]], and in 2019 was awarded tenure for 37 years of service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/03/politics/jimmy-carter-emory-university-tenure/index.html |title=Jimmy Carter granted tenure at Emory University |last=Watkins |first=Eli |date=June 3, 2019 |publisher=CNN|access-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604001205/https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/03/politics/jimmy-carter-emory-university-tenure/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
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In his 2010 book ''[[We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land]]'', Carter cites Israel's unwillingness to withdraw from the [[occupied Palestinian territories]] and [[Israeli settlements|settlement expansion]] as the primary obstacle to peace in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/carterbi.phtml |title=Books written by President and Mrs. Carter |website=jimmycarterlibrary.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012000917/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/carterbi.phtml |archive-date=October 12, 2004}}</ref>
 
Carter refused to be interviewed by the ''[[Atlanta Jewish Times]]'' because it called him a "parasite" in a 2015 editiorial.<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/culture/656007/jimmy-carter-death-jews-israel-palestine/ "|title=Jimmy Carter’sCarter's death: Assessing the 39th president’spresident's record on Israel and the Jews"]|first=Benjamin|last=Ivry|date=December 29, 2024|website=The Forward}}</ref>
 
== Personal life ==
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Carter was related to [[Motown]] founder [[Berry Gordy]] by way of their white great-grandfather James Thomas Gordy, who fathered a child with a black woman he enslaved.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 25, 2019 |title=Berry Gordy |url=https://walkoffame.com/berry-gordy/#:~:text=Berry%20Gordy%20I%20was%20the,and%20Carter%20second%20half%2Dcousins |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305212554/https://walkoffame.com/berry-gordy/#:~:text=Berry%20Gordy%20I%20was%20the,and%20Carter%20second%20half%2Dcousins |archive-date=March 5, 2022 |access-date=March 21, 2022 |work=[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]}}</ref>
 
Carter married Rosalynn Smith on July 7, 1946, in the Plains Methodist Church, the church of Rosalynn's family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vejnoska |first1=Jill |date=July 7, 2017 |title=Happy 71st wedding anniversary Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter! |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/happy-71st-wedding-anniversary-jimmy-and-rosalynn-carter/8gLu5tUWRYN0iKxX4g8mWP/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401022911/https://www.ajc.com/news/happy-71st-wedding-anniversary-jimmy-and-rosalynn-carter/8gLu5tUWRYN0iKxX4g8mWP/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=March 31, 2019 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> They had three sons, [[Jack Carter (politician)|Jack]], James III "Chip", and Donnel "Jeff"; a daughter, [[Amy Carter|Amy]]; nine grandsons (one of whom is deceased), three granddaughters, five great-grandsons, and eight great-granddaughters.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Biography of Jimmy Carter |url=https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/about_us/biography_of_jimmy_carter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018014719/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/about_us/biography_of_jimmy_carter |archive-date=October 18, 2020 |access-date=October 13, 2020 |work=Jimmy Carter Library}}</ref> [[Mary Prince (nanny)|Mary Prince]] (an African American woman wrongly convicted of murder, and later pardoned) was their daughter Amy's nanny for most of the period from 1971 until Carter's presidency ended.{{sfn|Alter|2020|pp=316–317}}<ref name="Carter2005">{{cite book |author=Jimmy Carter |url=https://archive.org/details/ourendangeredvalcart00cart |title=Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7432-8457-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ourendangeredvalcart00cart/page/84 84]– |quote=My last book, ''Sharing Good Times'', is dedicated "to Mary Prince, whom we love and cherish." Mary is a wonderful black woman who, as a teenager visiting a small town, was falsely accused of murder and defended by an assigned lawyer whom she first met on the day of the trial, when he advised her to plead guilty, promising a light sentence. She got life imprisonment instead ... A reexamination of the evidence and trial proceedings by the original judge revealed that she was completely innocent, and she was granted a pardon. |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bird |first=Kai |author-link=Kai Bird |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |title=The Outlier: The Unfinished Presidency of Jimmy Carter |date=2021 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0-451-49523-5 |location=New York |pages=3–4, 81–82}}</ref> Carter had asked to be designated as her [[parole officer]], helping enable her to work in the White House.<ref name="Carter2005" />{{efn|name=Prince01|After working in the Georgia governor's mansion as a [[Trustee#Correctional institution usage|trustee prisoner]], Prince had been returned to prison in 1975 when Carter's term as governor ended, but intervention on her behalf by both Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, with Jimmy Carter asking to be designated as her [[parole officer]], enabled her to be [[paroled|reprieved]] and to work in the White House.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Crawford |first=Clare |url=https://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20067515,00.html |title=A Story of Love and Rehabilitation: the Ex-Con in the White House |magazine=People |date=March 14, 1977 |access-date=May 3, 2015 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623232438/https://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20067515,00.html}}</ref><ref name="Carter2005" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Chabbott |first=Sophia |url=https://www.glamour.com/inspired/blogs/the-conversation/2015/03/the-residence-book |title=The Residence: Meet the Women Behind Presidential Families Kennedy, Johnson, Carter |work=Glamour |date=March 19, 2015 |access-date=May 2, 2015 |quote=Rosalynn Carter, who believed Prince was wrongly convicted, secured a reprieve so Prince could join them in Washington. Prince was later granted a full pardon; to this day she occasionally babysits the Carters' grandkids. |archive-date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509085304/https://www.glamour.com/inspired/blogs/the-conversation/2015/03/the-residence-book |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
 
The Carters celebrated their 77th anniversary on July 7, 2023. On October 19, 2019, they became the longest-wed presidential couple, having overtaken George and [[Barbara Bush]] at 26,765 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Dustin |date=October 19, 2019 |title='Still going strong': Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter become longest-married presidential couple |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/10/18/jimmy-rosalynn-carter-become-longest-married-presidential-couple/4025978002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101135011/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/10/18/jimmy-rosalynn-carter-become-longest-married-presidential-couple/4025978002/ |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |access-date=September 7, 2021 |website=USA Today}}</ref> After Rosalynn's death on November 19, 2023, Carter released the following statement:
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== Death ==
{{Main|Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter}}
[[File:Jimmy Carter lay-in state at U.S. Capitol.jpg|thumb|Carter [[lay in state]] in the [[U.S.&nbsp;Capitol rotunda]]]]
[[File:President Joe Biden Delivers Remarks on the Passing of Former President Jimmy Carter.webm|thumb|President Joe Biden delivering remarks on the death and legacy of Carter]]
Carter died at his home in Plains, Georgia, on December 29, 2024, at the age of 100.<ref name="Sullivandead1">{{cite news| last1=Sullivan |first1=Kevin |last2=Walsh |first2=Edward |title=Jimmy Carter, 39th president and Nobel Peace Prize winner, dies at 100, his son says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/12/29/jimmy-carter-president-dead/ |access-date=December 29, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Zurcher |first1=Anthony |last2=Geoghegan |first2=Tom |date=December 29, 2024 |title=Jimmy Carter, former US president, dies aged 100 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpww85w5p30o |access-date=December 29, 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 29, 2024 |title=Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter Passes Away at 100 |url=https://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/2024/statement-on-president-jimmy-carter-122924.html |access-date=December 29, 2024 |publisher=[[Carter Center]]}}</ref> This followed his February 2023 decision to enter [[hospice]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Kevin |date=February 18, 2023 |title=Former president Jimmy Carter opts for home hospice care for final days |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/02/18/jimmy-carter-hospice-care/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=December 29, 2024}}</ref>
 
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=== Awards and honors ===
{{Further|List of awards and honors received by Jimmy Carter}}
 
 
[[Carterpuri]], a village in [[Haryana]], India, was renamed in his honor after he visited in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Carterpuri awaits Clinton visit |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/29/stories/0229000n.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119195807/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/29/stories/0229000n.htm |archive-date=November 19, 2004 |access-date=April 11, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Carterpuri - Indian village named to honor Jimmy Carter - pays tribute |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/jimmy-carter-indian-village-funeral-b2673334.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>
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[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Ipiranga]]
[[Category:School board members in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Southern Democrats]]
[[Category:Time Person of the Year]]
[[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni]]
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