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{{short description|Machine which automatically dispenses products to customers after payment}}
{{Redirect|Pop machine|the soft drink liquid dispenser|Soda fountain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
[[File:CandiesVendingMachine1952.jpg|thumb|right|A [[snack|snack food]] vending machine made in 1952]]
[[File:駄菓子屋さん (3430471083).jpg|thumb|[[Gashapon]] vending machines]]
[[File:DEU Zeitungsautomaten Muenchen 3712 MSZ100320.jpg|thumb|[[Newspaper vending machine]]s in [[Munich]], Germany]]
[[File:Pardubice, náměstí Republiky, parkovací automat (01).jpg|thumb|upright|An automobile parking [[ticket machine]] in the Czech Republic]]
A '''vending machine''' is an automated machine that dispenses items such as [[snacks]], [[beverage]]s, [[cigarettes]], and [[lottery ticket]]s to consumers after [[cash]], a [[credit card]], or other forms of payment are inserted into the machine or payment is otherwise made.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-vending-machine-for-homeless-20180103-story.html | title=Vending machine for homeless just launched in U.K., to debut in U.S. cities | date=3 January 2018 | newspaper=Chicago Tribune | first=Mary | last=Hui | access-date=31 May 2018 }}</ref> The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed [[postcard]]s. Vending machines exist in many countries and, in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created.
==History==
The earliest known reference to a vending machine is in the work of [[Hero of Alexandria]], an engineer and mathematician in first-century [[Roman Egypt]]. His machine accepted a coin and then dispensed [[wine]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nugent |first1=Addison |title=Why Heron's Aeolipile Is One of History's Greatest Forgotten Machines |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/a34554479/heron-aeolipile/ |access-date=September 13, 2023 |publisher=Popular Mechanics |date=November 29, 2020 |ref=He invented the world’s first coin-operated machine used to distribute wine in temples}}</ref> or [[holy water]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/old-world-high-tech-141284744/|title=Old World, High Tech" (World's First Vending Machine, scroll down to read|last=Jaffe|first=Eric|date=Dec 2006|website=Smithsonian.com|access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened a valve which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counterweight snapped the lever up and turned off the valve.
Coin-operated machines that dispensed tobacco were being operated as early as 1615 in the [[tavern]]s of England. The machines were portable and made of [[brass]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.highbeam.com/industry-reports/equipment/automatic-vending-machines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212041833/http://business.highbeam.com/industry-reports/equipment/automatic-vending-machines|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-02-12|title=Automatic Vending Machines }}</ref> An English bookseller, [[Richard Carlile]], devised a newspaper dispensing machine for the dissemination of banned works in 1822. Simon Denham was awarded British Patent no. 706 for his stamp dispensing machine in 1867, the first fully automatic vending machine.<ref name="Segrave2002">{{citation|author=Kerry Segrave|title=Vending Machines: An American Social History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCSqgzfy38QC|date=12 July 2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8159-0}}</ref>
===Modern vending machines===
[[File:Automatic Stamp and Postcard Vending Machine.jpg|thumb|upright|An automatic stamp and postcard vending machine, made by Takashichi Tawaraya in 1904 in Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teipark.jp/e_about.html|title=What's "Tei-Park"?|access-date=5 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629062547/http://www.teipark.jp/e_about.html|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref>]]
The first modern coin-operated vending machines were introduced in [[London]], [[England]] in the early 1880s, dispensing [[postcard]]s. The machine was invented by Percival Everitt in 1883 and soon became a widespread feature at railway stations and post offices, dispensing [[envelopes]], [[postcard]]s, and [[notepaper]]. The Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Company was founded in 1887 in England as the first company to deal primarily with installing and maintaining vending machines. Also at about that time in England, Dixon Henry Davies and inventor John Mensy Tourtel patented a coin-operated reading lamp for use on trains and founded the Railway Automatic Electric Light Syndicate, Ltd. The system ran off batteries and delivered 30 minutes of light for [[penny (British pre-decimal coin)|1d.]], but was not a long-term success. Tourtel also invented a similarly coin-operated [[fuel gas|gas]] meter.<ref>{{cite magazine|periodical=Underground News|publisher=London Underground Railway Society|issn=0306-8617|date=October 2022|issue=730|pages=605–617|title='Railway Automatic Electric Light Works', Bollo Lane|author=David Knights}}</ref> In 1893, [[Stollwerck]], a German chocolate manufacturer, was selling its chocolate in 15,000 vending machines. It set up separate companies in various territories to manufacture vending machines to sell not just chocolate, but cigarettes, matches, chewing gum, and soap products.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chandler|first=Alfred|title=Scale and scope: the dynamics of industrial capitalism|year=2004|publisher=Belknap Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-674-78995-1|pages=398–402|edition=1. paperback ed., 7. print.}}</ref>
The first vending machine in the U.S. was built in 1888 by the [[Thomas Adams Gum Company]],<ref name="NAMA History">{{cite web|author1=National Automatic Merchandising Association|author-link1=National Automatic Merchandising Association|title=History of Vending and Coffee Services|url=https://namanow.org/vending/history-of-vending-and-coffee-service|access-date=27 October 2016|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203154253/https://www.namanow.org/vending/history-of-vending-and-coffee-service|url-status=dead}}</ref> selling gum on New York City train platforms. The idea of adding games to these machines as a further incentive to buy came in 1897 when the Pulver Manufacturing Company added small figures, which would move around whenever somebody bought some gum from their machines. This idea spawned a whole new type of mechanical device known as the "trade stimulators".
====Growth====
The vending machine industry in the United States is a multi-billion dollar sector. In 2023, it was estimated to be worth $18.2 billion, with approximately 3 million machines generating an average monthly revenue of $525. However, this is an average, and the industry is trending toward more sophisticated and automated vending machines, particularly in North America.
This trend is driven by the increasing demand for convenience and the development of advanced technologies. For instance, the hot food vending machine sector is valued at $4.8 billion and is seeing significant growth as [[robotics]] companies introduce automated solutions for dispensing pasta, burgers, and groceries. The broader [[fresh food]] vending segment is projected to reach $8 billion by 2029, offering consumers more options for nutritious and convenient meals and snacks.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sisson | first=Patrick | title=The vending machine industry is getting hot | website=Sherwood News | date=2024-10-29 | url=https://sherwood.news/business/vending-machine-industry-ramping-sodexo-aramark/ | access-date=2024-10-31}}</ref>
==Mechanisms==
Internal communication in vending machines is typically based on the [[Multidrop bus#MDB in vending machines|MDB standard]], supported by [[National Automatic Merchandising Association|National Automatic Merchandising Association (NAMA)]] and European Vending & Coffee Service Association (EVA).
After payment has been tendered, a product may become available by:
* the machine releasing it, so that it falls in an open compartment at the bottom, or into a cup, either released first, or put in by the customer, or
* the unlocking of a door, drawer, or turning of a knob.
[[File:Sagamihara Vending Machine Park – restocking udon.jpg|thumb|A vending machine at the [[Sagamihara Vending Machine Park]] in [[Sagamihara]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], is restocked with freshly-cooked [[Udon]].]]
Some products need to be prepared to become available. For example, tickets are printed or magnetized on the spot, and coffee is freshly concocted. One of the most common forms of vending machine, the snack machine, often uses a metal coil which when ordered rotates to release the product.
The main example of a vending machine giving access to all merchandise after paying for one item is a newspaper vending machine (also called vending box) found mainly in the U.S. and Canada. It contains a pile of identical newspapers. After a sale the door automatically returns to a locked position. A customer could open the box and take all of the newspapers or, for the benefit of other customers, leave all of the newspapers outside of the box, slowly return the door to an unlatched position, or block the door from fully closing, each of which are frequently discouraged, sometimes by a security [[clamp (tool)|clamp]]. The success of such machines is predicated on the assumption that the customer will be honest (hence the nickname "honor box"), and need only one copy.
==Common vending machines==
===Change machine===
{{main|Change machine}}
A change machine is a vending machine that accepts large denominations of [[currency]] and returns an equal amount of currency in smaller bills or coins. Typically these machines are used to provide coins in exchange for paper currency, in which case they are also often known as bill changers.
===Cigarette vending===
{{main|Cigarette machine}}
[[File:Korea tobacco vendor 02.JPG|thumb|A [[cigarette machine]] in South Korea]]
In the past, [[cigarette]]s were commonly sold in the United States through these machines, but this is increasingly rare due to concerns about underage buyers.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Sometimes a pass has to be inserted in the machine to prove one's age before a purchase can be made. In the United Kingdom, legislation banning them outright came into effect on 1 October 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cigarette vending machines banned in England|work=BBC News |date=October 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15132529|access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref> In Germany, Austria, Italy, [[Czech Republic|the Czech Republic]], and Japan, [[cigarette machine]]s are still common.
Since 2007, however, age verification has been mandatory in Germany and Italy – buyers must be 18 or over. The various machines installed in pubs and cafés, other publicly accessible buildings, and on the street accept one or more of the following as proof of age: the buyer's identity card, bank debit card (smart card), or European Union driver's license. In Japan, age verification has been mandatory since 1 July 2008 via the [[Taspo]] card, issued only to persons aged 20 or over. The Taspo card uses RFID, stores monetary value, and is contactless.
[[File:Condom vending machine in Tokyo area - 2022 May 16.jpeg|thumb|Condom vending machine in [[Tokyo]], 2022]]
===Birth control and condom vending machines===
{{Main article|Condom machine}}
A birth control machine is a vending machine for the sale of [[birth control]], such as [[condom]]s or [[emergency contraception]]. Condom machines are often placed in public toilets, subway stations, airports, or schools as a [[public health]] measure to promote [[safe sex]]. Many pharmacies also keep one outside, for after-hours access. Rare examples exist that dispense [[female condom]]s<ref name=fem>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebody.com/cdc/news_updates_archive/mar14_02/france_condoms.html|title = First Female Condom Machine Is Launched in France|access-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> or the morning after pill.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holcombe|first1=Madeline|title=A vending machine at the UC Davis campus dispenses Plan B pills|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/21/health/davis-plan-b-machine-trnd/index.html|access-date=6 June 2017|publisher=CNN.com|date=21 April 2017}}</ref>
===Food and snack vending machines===
[[File:HK Sunday night West Kln Promenade Food Vending Machine 小食 01.JPG|thumb|upright|A [[snack|snack food]] vending machine in [[Hong Kong]]]]
[[File:Distributeurs de soda 'Coca-Cola' - La Louvière (BE).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Coca-Cola]]-branded vending machine in a hospital in [[La Louvière]], [[Belgium]]]]
Various types of food and [[snack]] vending machines exist in the world. Food vending machines that provide shelf-stable foods such as chips, cookies, cakes, and other such snacks are common. Some food vending machines are refrigerated or frozen, such as for chilled soft drinks and ice cream treats, and some machines provide hot food.
Some unique food vending machines exist that are specialized and less common, such as the [[French fry vending machine]] and hot pizza vending machines, such as [[Let's Pizza]]. The [[Beverly Hills Caviar Automated Boutique]] dispenses frozen caviar and other high-end foods.
====Bulk candy and gumball vending====
{{Main|Bulk vending|Gumball machine}}
[[File:Vendstar3000.JPG|thumb|[[Bulk vending]]: a bulk candy machine containing [[M&M's]], [[Skittles (confectionery)|Skittles]], and [[Runts]]]]
The [[profit margin]]s in the bulk candy business can be quite high – [[Chewing gum|gumballs]], for instance, can be purchased in bulk for around 2 cents per piece and sold for 25 cents in [[gumball machine]]s in the U.S., and other countries. Gumballs and candy have a relatively long shelf life, enabling vending machine operators to manage many machines without too much time or cost involved. In addition, the machines are typically inexpensive compared to soft drink or snack machines, which often require power and sometimes refrigeration to work. Many operators donate a percentage of the profits to charity so that locations will allow them to place the machines for free.
[[Bulk vending]] may be a more practical choice than soft drink/snack vending for an individual who also works a full-time job, since the restaurants, retail stores, and other locations suitable for bulk vending may be more likely to be open during the evening and on weekends than venues such as offices that host soft drink and snack machines.
The [[Bulk vending]] machines of today provide many different vending choices with the use of adjustable gumball and candy wheels. Adjustable gumball wheels allow an operator to not only offer the traditional 1-inch gumball, but they can also vend larger gumballs, and non-edible items such as toy capsules and bouncy balls. Adjustable candy wheels allow an operator to offer a variety of pressed candies, jelly candy, chocolates and even nuts.
====Full-line vending====
[[File:Vending machines at hospital.jpg|thumb|A [[Full-line vending|full line of vending machines]] in a hospital cafeteria, including machines for drinks, snacks, and microwaveable foods]]
{{Main|Full-line vending}}
A full-line vending company may set up several types of vending machines that sell a wide range of products. Products may include candy, cookies, chips, fresh fruit, milk, cold food, coffee and other hot drinks, bottles and cans of soda and other drinks, and even frozen products like ice cream. These products can be sold from machines that include hot coffee, snack, cold food, and {{convert|20|USoz}} bottle machines.<ref name="Billboard p. 77">{{cite book | title=Billboard | date=1946-01-05 | publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cxgEAAAAMBAJ | language=de | access-date=6 June 2017 | page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cxgEAAAAMBAJ/page/n76 77]}}</ref> In the United States, almost all machines accept bills with more and more machines accepting $5 bills, along with payment from traditional [[debit card|debit]] and [[credit card]]s, or a [[mobile payment]] system. This is an advantage to the vendor because it virtually eliminates the need for a [[change machine|bill changer]]. Larger corporations with cafeterias will often request full line vending to supplement their food service.
===Newspaper vending machine===
{{main|Newspaper vending machine}}
A newspaper vending machine or newspaper rack is a vending machine designed to distribute newspapers.<ref>{{cite book | title=Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office | publisher=The Office | issue=v. 157 | year=1910 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QV6MZdRx3QcC&pg=PA453 | access-date=6 June 2017 | page=453}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Billboard | date=1958-12-15 | publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7AoEAAAAMBAJ | access-date=6 June 2017 | page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7AoEAAAAMBAJ/page/n103 104]}}</ref> Newspaper vending machines are used worldwide, and they can be one of the main distribution methods for newspaper publishers. According to the [[News Media Alliance|Newspaper Association of America]], in recent times in the United States, circulation via newspaper vending machines has dropped significantly: in 1996, around 46% of single-sale newspapers were sold in newspaper boxes, and in 2014, only 20% of newspapers were sold in the boxes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2016/01/15/decline-newspaper-boxes-407158.html|title=As print journalism declines, fate of sidewalk newspaper boxes is unclear|first=Max Kutner On 12/20/15 at 10:32|last=AM|date=20 December 2015|website=Newsweek|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
===Photo booth===
[[File:Photo Booth-1.jpg|thumb|A [[photo booth]] at a hotel]]
{{main|Photo booth}}
A photo booth is a vending machine or modern [[kiosk]] that contains an automated, usually [[currency detector|coin-operated]], camera and film processor.<ref>{{cite book | last=Saunders | first=R.H. | title=American Faces: A Cultural History of Portraiture and Identity | publisher=University Press of New England | series=UPCC book collections on Project MUSE | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-61168-893-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RouhDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 | access-date=5 June 2017 | page=48}}</ref><ref name="DPICT 2000">{{cite book | title=DPICT: The New Magazine of Camera Culture | publisher=CC Pub. Limited | issue=nos. 5-7 | year=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlVWAAAAMAAJ | access-date=5 June 2017 | page=4}}</ref> Today, the vast majority of photo booths are digital.<ref name="DPICT 2000"/> Traditionally, photo booths contain a seat or bench designed to seat the one or two patrons being photographed. The seat is typically surrounded by a curtain of some sort to allow for some privacy and help avoid outside interference during the photo session. Once the payment is made, the photo booth will take a series of photographs and the customer is then provided with prints. Older photo booth vending machines used film and involved the process of developing the film using liquid chemicals.
===Stamp vending machine===
{{see also|Stamp vending machines in the United Kingdom}}
A stamp vending machine is a mechanical, electrical or electro-mechanical device which can be used to automatically vend [[postage stamp]]s to users in exchange for a pre-determined amount of money, normally in coin.
===Ticket machines===
[[File:Compass vending machines at King George station.jpg|thumb|[[Ticket machine]]s at a railway station in [[Metro Vancouver]], Canada]]
{{main|Ticket machine}}
A ticket machine is a vending machine that produces [[Ticket (admission)|tickets]]. For instance, ticket machines dispense [[train ticket]]s at [[railway station]]s, [[Fare|transit tickets]] at [[metro station]]s and tram tickets at some [[tram stop]]s and in some trams.<ref name="Billboard p. 107">{{cite book | title=Billboard | date=1958-12-15 | publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7AoEAAAAMBAJ | language=de | access-date=6 June 2017 | page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7AoEAAAAMBAJ/page/n106 107]}}</ref><ref name="Faulkner Finlay Detienne 2012 p. 293">{{cite book | last1=Faulkner | first1=X. | last2=Finlay | first2=J. | last3=Detienne | first3=F. | title=People and Computers XVI - Memorable Yet Invisible: Proceedings of HCI 2002 | publisher=Springer London | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4471-0105-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o3qBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293 | access-date=6 June 2017 | page=293}}</ref><ref name="Publishing 2013 p. 308">{{cite book | last=Publishing | first=DK | title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Switzerland | publisher=DK Publishing | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4654-1359-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ7yAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 | access-date=6 June 2017 | page=308}}</ref> The typical transaction consists of a user using the display interface to select the type and quantity of tickets and then choosing a payment method of either [[cash]], [[Credit card|credit]]/[[debit card]] or [[Smart card|smartcard]].<ref name="Publishing 2013 p. 308"/> The ticket or tickets are then printed and dispensed to the user.<ref name="Publishing 2013 p. 308"/>
==Specialized vending machines==
From 2000 to 2010, the specialization of vending machines became more common. Vending extended increasingly into non-traditional areas like electronics, or even artwork<ref>{{cite web|title=Le collectif européen d'artistes mixed-médias UCD – Un certain détachement propose des multiples d'art au travers de distributeurs automatiques|url=http://www.uncertaindetachement.com/ucd/|publisher=UCD|access-date=16 May 2014|language=fr}}</ref> or short stories.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Bock|first1=Pauline|title=How a City in France Got the World's First Short-Story Vending Machines|url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/how-a-city-in-france-got-the-worlds-first-short-story-vending-machines|access-date=22 January 2016|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=January 2016}}</ref> Machines of this new category are generally called [[automated retail]] kiosks. When using an automated retail machine, consumers select products, sometimes using a [[touchscreen]] interface, pay for purchases using a credit or debit card and then the product is dispensed, sometimes via an internal robotic arm in the machine.<ref name="Johnson 2005">{{cite web | last=Johnson | first=Bary Alyssa | title=Zoom Systems Offers iPod Vending Machines | website=PC Magazine | date=24 October 2005 | url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1876717,00.asp | access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> The trend of specialization and proliferation of vending machines is perhaps most apparent in Japan where vending machines sell products from toilet paper to hot meals and pornography, and there is 1 vending machine per 23 people.
===Automobile vending machine===
In November 2013, online auto retailer [[Carvana]] opened the first car vending machine in the U.S., located in [[Atlanta]] dispensing various models of [[used cars]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Carvana opens used car vending machine in Atlanta|url=https://www.foxnews.com/auto/carvana-opens-used-car-vending-machine-in-atlanta|publisher=FoxNews.com|access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>
In late 2016, Autobahn Motors, a car dealership in Singapore, opened a 15-story-tall luxury car vending machine containing 60 cars, dispensing [[Ferrari]] and [[Lamborghini]] vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/05/16/news/sports-car-vending-machine-singapore/index.html |title=This 150-foot-tall 'vending machine' will serve you a Ferrari |work=CNN |date=16 May 2017}}</ref>
===Bait vending machine===
A [[bait machine]] is a vending machine that dispenses live [[fishing bait]], such as worms and crickets, for fishing.<ref name="Houston Chronicle 2017">{{cite web | title=Fishing bait vending machine in Texas is among most convenient things found at San Leon gas station | website=Houston Chronicle | date=31 May 2017 | url=http://www.chron.com/news/strange-weird/article/Fishing-bait-vending-machine-in-Texas-11186381.php | access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="DeANGELIS 2015">{{cite web | last=DeAgelis | first=Martin | title=Odd hours, bait vending machines: How to please striper anglers | website=Press of Atlantic City | date=9 November 2015 | url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/business/odd-hours-bait-vending-machines-how-to-please-striper-anglers/article_93fcd77c-859a-11e5-b35f-0f722a41ab84.html | access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
===Book vending machine===
[[File:The Biblio-Mat (cropped).jpg|alt=The Biblio-Mat vending machine.|thumb|[[Biblio-Mat|The Biblio-Mat]] book vending machine]]
Book vending machines dispense books, which may be full-sized.<ref name="Segrave 2002 p. 262">{{cite book | last=Segrave | first=K. | title=Vending Machines: An American Social History | publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7864-8159-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCSqgzfy38QC&pg=PA262 | access-date=6 June 2017 | page=262}}</ref> Some libraries use book vending machines.<ref name="Nicholson 2017 p. 120">{{cite book | last=Nicholson | first=K. | title=Innovation in Public Libraries: Learning from International Library Practice | publisher=Elsevier Science | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-08-101296-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvElDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 | access-date=6 June 2017 | pages=120–121}}</ref> [[GoLibrary]] is a book lending vending machine used by libraries in Sweden and the U.S. state of California.<ref>[http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6674915.html The California State Library GoLibrary Project uses automated materials vending to aid underserved populations in new ways] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418061547/http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6674915.html |date=18 April 2011 }}. Susan Kantor-Horning. ''Library Journal''. 15 August 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2011.</ref> The [[Biblio-Mat]] is a random antiquarian book vending machine located at [[The Monkey's Paw (bookstore)|The Monkey's Paw]] bookstore in [[Toronto]], Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-19 |title=The 'Biblio-Mat' by Craig Small randomly dispenses books for two dollars |url=https://www.designboom.com/design/biblio-mat-a-random-book-dispenser-by-craig-small/ |access-date= |website=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine |language=en}}</ref>
=== Burger vending machine ===
In 2022 RoboBurger introduced a machine to cook and vend a fresh [[hamburger]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burger Vending Machines Will Make the Robot Uprising Worth It |url=https://thetakeout.com/burger-vending-machines-will-make-the-robot-uprising-wo-1848727088 |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=The Takeout |date=30 March 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref>
=== Cotton candy vending machine ===
The cotton candy vending machine is a vending machine that dispenses freshly spun [[cotton candy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Breen |first=Amanda |date=March 4, 2024 |title=He 'Accidentally Discovered' a Semi-Passive Side Hustle in College — Now He's on Track to Make More Than $500,000 This Year |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/entrepreneurs/semi-passive-income-side-hustle-on-track-for-500k-in-2024/470596 |website=Entrepreneur}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Painter |first1=Alysia Gray |title=Chicken sandwiches with berry cereal are just the start: LA County Fair's food line-up is here |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/the-scene/chicken-sandwiches-with-berry-cereal-are-just-the-start-la-county-fairs-food-line-up-is-here/3396899/ |work=NBC Los Angeles |date=26 April 2024}}</ref>
===French fry vending machine===
{{main|French fry vending machine}}
A [[French fry vending machine]] is a vending machine that dispenses hot French fries,<ref name="Cushing 2013"/><ref name="Fuhrmeister 2015"/><ref name="Taylor 2015"/> also known as chips. The first known french fry vending machine was developed circa 1982 by the defunct Precision Fry Foods Pty Ltd. in Australia.<ref name="Rural 2015"/> A few companies have developed and manufactured French fry vending machines and prototypes. Furthermore, a prototype machine was also developed at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.<ref name="Cushing 2013"/><ref name="Fuhrmeister 2015"/>
===Pizza vending machine===
[[File:Hot pizza vending machine.jpg|thumb|upright|A vending machine in [[Carpi, Emilia-Romagna|Carpi]], Italy that dispenses hot [[pizza]]]]
[[Let's Pizza]] is the name of a vending machine that makes fresh [[pizza]] from scratch.<ref name="Harris 2014">{{cite web | last=Harris | first=Jenn | title=This pizza vending machine bakes fresh, not frozen pies, in less than 3 minutes | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=4 April 2014 | url=http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-lets-pizza-vending-machine-bakes-fresh-not-frozen-pizza-3-minutes-20140404-story.html | access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> It was developed in 2009 by Italian company Sitos srl.<ref name="Harris 2014"/><ref name="Tagliabue 2009">{{cite web | last=Tagliabue | first=John | title=In Italy, a Vending Machine Even Makes the Pizza | website=The New York Times | date=14 March 2009 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/14/business/worldbusiness/14vend.html | access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> The machine combines water, flour, tomato sauce, and fresh ingredients to make a pizza in approximately three minutes.<ref name="Harris 2014"/> It includes windows so customers can watch the pizza as it is made.<ref>{{cite news |title=The one and only pizza-making vending machine |url=http://www.thegate.ca/blog/020363/the-one-and-only-pizza-making-vending-machine/ |work=[[TheGATE.ca]] |first=W. Andrew |last=Powell |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref> The pizza is cooked in an [[infrared]] oven. The device was invented by Claudio Torghele, an entrepreneur in [[Rovereto]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Tagliabue |title=In Italy, a Vending Machine Even Makes the Pizza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/14/business/worldbusiness/14vend.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 March 2009 |access-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref> The vending machine began in Italy and is now spreading into the United Kingdom and becoming popular there.<ref name=Home>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.letspizza.co.uk/home.html|publisher=Let's Pizza|access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref>
===Life insurance===
{{See also|Travel insurance}}
From the 1950s until the 1970s, vending machines were used at American airports to sell [[life insurance]] policies covering death, in case the buyer's flight crashed.<ref name="ABA Journal p. 472">{{cite book | title=ABA Journal | date=May 1967 | publisher=American Bar Association | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Okt_JPJ6bYgC&pg=PA472 | access-date=6 June 2017 | page=472}}</ref> However, this practice gradually disappeared due to the tendency of American courts to strictly construe such policies against their sellers, such as the Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York (which later became part of [[CNA Financial]]).<ref name="vend">[http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C2/58C2d862.htm Steven v. Fidelity & Casualty Co.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017195922/http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C2/58C2d862.htm |date=17 October 2015 }} (1962) 58 C2d 862</ref>
===Marijuana vending machine===
{{main|Marijuana vending machine}}
The [[marijuana vending machine]] originally found a niche market for selling or dispensing [[cannabis]]. In the early 21st century with [[legalization of cannabis]] in many countries, marijuana vending machines became widespread, selling products such as marijuana, hemp and [[Cannabidiol|CBD]] based products and smoke paraphernalia.<ref>{{cite web | title=Seattle gets a marijuana vending machine | website=USA TODAY | date=4 February 2015 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/04/seattle-pot-vending-machine/22817375/ | access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> The first experiments in distributing marijuana through vending machines started in the early 2010s, when they were already in use in the United States<ref>{{cite web | title=Seattle gets a marijuana vending machine | website=USA Today | date=4 February 2015 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/04/seattle-pot-vending-machine/22817375/ | access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> and Canada.<ref>{{cite web | last=McElroy | first=Justin | title=Vancouver dispensary, home to Canada's first marijuana vending machine, vows to stay open | website=Global News | date=27 April 2016 | url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2666093/vancouver-dispensary-home-to-canadas-first-marijuana-vending-machine-vows-to-stay-open/ | access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Marijuana easily 'dispensed' in Vancouver, fifth estate finds | website=CBC News | date=2 February 2015 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/medical-marijuana-easily-dispensed-in-vancouver-1.2938574 | access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> The primary challenge faced in selling restricted or controlled merchandise like cannabis<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/american-green-integrates-world-class-130000632.html|title=American Green Integrates World Class Biometrics in the American Green Machine|access-date=27 June 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> is to verify the identity of the buyer, which is overcome by the application of [[biometrics]] and smart vending software technology, the same technology used to verify the buyer's age in the automatic sales of tobacco.
===Mold-A-Rama===
The [[Mold-A-Rama]] is a brand name for a type of vending machine that makes [[blow molding|blow-molded]] plastic [[figurine]]s. Mold-A-Rama machines debuted in late 1962 <ref>{{cite news |first=Martin |last=Rossman |title=Machine Molds Items While Customer Waits |work=Los Angeles Times |date=29 October 1962 |page=B8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Keilson Puts in Molding Units |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA53 |magazine=Billboard |date=4 May 1963 |page=53 }}</ref> and grew in prominence at the [[1964 New York World's Fair]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Mold-Rama Draws 'Em |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43 |magazine=Billboard |date=12 December 1964 |page=43 }}</ref> The machines can still be found operating in dozens of museums and zoos.<ref>{{cite news |first=Eric |last=Benderoff |title=Old Technology Proves a Modern-Day Classic |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2006/09/04/old-technology-proves-a-modern-day-classic/ |work=Chicago Tribune |date=4 September 2006 |access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Steve |date=17 August 2016 |title=Smelly, Plastic and Nostalgic, Mold-A-Rama Celebrates 50th Birthday at Brookfield Zoo |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-mold-a-rama-50th-birthday-20160817-story.html |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |access-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>
===Fresh-squeezed orange juice===
[[File:Orange juice vending machine - 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Orange juice vending machine]]
This type of machine contains fresh oranges and a mechanism to cut and squeeze them in order to produce fresh juice.
===Prize vending machine===
[[File:Prize vending machine in Haikou - 01.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A prize vending machine in [[Haikou]], Hainan, China]]
This type of machine sells a container that may contain a prize. Some such machines advertise the possible prizes that may be won. Examples include smart phones, holiday packages, and toys.
===Social-networked vending machine===
With the rise of the [[Social media|social networks]], vending machine has been integrated to [[social media]] in order to proliferate the interaction of the vending machine with the users from the physical machine to the social networks. The common application of social-networked vending machine is that the user can connect their social account to a specific [[social media]] designated by the vending machine, the user will be getting some rewards in return, normally in the form of free gift dispensed from the vending machine.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}
===Make-Up vending machines===
Vending machines are also being used by entrepreneurs to sell [[cosmetics]] to those on the go as an easy convenience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/glam-on-the-go-how-vending-machines-are-bringing-more-beauty-products-to-the-masses-and-success-to-black-entrepreneurs/ar-AA1mP3bW|title=Glam on the go: How vending machines are bringing more beauty products to the masses, and success to Black entrepreneurs|website=[[MSN]] |language=en|access-date=2024-01-11}}</ref>
=== Giving Machine ===
{{main|Giving Machine}}
A Giving Machine is a specialized "reserve vending machine" that allows people to purchase donations for various nonprofits. They are placed in various public areas by [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (also known as the LDS or Mormon Church) during the [[Christmas and holiday season]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=You Can Lift Another at a Light the World Giving Machine |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/light-the-world-giving-machines-2024 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org |language=en}}</ref>
==Popularity in Japan==
Vending machines are a common sight in Japan, and are considerably popular. There are more than 5.5 million machines installed throughout the nation, and Japan holds the highest ratio of machines per person for any country with one machine for every twenty-three people.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jacopo Prisco|title=The beauty of Japan's lonely vending machines|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/japan-vending-machines-eiji-ohashi/index.html|access-date=2021-08-08|website=CNN|date=27 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/style/article/japan-vending-machines-eiji-ohashi/index.html|title=Japan's lonely vending machines|date=27 October 2017|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adage.com/article/global-news/marketing-japan-vending-machine-wars/112475/|title=Hi-Tech Vending Machines in Japan Pose Constant Challenge|website=adage.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>
Regarding the development of advanced technology, Japanese vending machines provide more services by selling different kinds of products. Food, smartphones, SIM cards, and even clothing can be found in these machines. Apart from the most popular drink vending machines, Japanese vending machines also offer certain products depending on the demand and need for different locations. For example, products like [[sanitary napkin]]s and [[tampon]]s can be found in vending machines in female restrooms, while machines selling [[condom]]s are usually located in male restrooms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan's vending machine culture is ahead of the curve |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/Tea-Leaves/Japan-s-vending-machine-culture-is-ahead-of-the-curve |publisher=Nikkei Asia |date=May 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Japan vending machines to automatically offer free food if earthquake hits |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/02/japan-vending-machines-to-automatically-offer-free-food-if-earthquake-hits |work=The Guardian |date=June 2, 2023}}</ref>
Convenience, low cost of running, security, and stability seem to be the main reasons for Japan to invest in vending machines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.toutiaoabc.com/index.php?act=view&nid=542658|title=日本的自动贩卖机为什么无处不在？ -留园新闻速递 NEWS|website=www.toutiaoabc.com|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>
A patent for an "automatic goods vending machine" was filed in 1888 in Japan; early surviving vending machines from around the 1900s include one that dispenses stamps and postcards, and one that dispenses [[sake]]. Confectionery vending machines became widespread in the 1920s, and juice vending machines became popular in the late 1950s and 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sts.kahaku.go.jp/diversity/document/system/pdf/026_e.pdf |title=History of the Development of Beverage Vending Machine Technology in Japan |author=Yoshihiro Higuchi |work=Center of the History of Japanese Industrial Technology}}</ref> By 2000, the number of vending machines in Japan had grown to 5.6 million. However, from around the early 2000s, the number of vending machines in Japan decreased slightly to 5.03 million, and the sales amount also decreased gradually, in part due to the rise of digital technology and market competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/36954011|title=日本那些神奇的自动贩卖机！|website=知乎专栏|language=zh|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> In recent years, attention has been drawn towards older machines, such as the collection of vintage vending machines installed at the [[Sagamihara Vending Machine Park]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Alex K.T. |title=Out of the box: Japan's vending machines get a modern makeover amid pandemic |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/05/09/business/japan-vending-machines/ |website=Japan Times |access-date=8 June 2023 |date=May 9, 2022}}</ref>
In 2024, it was reported that a sizeable portion of the vending machines in Japan would require updates to their acceptors in order to accept the new designs for the Japanese yen banknotes that were due to be released that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Notoya |first=Kiuko |last2=Yoon |first2=John |date=2024-06-07 |title=Japan Runs on Vending Machines. It’s About to Break Millions of Them. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/07/world/asia/japan-bank-notes-vending-machines.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="300px" height="250px">
File:Vending Machine in Iwami-Ginzan.jpg|A vending machine with wooden cladding at [[Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine]] in [[Ōda, Shimane|Ōda]], [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]], Japan
File:Vending machine of Japanese local curries in retort pouches at Asakusa in Tokyo 2018-9-23.jpg|upright|A vending machine of retort pouched curries at [[Asakusa]], Japan
File:Sagamihara Vending Machine Park – machines.jpg|A line of vintage vending machines at the [[Sagamihara Vending Machine Park]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], Japan
</gallery>
==Smart vending machines==
Similar to the development of traditional [[mobile phone]]s into [[smartphone]]s, vending machines have also progressively, though at a much slower pace, evolved into smart vending machines. Newer technologies at a lower cost of adoption, such as the large digital [[touchscreen|touch display]], internet connectivity, cameras and various types of sensors, more cost-effective [[embedded computing]] power, [[digital signage]], various advanced payment systems, and a wide range of identification technology ([[near-field communication|NFC]], [[radio-frequency identification|RFID]], etc.) have contributed to this development. These smart vending machines enable a more interactive user experience, and reduce operating costs while improving the efficiency of the vending operations through remote manageability and intelligent back-end [[analytics|analytic]]. Integrated sensors and cameras also represent a source of such data as customer demographics, purchase trends, and other locality-specific information. It also enables better customer-engagement for the brands through interactive multimedia and social media connectivity. Smart vending machines were {{abbr|No.|Number}}79 by JWT Intelligence on its list of 100 Things to Watch in 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jwtintelligence.com/2013/12/100-things-to-watch-in-2014/|title=100 Things to Watch in 2014|date=26 December 2013|work=JWT Intelligence|access-date=1 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> According to market research by Frost & Sullivan, global shipments of smart vending machines are forecasted to reach around 2 million units by 2018,<ref name=":0" /> and further to 3.6 million units by 2020 with penetration rate of 20.3 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/kxkxpk/connected_vending|title=Connected Vending Machines – 2nd Edition - Research and Markets|last=ltd|first=Research and Markets|website=www.researchandmarkets.com|language=en|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" width="300px" height="250px">
File:Beer vending machines at an onsen in Japan.jpg|Beer vending machines at a Japanese [[Onsen]]
File:A Swiss roll vending machine in a Taipei MRT station.jpg|A [[Swiss roll]] vending machine in an MRT station in [[Taipei]]. The Swiss rolls are kept at 7 °C, orders are entered on a [[touchscreen]], and payments are made through various [[contactless payment]] cards.
</gallery>
==See also==
<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Automat]] – a fast food restaurant where simple foods and drink are served by vending machines
* [[Arcade game]]
* [[Automated charging machine]]
* [[Automated retail]]
* [[Automated teller machine]]
* [[Capitol Hill's mystery soda machine]]
* [[ChargeBox]]
* [[Charging station]]
* [[Coffee vending machine]]
* [[Death by vending machine]]
* [[Eu'Vend]] – a vending industry trade show
* [[Fortune teller machine]]
* [[Freedom Toaster]]
* [[Gashapon]]
* [[Gold to Go]]
* [[Gumball machine]]
* [[Interactive kiosk]]
* [[Jukebox]]
* [[Kiddie ride]]
* [[Love tester machine]]
* [[Parking meter]]
* [[Pinball machine]]
* [[Reverse vending machine]]
* [[Self-service]]
* [[Slot machine]]
* [[Slug (coin)]]
* [[Stamp vending machines in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Strength tester machine]]
* [[Telephone booth]]
* [[Ticket machine]]
* [[Tower viewer]]
* [[Retail#Types of retail outlets|Types of retail outlets]]
* ''[[Vending Times]]'' – a trade magazine focusing on the U.S. vending industry
* [[Washing machine]]
* [[Water cooler]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Cushing 2013">{{cite web |last=Cushing |first=Belle |title=This French Fry Vending Machine Is Poised for Global Domination |website=Grub Street |date=14 November 2013 |url=http://www.grubstreet.com/2013/11/french-fry-vending-machine.html |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Fuhrmeister 2015">{{cite web |last=Fuhrmeister |first=Chris |title=Finally, a Vending Machine That Dispenses Hot French Fries |website=Eater |date=3 September 2015 |url=http://www.eater.com/2015/9/3/9258355/french-fry-vending-machine-netherlands |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Taylor 2015">{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Kate |title=There's Now a Vending Machine That Dispenses Hot French Fries |magazine=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |date=4 September 2015 |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/250319 |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Rural 2015">{{cite news |last=Grindlay |first=Danielle |title=Hot chip vending machine invented in SA 32 years ago |website=[[ABC Rural]] |date=29 January 2015 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-29/sach-hot-chip-vending-machines3f-they-were-so-30-years-ago.../6056300 |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>
}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Krug, Bryon. (2003). ''Vending Business-in-a-Box''. BooksOnStuff.
* {{cite news |last1=Lamont |first1=Tom |title=A day in the life of (almost) every vending machine in the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/apr/14/a-day-in-the-life-of-almost-every-vending-machine-in-the-world |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 April 2022 |language=en}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{sister project links}}
* [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/55891/in-praise-of-vending-machines#index/0 In Praise of Vending Machines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222122946/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/55891/in-praise-of-vending-machines#index/0 |date=22 February 2011 }} - slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vending Machine}}
[[Category:Vending machines| ]]
[[Category:Retail formats]]
[[Category:Commercial machines]]
[[Category:Hellenistic engineering]]
[[Category:Ancient inventions]]
[[Category:Egyptian inventions]]
[[Category:Greek inventions]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian technology]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek technology]]
[[Category:1888 introductions]]
[[Category:Confectionery]]
[[Category:Soft drinks]]
[[Category:Newspaper distribution]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Dispensers]]
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