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=== Roman Portugal ===
[[File:Évora - 49619137673.jpg|thumb|[[Roman Temple of Évora]], one of the best preserved landmarks of Roman presence in Portugal]]
{{Main|Lusitania|Gallaecia|Hispania}}Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. The Carthaginians, Rome's adversaryopponent in the [[Punic Wars]], were expelled from their coastal colonies. During [[Julius Caesar]]'s rule, almost the entire peninsula was annexed to Rome. The conquest took two hundred years and many died, including those sentenced to work in slave mines or sold as slaves to other parts of the empire. Roman occupation suffered a setback in 155 BC, when a [[Lusitanian War|rebellion]] began in the north. The [[Lusitanians]] and other native tribes, under the leadership of [[Viriathus]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unrv.com/bio/viriathus.php|title=Viriathus And The Lusitanian War &#124; UNRV.com Roman History|website=unrv.com|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707020716/https://www.unrv.com/bio/viriathus.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY5ABAAAQBAJ&q=viriathus+celtic+lusitania+academia&pg=PT268|title=Viriathus: And the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome, 155–139 BC|first=Luis|last=Silva|date=30 July 2013|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-2689-2|via=Google Books|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203317/https://books.google.com/books?id=IY5ABAAAQBAJ&q=viriathus+celtic+lusitania+academia&pg=PT268#v=snippet&q=viriathus%20celtic%20lusitania%20academia&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> wrested control of all of western Iberia. Rome sent legions to quell the rebellion but were unsuccessful. Roman leaders bribed Viriathus's allies to kill him in 139 BC; he was replaced by [[Tautalus]].
 
In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of [[Roman province]]. Later, a northern province was separated from the province of [[Hispania Tarraconensis|Tarraconensis]], under Emperor [[Diocletian]]'s reforms, known as [[Gallaecia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Conejo |first1=Noé |title=Coins and ''villae'' in late Roman Lusitania: collapse of the Roman currency economy? |journal=Post-Classical Archaeologies |volume=10 |year=2020 |pages=219–246 |url=http://www.postclassical.it/PCA_Vol.10_files/PCA10_Conejo.pdf |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928010929/http://www.postclassical.it/PCA_Vol.10_files/PCA10_Conejo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> There are still ruins of castros ([[hill forts]]) and remains of the [[Castro culture]], like [[Conímbriga]], [[Miróbriga|Mirobriga]] and [[Citânia de Briteiros|Briteiros]].
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[[Exclusive economic zone of Portugal|The exclusive economic zone]], a sea zone over which the Portuguese have special rights in exploration and have use of marine resources, covers an area of {{Convert|1,727,408|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. This is the 3rd largest [[exclusive economic zone]] of the European Union and the 20th largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/portugal-tenta-duplicar-territorio-maritimo-8703814.html|title=Portugal tenta duplicar território marítimo|last=Francisco|first=Susete|date=14 August 2017|website=Diário de Notícias|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207083806/https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/portugal-tenta-duplicar-territorio-maritimo-8703814.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Provinces of Portugal ===
{{Main|Provinces of Portugal}}
[[File:Portuguese_Provinces_in_1936_with_labels.svg|thumb|11 provinces since 1936]]
The term "'''provinces'''" ({{langx|pt|províncias}}) has been used throughout history to identify regions of [[continental Portugal]]. Current legal [[subdivisions of Portugal]] do not coincide with the provinces, but several provinces, in their 19th- and 20th-century versions, still correspond to culturally relevant, strongly self-identifying categories. They include:
*[[Alentejo]] ([[Alto Alentejo Province|Alto Alentejo]], [[Baixo Alentejo Province|Baixo Alentejo]])
*[[Algarve]]
*[[Beira (Portugal)|Beira]] ([[Beira Alta Province|Beira Alta]], [[Beira Baixa Province|Beira Baixa]], [[Beira Litoral Province|Beira Litoral]])
*[[Douro Litoral Province|Douro Litoral]]
*[[Estremadura Province (1936–1976)|Estremadura]]
*[[Minho Province|Minho]]
*[[Ribatejo Province|Ribatejo]]
*[[Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province|Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro]]
The islands of [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]] were never called "provinces".
 
=== Climate ===
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In the 2010s, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, which resulted in the country receiving a 78-billion-euro bailout from the [[European Union]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]] in May 2011.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/business/global/portugals-debt-efforts-may-be-a-warning-for-greece.html|title=Portugal's Debt Efforts May Be a Warning for Greece|first=Landon Jr.|last=Thomas|date=14 February 2012|access-date=2 August 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827015107/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/business/global/portugals-debt-efforts-may-be-a-warning-for-greece.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of 2023, the share of debt as percentage of GDP fell below 100 percent, to 97.9%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Procedimento dos Défices Excessivos 2ª Notificação|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=645949245&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |website=www.ine.pt |publisher=INE |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref>
 
As of 2023, the average salary in the private sector was €1,505 per month,<ref>{{cite web |title=Salário médio por trabalhador atingiu 1.505 euros em 2023 |url=https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc23/comunicacao/comunicado?i=salario-medio-por-trabalhador-atingiu-1505-euros-em-2023 |website=www.portugal.gov.pt |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> and the [[minimum wage]], which is regulated by law, is €820€870 per month (paid 14 times per annum) as of 20242025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolução do salário mínimo nacionalnews|url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugalpt/estatisticas/salarios-e-pensoes/salarios/evolucao+do+salario+-minimo+-nacional-74|access-datetitle=22Salário Aprilmínimo 2023nacional|websitepublisher=pordata.ptPortdata|language=pt|archiveaccess-date=171 NovemberJanuary 20232025|archive-urllanguage=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117042029/http://www.pordata.pt/portugal/evolucao+do+salario+minimo+nacional-74|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Global Competitiveness Report]] for 2019, published by the [[World Economic Forum]], placed Portugal 34th. The Numbeo quality of life index placed Portugal 20th in the world in 2023.<ref name=quality/>
[[File:Vehículos en el puerto de Setúbal, Portugal, 2019-05-24, DD 01.jpg|thumb|[[Volkswagen Autoeuropa]] cars in the Port of Setúbal]]
Companies listed on [[Euronext Lisbon]] [[stock exchange]] like [[Energias de Portugal|EDP]], [[Galp Energia|Galp]], [[Jerónimo Martins]], [[Mota-Engil]], [[Novabase]], [[Semapa]], [[Portucel Soporcel]], [[Portugal Telecom]] and [[Sonae]], are among the largest corporations by number of employees, [[net income]] or international [[market share]]. The Euronext Lisbon is the major stock exchange and part of the pan-European group of stock exchanges [[Euronext]]. The [[PSI-20]] is Portugal's most selective and widely known [[stock index]].
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=== Visual art ===
{{main|Portuguese art}}
{{Unsourced|section|date=December 2024}}
 
[[File:A Adoração dos Magos (1828) - Domingos Sequeira.png|thumb|right|[[Domingos Sequeira]] was one of the most prolific [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] painters ([[Adoration of the Magi (Sequeira)|''Adoration of the Magi''; 1828]]).]]
 
Portugal has a [[List of Portuguese artists|rich history in painting]]. The first well-known painters dating back to the 15th century&nbsp;– like [[Nuno Gonçalves]] and [[Grão Vasco|Vasco Fernandes]]&nbsp;– were part of the late Gothic painting period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/nuno-goncalves/|title=O mítico Nuno Gonçalves|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/nuno-goncalves/|title=Grão Vasco, o lendário pintor de Viseu|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> During the Renaissance, Portuguese painting was highly influenced by Northern European painting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://estudoemcasaapoia.dge.mec.pt/recurso/producao-artistica-em-portugal-manuelino-e-tendencias-do-renascimento|title=Produção Artística em Portugal: Manuelino e tendências do Renascimento|website=[[Ministry of Education (Portugal)|Ministry of Education]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> In the Baroque period [[Josefa de Óbidos]] and [[Vieira Lusitano]] were the most prolific painters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/josefa-de-obidos-1630-ou1634-1684/|title=Josefa de Óbidos, a pintora das naturezas mortas|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
[[José Malhoa]], known for his work ''Fado'', and [[Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro]] (who painted the portraits of [[Teófilo Braga]] and [[Antero de Quental]]) were both references in [[Naturalist school of painting|naturalist painting]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/jose-malhoa-1855-1933/|title=José Malhoa, pintor de costumes e tradições|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/columbano-bordalo-pinheiro-1857-1929/|title=Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, mestre do retrato|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
 
The 20th century saw the arrival of [[Modernism]], and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: [[Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso]], who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly the Delaunays ([[Robert Delaunay|Robert]] and [[Sonia Delaunay|Sonia]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.pt/historia/amadeo-souza-cardoso-biografia-o-genio_4346|title=Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso: O génio que viveu furiosamente|date=5 June 2024|website=National Geographic Portugal|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Among his best-known works is ''Canção Popular – a Russa e o Fígaro''. Other great modernist painters/writers include [[Carlos Botelho]] and [[Almada Negreiros]], friend to the poet [[Fernando Pessoa]], who painted Pessoa's portrait. He was deeply influenced by both [[Cubist]] and [[Futurism (art)|Futurist]] trends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/jose-de-almada-negreiros/|title=José de Almada Negreiros: artista multimédia|date=1999|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/botelho-um-olhar-na-cidade/|title=Botelho: um Olhar na Cidade|date=5 May 1982|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
 
Prominent international figures in visual arts today include painters [[Vieira da Silva]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/artist/maria-helena-vieira-da-silva/|title=Maria Helena Vieira da Silva|website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Júlio Pomar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/artist/julio-pomar/|title=Júlio Pomar|website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Joana Vasconcelos]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p44926/e5|title=Joana Vasconcelos|date=2024|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Julião Sarmento]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/artist/juliao-sarmento/|title=Julião Sarmento |website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and [[Paula Rego]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/uma-biografia-de-paula-rego/|title=Uma biografia de Paula Rego|date=2022|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
Prominent international figures in visual arts today include painters [[Vieira da Silva]], [[Júlio Pomar]], [[Joana Vasconcelos]], [[Julião Sarmento]] and [[Paula Rego]].
 
=== Literature ===
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{{Main|Music of Portugal}}
{{Moresources|section|date=December 2024}}[[File:AmaliaRodrigues1969 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Amália Rodrigues]] performing in 1969]]
The Music of Portugal encompasses a wide variety of genres. The traditional one is the Portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local customs, utilising instruments such as [[bagpipes]] (''[[Gaita (bagpipe)|gaita]]''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-gaiteiro-mirandes/|title=O gaiteiro mirandês|date=2000|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> drums, flutes, tambourines, accordions and ukuleles (''[[cavaquinho]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-cavaquinho-para-o-mundo/|title=O “Cavaquinho” para o mundo|date=2013|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Within Portuguese folk music is the renowned genre of [[Fado]], a melancholic urban music originated in [[Lisbon]] in the 19th century, probably inside bohemian environments, usually associated with the [[Portuguese guitar]] and ''saudade'', or longing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.museudofado.pt/en/fado-history-en|title=Fado History|website=Museu do Fado|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Coimbra fado]], a unique type of "[[troubadour]] serenading" fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include [[Amália Rodrigues]], [[Carlos Paredes]], [[José Afonso]], [[Mariza]], [[Carlos do Carmo]], [[António Chainho]], [[Mísia]], [[Dulce Pontes]] and [[Madredeus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/colecoes/amalia-rodrigues/|title=Amália Rodrigues|date=2013|website=Museu do Fado|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p32352|title=Carlos do Carmo: Um Homem no Mundo|date=2013|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
 
In addition to [[Folk music|Folk]], Fado and Classical music, other genres are present at Portugal like pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom, as well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean, Lusophone African and Brazilian artists and bands. Artists with international recognition include [[Dulce Pontes]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1487930/bio/|title=Dulce Pontes|website=imdb.com|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Moonspell]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/10/25/culturaipsilon/entrevista/principio-morbid-god-sonho-vieram-moonspell-sucesso-2108716|title=No princípio havia os Morbid God e um sonho, depois vieram os Moonspell e o sucesso|date=25 October 2024|website=Público|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Buraka Som Sistema]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://media.rtp.pt/festivaldacancao/autores/blasted/|title=Blasted Mechanism|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Blasted Mechanism]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2016/03/11/culturaipsilon/noticia/terminar-porque-1725625|title=Buraka Som Sistema: dez anos da história mais surpreendente da música portuguesa |website=Público|date=11 March 2016|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[David Carreira]] and [[The Gift (band)|The Gift]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$the-gift|title=The Gift|date=2013|website=infopédia|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> with the three latter being nominees for a [[MTV Europe Music Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/cultura/premios-europeus-da-mtv_n155279|title=Prémios Europeus da MTV|website=RTP|date=3 November 2005|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/cultura/david-carreira-venceu-premio-da-mtv_v960106|title=David Carreira venceu prémio da MTV|website=RTP|date=7 November 2016|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>
 
Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as ''[[Festival Sudoeste]]'' in [[Zambujeira do Mar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabado.pt/gps/musica/detalhe/o-que-slow-j-gostaria-de-ver-no-meo-sudoeste|title=O que Slow J gostaria de ver no MEO Sudoeste|date=1 July 2023|website=Sábado|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> ''[[Festival de Paredes de Coura]]'' in [[Paredes de Coura]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/vodafone-paredes-de-coura/2023-08-15-30-anos-do-Paredes-de-Coura-quatro-amigos-sonharam-pegaram-em-160-contos-e-fizeram-um-festival-0ea8f863|title=30 anos do Paredes de Coura: quatro amigos sonharam, pegaram em 160 contos e fizeram um festival|date=15 August 2023|website=SIC Notícias|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> ''[[Festival Vilar de Mouros]]'' near [[Caminha]], ''[[Boom Festival]]'' in [[Idanha-a-Nova|Idanha-a-Nova Municipalitymunicipality]], ''[[NOS Alive]]'', ''Sumol Summer Fest'' in [[Ericeira]], ''[[Rock in Rio#Lisboa, Portugal, and Madrid, Spain|Rock in Rio Lisboa]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/06/23/culturaipsilon/noticia/rock-in-rio-lisboa-regressa-parque-tejo-2026-2095016|title=Rock in Rio Lisboa regressa ao Parque Tejo em 2026|date=23 June 2024|website=Público|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and ''[[Super Bock Super Rock]]'' in [[Grande Lisboa|Greater Lisbon]]., Outplus of[[:pt:Primavera theSound summer(Portugal)|''Primavera season,Sound PortugalPorto'']] hasand a[[:pt:MEO largeMarés numberVivas|''MEO ofMarés festivals,Vivas'']] designedin morethe to[[Grande anPorto|Greater urbanPorto audience,area]].<ref>{{Cite likeweb|url=https://expresso.pt/blitz/2025-01-06-todos-os-concertos-marcados-para-2025-em-portugal-53436cea|title=Todos Flowfestos orconcertos Hipmarcados Hoppara Porto.2025 em Portugal|date=6 January 2025|website=Expresso Blitz|access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Carlos Damas Portuguese virtuoso Violinist.jpg|thumb|Carlos Damas in concert]]
The student festivals of ''[[Queima das Fitas]],'' which are major events in a number of cities across Portugal, show every year a selection of well-established, high-profile musicians and bands to the public as well as newer, on the rise, upcoming success artists seeking definite recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queima das Fitas: A Festa dos Universitários em Portugal |url=https://atlanticbridge.com.br/artigos/queima-das-fitas |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=Atlantic Bridge |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525234154/https://atlanticbridge.com.br/artigos/queima-das-fitas |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, Portugal held the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]], in [[Pavilhão Atlântico]], [[Lisbon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0495859/|title=MTV Europe Music Awards Lisboa 2005|website=imdb.com|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Furthermore, Portugal won the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] in [[Kyiv]] with the song "[[Amar pelos dois]]" presented by [[Salvador Sobral]], and subsequently hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2018|2018 contest]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=Portugal Wins the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest! |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/portugal-salvador-sobral-winner-eurovision-2017 |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Eurovision Song Contest |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014103948/https://eurovision.tv/story/portugal-salvador-sobral-winner-eurovision-2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2017 |title=Lisbon revealed as Host City of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest! |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2018-dates-and-host-city-confirmed |access-date=20 April 2021 |publisher=Eurovision Song Contest |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042227/https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2018-dates-and-host-city-confirmed |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Portuguese classical music constitutes an important chapter of Western music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$musica-classica-portuguesa-(sec.-xviii)|title=Música Clássica Portuguesa (séc. XVIII)|website=Infopédia|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Over the centuries, names of composers and performers have stood out, such as the troubadours [[Martim Codax]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$martin-codax|title=Martin Codax|website=Infopédia|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and [[DinisDenis I deof Portugal|D.King DinisDenis I]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/dom-dinis/|title=Dom Dinis |website=RTP|date=24 October 2008|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> the polyphonists [[Duarte Lobo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/l/lo-lz/duarte-lobo/|title=Duarte Lobo |website=[[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts|The Kennedy Center]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Filipe de Magalhães]], [[Manuel Cardoso (compositorcomposer)|Manuel Cardoso]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpmp.pt/manuel-cardoso|title=Manuel Cardoso|website=MPMP Património Musical Vivo|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and [[Pedro de Cristo]], the organist [[Manuel Rodrigues Coelho]], the composer and harpsichordist [[Carlos Seixas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/carlos-de-seixas/|title=Carlos de Seixas|date=14 August 1991|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> the singer [[Luísa Todi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/luisa-todi/|title=Luísa Todi|date=3 September 1991|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> symphonist and pianist [[João Domingos Bomtempo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/domingos-bomtempo/|title=Domingos Bomtempo|date=30 November 1986|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> or composer and musicologist [[Fernando Lopes Graça]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/no-som-de-fernando-lopes-graca/|title=No som de Fernando Lopes-Graça|date=2006|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> The golden period of Portuguese music coincided, arguably, with the heyday of classical polyphony in the 17th century (Escola de [[Évora]], [[Santa Cruz de Coimbra]]). Among the great current references, the names of pianists [[Artur Pizarro]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/biography/artur-pizarro/|title=Artur Pizarro|website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> [[Maria João Pires]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/09/10/culturaipsilon/noticia/pianista-maria-joao-pires-distinguida-praemium-imperiale-japao-2103581|title=Pianista Maria João Pires distinguida com Praemium Imperiale do Japão|date=10 September 2024|website=Público|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and [[Sequeira Costa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/noticias/sequeira-costa/|title=Sequeira Costa (1929-2019) |website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|date=22 February 2019|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> violinist [[Carlos Damas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cesem.fcsh.unl.pt/pessoa/carlos-alexandre-mourao-de-carvalho-e-damas/|title=Carlos Alexandre Mourão de Carvalho e Damas|website=CESEM|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> composer [[Emmanuel Nunes]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/emanuel-nunes-no-principio-era-o-som/|title=Emanuel Nunes – No Princípio Era o Som…|date=5 January 1994|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> composer and conductor [[Álvaro CassuttoCassuto]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/alvaro-cassuto/|title=Álvaro Cassuto|date=28 February 2006|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> stand out. The most important symphony orchestras are the [[Fundação Gulbenkian]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/coro-e-orquestra/orquestra-gulbenkian/|title=Orquestra Gulbenkian|website=[[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> the Porto National Orchestra and the Portuguese Symphony Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orquestrasinfonicaportuguesa.pt/en/|title=Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa|website=[[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> When it comes to opera, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon is the most representative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saocarlos.pt/sobre/|title=TNSC Sobre|website=[[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
 
=== Sport ===
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