Enchodus: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Enchodus Swimming Down.png

| taxon = Enchodus

| authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1835

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = ~26+, see text

}}

 

'''''Enchodus''''' (from {{langx|el|ἔγχος}} {{transl|el|enchos}}, 'spear' and {{langx|el|ὀδούς}} {{transl|el|odoús}} 'tooth')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=George |title=An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology |date=1839 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans |location=London |page=55 |url=https://archive.org/details/anetymologicala00robegoog |access-date=30 December 2021 |language=English}}</ref> is an extinct [[genus]] of [[aulopiformes|aulopiform]] [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] related to [[alepisaurus|lancetfish]] and [[lizardfish]]. Species of ''Enchodus'' flourished during the [[Late Cretaceous]], where they were a widespread component of marine ecosystems worldwide, and there is some evidence that they may have survived to the [[Paleocene]] or [[Eocene]]; however, this may just represent reworked Cretaceous material.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fielitz |first1=Christopher |last2=González-Rodríguez |first2=Katia A. |title=A New Species of Enchodus (aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1343–1351 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.501438 |jstor=40864352 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30.1343F |s2cid=84281080 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=R. S. |last2=Kumar |first2=K. |last3=Singh |first3=H. |last4=Rose |first4=K. D. |title=Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India |journal=Current Science |date=2005 |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=1606–1613 |jstor=24110948 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Fielitz |first2=Christopher |title=Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=December 2010 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=1194–1208 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003 |pmid=20854916 |bibcode=2010MolPE..57.1194D }}</ref>

 

==Taxonomy==

 

=== Species ===

[[File:Enchodus petrosus 2.jpg|thumb|Reconstructed school of ''E. petrosus'']]

[[File:Enchodus faujasi.jpg|thumb|Specimen of ''E. faujasi'']]

 

* '''''E. bursauxi''''' {{small|([[Camille Arambourg|Arambourg]], 1952)}} - [[Coniacian]] of [[Angola]] ([[Itombe Formation]]), Late [[Campanian]] of Egypt, [[Maastrichtian]] to potentially [[Danian]] of Morocco ([[Ouled Abdoun Basin]])

* '''''E. dentex''''' {{small|([[Johann Jakob Heckel|Heckel]], 1856)}} - Cenomanian of [[Slovenia]] ([[Komen Limestone]])

* '''''E. elegans''''' {{small|Dartevelle & Casier 1949}} - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Maastrichtian of Brazil ([[Gramame Formation]]), [[Niger]], [[Syria]], and [[Jordan]] ([[Alhisa Phosphorite Formation]]); Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)

* '''''E. faujasi''''' {{small|[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843}} - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Campanian of Israel ([[Mishash Formation]]), Maastrichtian of France ([[Calcarintes du Jadet Formation]]), Maastrichtian/potentially Danian of the Netherlands ([[Maastricht Formation]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=M. |date=2012-01-01 |title=Ray-finned fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the type Maastrichtian, the Netherlands and Belgium |url=https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/428932 |journal=Scripta Geologica. Special Issue |language=en |volume=08 |pages=113–142 |issn=0922-4564}}</ref>

* '''''E. gracilis''''' {{small|(von der Marck, 1858)}} - Campanian of Germany ([[Ahlen Formation]])

* '''''E. libycus''''' <small>(Quaas, 1902)</small> - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of Brazil ([[Cotinguiba Formation]], Gramame Formation), Campanian of Egypt, Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enchodus libycus |url=http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114004617/http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |archive-date=2014-11-14 |access-date=2015-05-13 |work=Mundo Fosil}}</ref>

* '''''E. longidens''''' {{small|([[François Jules Pictet de la Rive|Pictet]], 1850)}} - [[Santonian]] of Lebanon ([[Sahel Alma (fossil site)|Sahel Alma]]), potentially Paleocene/[[early Eocene]] of India ([[Akli Formation]])<ref name=":1" />

* '''''E. mecoanalis''''' {{small|Forey ''et al.'', 2003}} - Cenomanian of Lebanon (Sannine Formation)

* '''''E. oliveirai''''' {{small|[[Carlotta Maury|Maury]], 1930}} - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of Brazil (Cotinguiba & Gramame Formations)

* '''''E. petrosus''''' {{small|Cope, 1874}} - Cenomanian to late Campanian/early Maastrichtian of the United States ([[Tokio Formation]] of Arkansas, [[Carlile Shale]] of Kansas, [[Niobrara Formation]] of South Dakota, [[Mooreville Chalk|Mooreville]] & [[Demopolis Chalk]] of Alabama, [[Blufftown Formation]] of Georgia, [[Tar Heel/Coachman Formation|Tar Heel Formation]] of North Carolina, [[Donoho Creek Formation]] of South Carolina, [[Navesink Formation]] of New Jersey), Turonian of Canada ([[Northwest Territories]]), Santonian to Campanian of Russia (Orenburg & Rybushka Formation)

* '''''E. subaequilateralis''''' {{small|Cope, 1885}} - Maastrichtian of Brazil (Gramame Formation)

* '''''E. tineidae''''' {{small|Holloway ''et al.'', 2017}} - Campanian of Egypt ([[Duwi Formation]])<ref name="holloway2">{{Cite journal |author1=Waymon L. Holloway |author2=Kerin M. Claeson |author3=Hesham M. Sallam |author4=Sanaa El-Sayed |author5=Mahmoud Kora |author6=Joseph J.W. Sertich |author7=Patrick M. O’Connor |year=2017 |title=A new species of the neopterygian fish ''Enchodus'' from the Duwi Formation, Campanian, Late Cretaceous, Western Desert, central Egypt |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=603–611 |doi=10.4202/app.00331.2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

* '''''E. zinensis''''' <small>Chalifa, 1996</small> - Campanian/Maastrichtian of Egypt

Many other dubious species based on insufficient remains have been described throughout its range. Even most of the valid ''Enchodus'' species are based on only isolated teeth and bones.<ref name=":3" /> The genus ''[[Parenchodus]]'', considered to be the sister genus of ''Enchodus'', has been synonymized with this genus based on some studies.<ref name=":3" /> However, more recent studies have found it to be a valid genus distinct from ''Enchodus''.<ref name="holloway2" /><ref name=":4" />

 

}}

}}}}}}}}}}

 

== Gallery ==

File:Enchodus petrosus.png |Restoration of ''E. petrosus''

File:Enchodus lewesiensis.jpg|''E. lewesiensis'' skull

File:Enchodontidae - Enchodus elegans.JPG|Teeth of ''E. elegans'' from [[Khouribga]]

</gallery>

 

 

== External links ==

* [http://www.courtenaymuseum.ca/paleo/paleo/enchodo.html Introduction to Paleontology]

 

[[Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera]]

[[Category:Cretaceous bony fish]]

[[Category:Demopolis Chalk]]

[[Category:Mooreville Chalk]]

[[Category:Tiupampan]]

[[Category:Fossils of Bolivia]]

[[Category:Santa Lucía Formation]]

[[Category:Fossils of Brazil]]

[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1835]]

[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz]]