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{{short description|GenusExtinct genus of fishesray-finned (fossil)fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Albian]]-[[Maastrichtian]]<br />~{{Fossil range|112.6105|66|latest=37.255|earliest=121}} Possible [[Barremian]] & [[Paleogene]] records
| image = Enchodus Swimming Down.png
| image_caption = ''EnchodusE. petrosus'' mounted skeleton cast in the, [[Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center]] in Woodland Park, Colorado
| taxon = Enchodus
| authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1835
| type_species = {{extinct}}''[[Esox]] lewesiensis''
| type_species_authority = [[Gideon Mantell|Mantell]], 1822
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = *~26+, ''E.see amicrodus''<ref name=Everhart2013/>text
| synonyms = *''Isodus'' <small>Heckel, 1849</small>
* ''E. annectens'' {{small|Woodward 1901}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. brevisPhasganodus'' {{<small|Chalifa>Leidy, 1989}}1857<ref name=FWEnchodus/small>
* ''E. dirusIschyrocephalus'' {{<small|Leidy>von 1857}}<refder name=FWEnchodusMarck, 1858</small>
*''[[Solenodon]]'' <small>Kramberger, 1881</small> (preocc.)
* ''E. elegans'' {{small|Dartevelle & Casier 1949}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gni.globalnames.org/name_strings?page=190&search_term=ns%3AENC* |title=Global Names Index |access-date=2015-05-13 |archive-date=2015-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091940/http://gni.globalnames.org/name_strings?page=190&search_term=ns%3AENC* |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ?''E. faujasiTetheodus'' {{<small|Agassiz>Cope, 1843}}1874<ref name=FWEnchodus/small>
* ''E. feroxHolcodon'' {{<small|Leidy>Kramberger, 1855}}1885<ref name=FWEnchodus/small>
*''[[Eurygnathus]]'' <small>Davis, 1887</small> (preocc.)
* ''E. gladiolus'' {{small|Cope 1872}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
*| ''E.synonyms_ref gracilis'' {{small|Der Marck= 1858}}<ref name=FWEnchodus":8"/>
* ''E. lamberti'' {{small|Arambourg and Joleaud 1943}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. lemonnieri'' {{small|Dello 1893}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. lewesiensis'' {{small|Mantell 1822}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. libyus''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |title=Enchodus libycus|work=Mundo Fosil |access-date=2015-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114004617/http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |archive-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''E. longidens'' {{small|Pictet 1850}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. longipectoralis'' {{small|Schaeffer 1947}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. major'' {{small|Davis 1887}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. marchesettii'' {{small|Kramberger 1895}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. mecoanalis'' {{small|Forey et al. 2003}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. oliveirai'' {{small|Maury 1930}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. parvus'' {{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
* ''E. petrosus'' {{small|Cope 1874}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. pulchellus'' {{small|Woodward 1901 }}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. saevus'' {{small|Hay 1903}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. semistriatus'' {{small|Marsh 1869}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. shumardi'' {{small|Leidy 1856}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. subaequilateralis'' {{small|Cope 1885}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. tineidae'' {{small|Holloway ''et al.'' 2017}}<ref name=holloway>{{Cite journal|author1=Waymon L. Holloway |author2=Kerin M. Claeson |author3=Hesham M. Sallam |author4=Sanaa El-Sayed |author5=Mahmoud Kora |author6=Joseph J.W. Sertich |author7=Patrick M. O’Connor |year=2017 |title=A new species of the neopterygian fish ''Enchodus'' from the Duwi Formation, Campanian, Late Cretaceous, Western Desert, central Egypt |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=603–611 |doi=10.4202/app.00331.2016|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''E. venator'' {{small|Arambourg 1954}}<ref name=FWEnchodus/>
* ''E. zimapanensis'' {{small|Fielitz and González-Rodríguez 2010}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fielitz |first1=Christopher |last2=GonzáLez-RodríGuez |first2=Katia A. |date=2010 |title=A new species of Enchodus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2010.501438 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1343–1351 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.501438 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30.1343F |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
}}
 
'''''Enchodus''''' (from {{lang-langx|el|ἔγχος}} {{transl|el|enchos}}, 'spear' and {{lang-langx|el|ὀδούς}} {{transl|el|odoús}} 'tooth')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=George |title=An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology |date=1839 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans |location=London |page=55 |url=https://archive.org/details/anetymologicala00robegoog |access-date=30 December 2021 |language=English}}</ref> is an extinct [[genus]] of [[aulopiformes|aulopiform]] [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] related to [[alepisaurus|lancetfish]] and [[lizardfish]]. Species of ''Enchodus'' flourished during the [[Late Cretaceous]], where they were a widespread component of marine ecosystems worldwide, and there is some evidence that they may have survived to the [[Paleocene]] or [[Eocene]]; however, this may just represent reworked Cretaceous material.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fielitz |first1=Christopher |last2=González-Rodríguez |first2=Katia A. |title=A New Species of Enchodus (aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2010 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1343–1351 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.501438 |jstor=40864352 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30.1343F |s2cid=84281080 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=R. S. |last2=Kumar |first2=K. |last3=Singh |first3=H. |last4=Rose |first4=K. D. |title=Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India |journal=Current Science |date=2005 |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=1606–1613 |jstor=24110948 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Fielitz |first2=Christopher |title=Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=December 2010 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=1194–1208 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003 |pmid=20854916 |bibcode=2010MolPE..57.1194D }}</ref>
 
== Description ==
''Enchodus'' species were small to medium in size, large species (''E. zinensis'') reached {{convert|172.2|cm}}.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Díaz-Cruz |first1=Jesús Alberto |last2=Alvarado-Ortega |first2=Jesús |last3=Ramírez-Sánchez |first3=Marcia M. |last4=Bernard |first4=Emma Louise |last5=Allington-Jones |first5=Lu |last6=Graham |first6=Mark |title=Phylogenetic morphometrics, geometric morphometrics and the Mexican fossils to understand evolutionary trends of enchodontid fishes |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |date=November 2021 |volume=111 |pages=103492 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103492 |bibcode=2021JSAES.11103492D }}</ref> One of the genus' most notable attributes are the large "fangs" at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the [[palatine bone]]s, leading to its misleading nickname among [[fossil]] hunters and [[paleoichthyologist]]s, "the saber-toothed [[herring]]". These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest ''Enchodus'' was a [[predator]]y [[species]].<ref name=Everhart2013>{{cite web|author=Everhart, Mike|date=2013|url=http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Enchodus.html|title=''Enchodus'' sp. - The Sabre-Toothed Fish of the Cretaceous|website=[[Oceans of Kansas]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118171151/http://oceansofkansas.com/enchodus.html|archive-date=November 18, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
''E. petrosus'', with standard length around {{convert|76.7|cm}}<ref name=":0" /> and sometimes over {{convert|1|m}},<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chida |first1=Mori |last2=Brinkman |first2=Donald B. |last3=Murray |first3=Alison M. |title=A large, new dercetid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=October 2023 |volume=150 |pages=105579 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105579 |bibcode=2023CrRes.15005579C |s2cid=258803963 }}</ref> remains of which are common from the [[Niobrara Chalk]], the [[Mooreville Chalk Formation]], the [[Pierre Shale]], and other geological formations deposited within the [[Western Interior Seaway]] and the [[Mississippi Embayment]]. Large individuals of this species had fangs measuring over {{convert|6|cm}} in length, giving its skull an appearance somewhat reminiscent of modern [[deep-sea fish]]es, such as [[anglerfish]] and [[viperfish]]. Other species were considerably smaller, some like ''E. parvus'' were only some centimeters (a few inches) long.<ref>{{cite book|author=Everhart, M.J.|year=2017|title=Oceans of Kansas, Second Edition: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past)|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253026323|pages=117}}</ref>
 
Despite being a formidable predator, remains of ''Enchodus'' are commonly found among the stomach contents of larger predators, including [[shark]]s, other bony fish, [[mosasaurs]], [[plesiosaurs]] and seabirds such as ''[[Baptornis advenus]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
 
== Distribution ==
''Enchodus'' fossils have been found all over the world. In [[North America]], ''Enchodus'' remains have been recovered from most US states with fossiliferous Late Cretaceous rocks, including [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[Colorado]], [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Tennessee]], [[Wyoming]], [[Texas]], [[California]], [[North Carolina]], and [[New Jersey]]. Fossils also have been found in the [[Aguja Formation|Aguja]] and [[El Doctor Formation]]s of [[Mexico]] and the [[Ashville Formation|Ashville]], [[Vermillion River Formation|Vermillion River]] and [[Dinosaur Park Formation]]s, and [[Brown Bed Member]] of [[Canada]]. The taxon is also known from coeval strata in Mexico, South America ([[Tiupampan]] [[Santa Lucía Formation]] and [[Maastrichtian]] [[El Molino Formation]] of Bolivia, [[Paraíba]], [[Pernambuco]] and [[Sergipe]] states of Brazil, as well as Argentina, Chile, and Peru<ref name=":6" />), Africa (Egypt, Morocco, the Congo, Angola, Niger, and Equatorial Guinea), the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan), [[Europe]] (England, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Greece, Ukraine<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kovalchuk |first=Oleksandr |last2=Barkaszi |first2=Zoltán |last3=Anfimova |first3=Galina |date=2022-03-31 |title=Records of Enchodus (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Cenomanian of Ukraine in the light of European distribution of enchodontid fishes |url=https://www.schweizerbart.de//papers/njgpa/detail/303/101174/Records_of_Enchodus_Teleostei_Aulopiformes_from_th?af=crossref |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |language=en |pages=295–307 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2022/1049}}</ref> and Russia), India, and Japan.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=PBDB Taxon |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=txn:35564 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geology |first=British Museum (Natural History) Department of |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Catalogue_of_the_Fossil_Fishes_in_the_Br/ZtEKAQAAIAAJ? |title=Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History): Actinopterygian Teleostomi of the suborders Isospondyli (in part), Ostariophysi, Apodes, Percesoces, Hemibranchii, Acanthopterygii, and Anacanthini |last2=Woodward |first2=Arthur Smith |date=1901 |publisher=order of the Trustees |language=en}}</ref> Potentially the latest ''Enchodus'' remains are known from the earliest [[Eocene]] of [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[India]].<ref name=":1" /> However, it has also been suggested that all post-Cretaceous ''Enchodus'' records are just reworked material.<ref name=":2" />
 
==Taxonomy==
Species of ''Enchodus'' are generally classified into two different [[clade]]s, the North American and the Mediterranean. It has been proposed that this distinction is the result of several [[allopatric speciation|isolated]] events between the two populations over the Late Cretaceous.<ref name=holloway"holloway2" /> The earliest known species is ''E. zimapanensis'' from the late Albian or earliest Cenomanian of Mexico.<ref name=":5" /> Potentially earlier remains are known from the late [[Barremian]]/early Aptian of Brazil ([[Morro de Chaves Formation]]), but these specimens are too fragmentary to confidently assign to this genus.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Universitaria~vertebrata.j@gmail.com |first=Jesús Alberto Díaz-Cruz~Ciudad |last2=México~alvarado@geologia.unam.mx |first2=Jesús Alvarado-Ortega~Universidad Nacional Autónoma de |last3=Birmingham~s.giles.1@bham.ac.uk |first3=Sam Giles~University of Oxford and University of |date=2020-06-21 |title=A long snout enchodontid fish (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Early Cretaceous deposits at the El Chango quarry, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico: A multi-approach study |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/current-in-press-articles/3063-a-long-snout-enchodontid-fish |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=en}}</ref>
 
{{cladogram|align=center|style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%;width:500px;|title=''Enchodus''<ref name=holloway/>|caption=Phylogeny of the genus with some species|cladogram=
=== Species ===
[[File:Enchodus gracilis.jpg|thumb|Specimen of ''E. gracilis'']]
[[File:Enchodus petrosus 2.jpg|thumb|Reconstructed school of ''E. petrosus'']]
[[File:Enchodus faujasi.jpg|thumb|Specimen of ''E. faujasi'']]
''Enchodus'' was a diverse, long-lived genus with many species known throughout its temporal and geographic range. The following valid species are known:<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Hilda M. A. |last2=Gallo |first2=Valéria |date=2011 |title=Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/vPvQZ4v493QvhCLL9wh9zDb/ |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |language=en |volume=83 |pages=483–511 |doi=10.1590/S0001-37652011000200010 |issn=0001-3765}}</ref><ref name="FWEnchodus2" />
 
* '''''E. brevis''''' {{small|Chalifa, 1989}} - [[Cenomanian]] of the [[West Bank]], [[Palestine]] ([[Amminadav Formation]]), potentially [[Lebanon]] ([[Sannine Formation]])
* '''''E. bursauxi''''' {{small|([[Camille Arambourg|Arambourg]], 1952)}} - [[Coniacian]] of [[Angola]] ([[Itombe Formation]]), Late [[Campanian]] of Egypt, [[Maastrichtian]] to potentially [[Danian]] of Morocco ([[Ouled Abdoun Basin]])
* '''''E. dentex''''' {{small|([[Johann Jakob Heckel|Heckel]], 1856)}} - Cenomanian of [[Slovenia]] ([[Komen Limestone]])
* '''''E. dirus''''' {{small|([[Joseph Leidy|Leidy]], 1857)}} - [[Maastrichtian]] of the United States ([[Fox Hills Formation]] of North Dakota, [[Severn Formation]] of Maryland), potentially [[Gavdos]], Greece<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cavin |first=Lionel |last2=Alexopoulos |first2=Apostolos |last3=Piuz |first3=André |date=2012-12-01 |title=Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) ray-finned fishes from the island of Gavdos, southern Greece, with comments on the evolutionary history of the aulopiform teleost Enchodus |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/article-abstract/183/6/561/314035/Late-Cretaceous-Maastrichtian-ray-finned-fishes?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France |volume=183 |issue=6 |pages=561–572 |doi=10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.561 |issn=0037-9409}}</ref>
* '''''E. elegans''''' {{small|Dartevelle & Casier 1949}} - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Maastrichtian of Brazil ([[Gramame Formation]]), [[Niger]], [[Syria]], and [[Jordan]] ([[Alhisa Phosphorite Formation]]); Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)
* '''''E. faujasi''''' {{small|[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843}} - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Campanian of Israel ([[Mishash Formation]]), Maastrichtian of France ([[Calcarintes du Jadet Formation]]), Maastrichtian/potentially Danian of the Netherlands ([[Maastricht Formation]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=M. |date=2012-01-01 |title=Ray-finned fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the type Maastrichtian, the Netherlands and Belgium |url=https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/428932 |journal=Scripta Geologica. Special Issue |language=en |volume=08 |pages=113–142 |issn=0922-4564}}</ref>
* '''''E. ferox''''' {{small|Leidy, 1855}} - [[Santonian]] of [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg]], Russia; Campanian to Maastrichtian (potentially Paleocene) of the United States ([[Marshalltown Formation|Marshalltown]], [[Mount Laurel Formation|Mount Laurel]], [[Navesink Formation|Navesink]], and [[Hornerstown Formation]]s of New Jersey, Marshalltown Formation of Delaware, Severn Formation of Maryland, Arkansas, Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota); Maastrichtian of Argentina ([[Jagüel Formation]]) and India ([[Intertrappean Beds]])
* '''''E. gladiolus''''' {{small|([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1872)}} - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of the United States ([[Greenhorn Limestone]] of Colorado, Kansas & Iowa, [[Graneros Shale]] & [[Carlile Shale]] of Nebraska, [[Mancos Shale]] of New Mexico, Carlile Shale of Kansas, Arkansas, and [[Merchantville Formation|Merchantville]], Navesink & Hornerstown Formations of New Jersey), Santonian to Campanian of Russia (Orenburg, [[Rybushka Formation]]), Maastrichtian of Argentina (Jagüel Formation), potentially Peru (Vivian Formation)<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Gouiric Cavalli |first=Soledad |last2=Cione |first2=Alberto Luis |last3=Tineo |first3=David |last4=Pérez |first4=Leandro Martín |last5=Iribarne |first5=Martín |last6=Allcca Torres |first6=Miguel A. |last7=Poire |first7=Daniel Gustavo |date=2020 |title=The first Peruvian record of Enchodus (Osteichthyes, Aulopiformes, Enchodontidae) in the Upper Cretaceous Vivian Formation |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/133320 |journal=Andean Geology |doi=10.5027/andgeoV48n2-3337 |issn=0718-7092|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''''E. gracilis''''' {{small|(von der Marck, 1858)}} - Campanian of Germany ([[Ahlen Formation]])
* '''''E. lewesiensis''''' {{small|([[Gideon Mantell|Mantell]], 1822)}} ([[type species]]) - Cenomanian to Coniacian of England ([[Chalk Group|English Chalk]], [[Seaford Formation]]), Cenomanian/Turonian of Germany ([[Hesseltal Formation]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amalfitano |first1=Jacopo |last2=Giusberti |first2=Luca |last3=Fornaciari |first3=Eliana |last4=Carnevale |first4=Giorgio |date=2020-04-03 |title=UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/13224 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |language=en |volume=126 |issue=2 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/13224 |issn=2039-4942}}</ref> and the Czech Republic, potentially Maastrichtian of Germany ([[Gerhardsreit Formation]])
* '''''E. libycus''''' <small>(Quaas, 1902)</small> - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of Brazil ([[Cotinguiba Formation]], Gramame Formation), Campanian of Egypt, Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enchodus libycus |url=http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114004617/http://mundofosil.net/museo_virtual/fichas/chordata/enchodus_libycus.htm |archive-date=2014-11-14 |access-date=2015-05-13 |work=Mundo Fosil}}</ref>
* '''''E. longidens''''' {{small|([[François Jules Pictet de la Rive|Pictet]], 1850)}} - [[Santonian]] of Lebanon ([[Sahel Alma (fossil site)|Sahel Alma]]), potentially Paleocene/[[early Eocene]] of India ([[Akli Formation]])<ref name=":1" />
* '''''E. longipectoralis''''' {{small|(Schaeffer, 1947)}} - Cenomanian to Coniacian of Brazil (Cotinguiba Formation)
* '''''E. lycodon''''' <small>[[Rudolf Kner|Kner]], 1867</small> - Cenomanian of Slovenia (Komen Limestone)
* '''''E. macropterus''''' <small>(von der Marck, 1863)</small> - Campanian of Germany ([[Baumberge Formation]])
* '''''E. major''''' {{small|[[James William Davis|Davis]], 1887}} - Santonian of Lebanon ([[Sahel Alma (fossil site)|Sahel Alma]])
* '''''E. marchesettii''''' {{small|([[Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger|Kramberger]], 1895)}} - Cenomanian of Lebanon (Sannine Formation)
* '''''E. mecoanalis''''' {{small|Forey ''et al.'', 2003}} - Cenomanian of Lebanon (Sannine Formation)
* '''''E. oliveirai''''' {{small|[[Carlotta Maury|Maury]], 1930}} - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of Brazil (Cotinguiba & Gramame Formations)
* '''''E. petrosus''''' {{small|Cope, 1874}} - Cenomanian to late Campanian/early Maastrichtian of the United States ([[Tokio Formation]] of Arkansas, [[Carlile Shale]] of Kansas, [[Niobrara Formation]] of South Dakota, [[Mooreville Chalk|Mooreville]] & [[Demopolis Chalk]] of Alabama, [[Blufftown Formation]] of Georgia, [[Tar Heel/Coachman Formation|Tar Heel Formation]] of North Carolina, [[Donoho Creek Formation]] of South Carolina, [[Navesink Formation]] of New Jersey), Turonian of Canada ([[Northwest Territories]]), Santonian to Campanian of Russia (Orenburg & Rybushka Formation)
* '''''E. shumardi''''' {{small|Leidy, 1856}} - Cenomanian to Santonian of the United States (Greenhorn Limestone of Iowa, Kansas & Colorado, Carlile & Graneros Shale of Nebraska & Kansas, Niobrara Formation of Kansas & South Dakota) and Canada ([[Ashville Formation]] of Saskatchewan, [[Kaskapau Formation]] of Alberta)
* '''''E. subaequilateralis''''' {{small|Cope, 1885}} - Maastrichtian of Brazil (Gramame Formation)
* '''''E. tineidae''''' {{small|Holloway ''et al.'', 2017}} - Campanian of Egypt ([[Duwi Formation]])<ref name="holloway2">{{Cite journal |author1=Waymon L. Holloway |author2=Kerin M. Claeson |author3=Hesham M. Sallam |author4=Sanaa El-Sayed |author5=Mahmoud Kora |author6=Joseph J.W. Sertich |author7=Patrick M. O’Connor |year=2017 |title=A new species of the neopterygian fish ''Enchodus'' from the Duwi Formation, Campanian, Late Cretaceous, Western Desert, central Egypt |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=603–611 |doi=10.4202/app.00331.2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* '''''E. venator''''' {{small|Arambourg, 1954}} - Cenomanian of Morocco ([[Jbel Tselfat]]), Italy ([[Scaglia Variegata Alpina Formation]]), and Germany (Hesseltal Formation)
* '''''E. zinensis''''' <small>Chalifa, 1996</small> - Campanian/Maastrichtian of Egypt
* '''''E. zimapanensis''''' {{small|Fielitz & González-Rodríguez, 2010}} - Late [[Albian]]/Cenomanian of Mexico ([[El Doctor Formation]])<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Fielitz |first1=Christopher |last2=GonzáLez-RodríGuez |first2=Katia A. |date=2010 |title=A new species of Enchodus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2010.501438 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1343–1351 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30.1343F |doi=10.1080/02724634.2010.501438 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
Many other dubious species based on insufficient remains have been described throughout its range. Even most of the valid ''Enchodus'' species are based on only isolated teeth and bones.<ref name=":3" /> The genus ''[[Parenchodus]]'', considered to be the sister genus of ''Enchodus'', has been synonymized with this genus based on some studies.<ref name=":3" /> However, more recent studies have found it to be a valid genus distinct from ''Enchodus''.<ref name="holloway2" /><ref name=":4" />
 
=== Phylogeny ===
{{cladogram|align=center|style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%;width:500px;|title=''Enchodus''<ref name="holloway2" />|caption=Phylogeny of the genus with some species|cladogram=
{{clade
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== Description ==
''Enchodus'' species were small to medium in size, large species (''E. zinensis'') reached {{convert|172.2|cm}}.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Díaz-Cruz |first1=Jesús Alberto |last2=Alvarado-Ortega |first2=Jesús |last3=Ramírez-Sánchez |first3=Marcia M. |last4=Bernard |first4=Emma Louise |last5=Allington-Jones |first5=Lu |last6=Graham |first6=Mark |title=Phylogenetic morphometrics, geometric morphometrics and the Mexican fossils to understand evolutionary trends of enchodontid fishes |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |date=November 2021 |volume=111 |pages=103492 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103492 |bibcode=2021JSAES.11103492D }}</ref> One of the genus' most notable attributes are the large "fangs" at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the [[palatine bone]]s, leading to its misleading nickname among [[fossil]] hunters and [[paleoichthyologist]]s, "the saber-toothed [[herring]]". These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest ''Enchodus'' was a [[predator]]y [[species]].<ref name=Everhart2013>{{cite web|author=Everhart, Mike|date=2013|url=http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Enchodus.html|title=''Enchodus'' sp. - The Sabre-Toothed Fish of the Cretaceous|website=[[Oceans of Kansas]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118171151/http://oceansofkansas.com/enchodus.html|archive-date=November 18, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
''E. petrosus'', with standard length around {{convert|76.7|cm}}<ref name=":0" /> and sometimes over {{convert|1|m}},<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chida |first1=Mori |last2=Brinkman |first2=Donald B. |last3=Murray |first3=Alison M. |title=A large, new dercetid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=October 2023 |volume=150 |pages=105579 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105579 |bibcode=2023CrRes.15005579C |s2cid=258803963 }}</ref> remains of which are common from the [[Niobrara Chalk]], the [[Mooreville Chalk Formation]], the [[Pierre Shale]], and other geological formations deposited within the [[Western Interior Seaway]] and the [[Mississippi Embayment]]. Large individuals of this species had fangs measuring over {{convert|6|cm}} in length, giving its skull an appearance somewhat reminiscent of modern [[deep-sea fish]]es, such as [[anglerfish]] and [[viperfish]]. Other species were considerably smaller, some like ''E. parvus'' were only some centimeters (a few inches) long.<ref>{{cite book|author=Everhart, M.J.|year=2017|title=Oceans of Kansas, Second Edition: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past)|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253026323|pages=117}}</ref>
 
Despite being a formidable predator, remains of ''Enchodus'' are commonly found among the stomach contents of larger predators, including [[shark]]s, other bony fish, [[mosasaurs]], [[plesiosaurs]] and seabirds such as ''[[Baptornis advenus]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
 
== Distribution ==
''Enchodus'' fossils have been found all over the world. In [[North America]], ''Enchodus'' remains have been recovered from most US states with fossiliferous Late Cretaceous rocks, including [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[Colorado]], [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Tennessee]], [[Wyoming]], [[Texas]], [[California]], [[North Carolina]], and [[New Jersey]]. Fossils also have been found in the [[Aguja Formation|Aguja]] and [[El Doctor Formation]]s of [[Mexico]] and the [[Ashville Formation|Ashville]], [[Vermillion River Formation|Vermillion River]] and [[Dinosaur Park Formation]]s, and [[Brown Bed Member]] of [[Canada]]. The taxon is also known from coeval strata in [[Africa]], the Middle East, [[Europe]], southwest [[Asia]] and the [[Tiupampan]] [[Santa Lucía Formation]] and [[Maastrichtian]] [[El Molino Formation]] of Bolivia and the [[Paraíba]], [[Pernambuco]] and [[Sergipe]] states of Brazil.<ref name=FWEnchodus>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=35564 ''Enchodus''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref> Potentially the latest ''Enchodus'' remains are known from the earliest [[Eocene]] of [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[India]].<ref name=":1" /> However, it has also been suggested that all post-Cretaceous ''Enchodus'' records are just reworked material.<ref name=":2" />
 
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Enchodus petrosus.png |Restoration of ''E. petrosus''
File:Enchodus lewesiensis.jpg|''E. lewesiensis'' skull
File:Enchodontidae - Enchodus elegans.JPG|Teeth of ''E. elegans'' from [[Khouribga]]
File:Enchodontidae - Enchodus libycus.JPG|Teeth of ''E. libyuslibycus'' from [[Khouribga]]
</gallery>
 
Line 108 ⟶ 126:
 
== External links ==
* {{commonscatcommons category-inline|Enchodus}}
* [http://www.courtenaymuseum.ca/paleo/paleo/enchodo.html Introduction to Paleontology]
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5375425}}
 
[[Category:Enchodontidae]]
[[Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Cretaceous bony fish]]
[[Category:PaleoceneAlbian fishgenus first appearances]]
[[Category:Cretaceous–PaleogeneCenomanian boundarygenera]]
[[Category:LateTuronian Cretaceous genus first appearancesgenera]]
[[Category:EoceneConiacian genus extinctionsgenera]]
[[Category:LateSantonian Cretaceous fish of North Americagenera]]
[[Category:Campanian genera]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian genus extinctions]]
[[Category:Cretaceous fish of North America]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of Africa]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossils of the United States]]
[[Category:Demopolis Chalk]]
[[Category:Mooreville Chalk]]
[[Category:Mesozoic fishFossils of EuropeCanada]]
[[Category:Eocene fishFossils of EuropeMexico]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Sweden]]
[[Category:Fossils of Sweden]]
[[Category:Prehistoric fish of South America]]
[[Category:Tiupampan]]
[[Category:Paleogene Bolivia]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Bolivia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Santa Lucía Formation]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Brazil]]
[[Category:Fossils of Brazil]]
[[Category:Fossils of Chile]]
[[Category:Fossils of Argentina]]
[[Category:Fossils of Peru]]
[[Category:Fossils of England]]
[[Category:Fossils of France]]
[[Category:Fossils of Spain]]
[[Category:Fossils of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Fossils of Belgium]]
[[Category:Fossils of Sweden]]
[[Category:Fossils of Germany]]
[[Category:Fossils of Italy]]
[[Category:Fossils of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Fossils of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Greece]]
[[Category:Fossils of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Fossils of Russia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Egypt]]
[[Category:Fossils of Morocco]]
[[Category:Fossils of Niger]]
[[Category:Fossils of Angola]]
[[Category:Fossils of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Fossils of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Fossils of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Israel]]
[[Category:Fossils of Palestine]]
[[Category:Fossils of Syria]]
[[Category:Fossils of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Fossils of Jordan]]
[[Category:Fossils of India]]
[[Category:Fossils of Japan]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1835]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz]]
[[Category:Aulopiformes]]
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