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Prominent sheikhs: Naqshbandi Tahiri Golden Chain
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{{Sufism}}
[[File:خانقاهBahauddin نقشبندیNaqshband درMemorial مسجد خانقاه سقزComplex. 1Bukhara.jpg|thumbnail|AShrine [[Khanaqa]]hof (prayerthe house)Founder of Naqshbandithe inOrder [[Saqqez]]Baha's bazaaral-Din inNaqshband|Bahauddin [[IranNaqshband]].]]
The '''Naqshbandi order''' ({{lang-langx|ar|الطريقة النقشبندية|translit=alaṭ-ṬarīqaṬarīqat alan-Naqshbandiyya}}) is a [[Sufi]] [[Tariqa|order]] of [[Sunni Islam]] named after [[Baha' al-Din Naqshband|Baha al-Din Naqshband]]. They trace their {{Transliteration|ar|[[silsila]]}} (chain of succession) to [[Prophet Muhammad]] through the first caliph [[Abu Bakr]] ({{Reign|632|634}}) by the way of [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]. The Naqshbandi Sufi order is most distinguished from other Sunni [[Tariqa|Sufi orders]] by the high level of importance they assign to the [[sharia]], highlighted by major Naqshbandi scholars such as [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] and [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]].<ref>Dahlawi in Maqalaat al Waziyah fi Naseehat al-Wasiyah, page 7 (Lucknow)</ref><ref>Sirhindi in Maktubat, Volume 9:173#123</ref>
 
== History ==
The order is also known as the "convergence of the two oceans" or "Sufi Order of Jafar al -Sadiq".<ref>{{cite book |last=Ziad |first=Waleed |title=The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere |date=2018 |work=Brill |isbn=9789004387287 |page=165 |chapter=From Yarkand to Sindh via Kabul: The Rise of Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Sufi Networks in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries |doi=10.1163/9789004387287_007 |s2cid=197951160}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Milani, M. |title=Religions, Nations, and Transnationalism in Multiple Modernities |author2=Possamai, A. |author3=Wajdi, F. |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-59238-5 |editor1=Michel, P. |pages=197–220 |chapter=Branding of Spiritual Authenticity and Nationalism in Transnational Sufism |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-58011-5_10 |editor2=Possamai, A. |editor3=Turner, B.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Reimer, D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2JAAQAAIAAJ |title=Die Welt des Islams Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Islamkunde |date=1913 |work=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Islamkunde |page=191 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054544/https://books.google.com/books?id=_2JAAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zelkina |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STZbg0WHq20C |title=Quest for God and Freedom: Sufi Responses to the Russian Advance in the North Caucasus |date=2000 |work=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=9781850653844 |page=77 |quote=Excerpt from note 11: "There are some Naqshbandi branches which trace their [[silsila]] through Ali ibn Abi Taleb." See Algar, 1972, pp. 191-3; al-Khani, 1308. pg 6 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054546/https://books.google.com/books?id=STZbg0WHq20C |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SufisSaintsBodies">{{cite book |last=Kugle |first=Scott Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ1vpC_SeLcC&pg=PA143 |title=Sufis & saints' bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality and Sacred Power in Islam |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8078-5789-2 |pages=143 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203035822/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ1vpC_SeLcC&pg=PA143 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SupremeCouncil">{{cite book |last=Kabbani |first=Muhammad Hisham |author-link=Hisham Kabbani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64U41q5MgLYC |title=Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition |publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America |year=2004 |isbn=1-930409-23-0 |pages=557 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054546/https://books.google.com/books?id=64U41q5MgLYC |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Naqshbandi order owes many insights to [[Yusuf Hamadani]] and [[Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani]] in the 12th century, the latter of whom is regarded as the organizer of the practices and is responsible for placing stress upon the purely silent ''[[dhikr|invocationremembrance of Allah]]''.<ref name="Trmingham">{{cite book |last=Trimingham |first=J. Spencer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198028239 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC&pg=PA31 31] |chapter=The Chief Tariqa Lines |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054546/https://books.google.com/books?id=NhXqWLd_AMQC |archive-date=23 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later associated with [[Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari]] in the 14th century, hence the name of the order.<ref Afterward,name=":0" a/>

Since it was founded the Naqshbandi order branchhas orsplit into multiple sub-orderorders namefounded wasby added.several Fromprominent 'Ubeydullahfigures Ahrarwithin tothe order. [[AhmadKhwaja SirhindiAhrar|Imam'Ubeydullah RabbaniAhrar]], founded the way was called "Naqshbandiyya- Ahrariyya"; from[[Ahmad ImamSirhindi]] Rabbanifounded tothe ShamsuddinNaqshbandiyya Mazhar "Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddadiyya"Mujaddidiyya; from Shamsuddin[[Mirza Mazhar to [[KhâlidJan-i Baghdâdîe-Janaan|KhalidShamsuddin al-BaghdadiMazhar]] "founded the Naqshbandiyya- Mazhariyya"; fromand [[Mawlana Khalid]] onwardsfounded the "[[Khalidiyya|Naqshbandiyya- Khalidiyya]]";.<ref name="Naqshbandiyya-Mustafvi:0" (Khalidi) and so on.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eraydın |first=Selçuk |title=Tasavvuf ve Tarikatlar |publisher=Marmara Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Vakfi Yayinlari |year=2001 |isbn=9789755480503 |page=434 |language=tr}}</ref>[[File:Imam rabani 2.jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Ahmad Sirhindī]] (1564–1624) was a prominent member of the Naqshbandī Sufi order.]]
 
=== South Asia ===
[[File:Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab Shrine.jpg|thumb|[[Moinuddin Hadi Naqshband|The tomb of the supreme leaders of the order in Kashmir]].]]
[[ImageFile:Shrine OfDarbare AlloHazrat Mahar sharifEshan.jpg|thumb|right|220pxthumbnail|Shrine of [[IslamicSayyid NaqshbandiMir saintsJan]] ofNaqshbandi Alloin Mahar[[Lahore]], Sharif.[[Pakistan]]]]
[[File:Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab Shrine.jpg|thumbthumbnail|[[MoinuddinMonument Hadidedicated Naqshband|The tomb ofto the supreme[[Qadiriyya leaderswa ofNaqshbandiyya]] theSufi order in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]].]]
The Naqshbandiyya order became an influential factor in Indo-Muslim life and for two centuries it was the principal spiritual order in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Khwaja Baqi Billah|Baqi Billah Berang]], who was born in Kabul and brought up and educated in Kabul and [[Samarkand]], is credited for bringing the order to India during the end of the 16th century. He tried to spread his knowledge about the order but died three years later. His disciple [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] took over after his death, and it was through him that the order gained popularity within a short period of time. [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] was an 18th-century member of the order.<ref name=Haq>{{cite book |last=Haq |first=Muhammad M. |title=Some Aspects of the Principle Sufi Orders in India |location=Bangladesh |work=Islamic Foundation |date=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0TYAAAAMAAJ |page=20 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054546/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0TYAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Imam rabani 2.jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Ahmad Sirhindī]] (1564–1624) was a prominent member of the Naqshbandi Sufi order venerated as Imam Rabbani and [[Mujaddid|Mujaddid Alf-Thani]].]]
The Naqshbandiyya order became an influential factor in Indo-[[Indian Muslim]] life, and for two centuries it was the principal spiritual order in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Khwaja Baqi Billah|Baqi Billah Berang]], who was born in Kabul and brought up and educated in Kabul and [[Samarkand]], is credited for bringing the order to India during the end of the 16th century. He tried to spread his knowledge about the order but died three years later. His disciple [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] took over after his death, and it was through him that the order gained popularity within a short period of time. [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] was an 18th-century member of the order.<ref name=Haq>{{cite book |last=Haq |first=Muhammad M. |title=Some Aspects of the Principle Sufi Orders in India |location=Bangladesh |work=Islamic Foundation |date=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0TYAAAAMAAJ |page=20 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054546/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0TYAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Syria===
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===Egypt===
The Naqshbandi order rose to prominence in Egypt during the 19th century. A major khanqah was constructed in 1851 by Abbas I as a favor to the Naqshbandi sheikh Ahmad Ashiq, who led the order until his death in 1883. Ahmad Ashiq practiced the Diya'iyya branch of the Khalidiyya. Two other versions of Naqshbandiyya spread in Egypt in the last decades of the 19th century: the Judiyya, led by sheikh Juda Ibrahim, and the Khalidiyya, led by Sudanese al-Sharif Isma'il al-Sinnari and his successors. These branches continued to grow and are still active today. Unfortunately, noneNone of the early orders survived far into the 20th century however, and all khanqahs in Egypt were closed in 1954 when the buildings were either assigned a different function or demolished.<ref name=Jong>{{cite book |last=De Jong |first=Frederick |title=Sufi Orders in Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Egypt and the Middle East: Collected Studies |volume=48, Analecta Isisiana |date=2000 |publisher=Isis Press |isbn=9789754281781 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC4KAQAAMAAJ |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123054547/https://books.google.com/books?id=iC4KAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Southeast Asia===
[[File:Masjid Ar-Rahman Pondok Pesantren Al-Manaar Batuhampar 2020 03.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Abdurrahman Batuhampar, a Naqshbandi sheikh in Sumatra and grandfather of [[Mohammad Hatta]]]]
[[File:خانقاه نقشبندی در مسجد خانقاه سقز 1.jpg|thumbnail|A [[Khanaqa]]h (prayer house) of Naqshbandi in [[Saqqez]]'s bazaar in [[Iran]].]]
The first known Naqshbandi murshid in [[Malay Archipelago]] was [[Yusuf al-Makassari]], a 17th century Islamic scholar who also introduced [[Khalwatiyya]] to the region. However, the order quickly disappeared before being introduced again in the 19th century. There are two well known branches of Naqshbandiyya in Southeast Asia. The first one is Khalidiyya, introduced by [[Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi|Ismail al-Minankabawi]], a disciple of Abdullah al-Arzinjani in Mecca, and spread across [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], and [[Malay Peninsula]]. [[Islamic Education Movement|PERTI]], an [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] Islamic organization from [[Minangkabau Highlands]], was founded by [[Sulaiman ar-Rasuli]] and other Khalidi clerics. The other branch is Mazhariyya, named after Shamsuddin Mazhar, a Naqshbandi branch through Abu Said al-Ahmadi, one of Abdullah Dehlawi's khalifas. Mazhariyya is the main Naqshbandi branch in [[Madura]], brought by Abdul Azim al-Maduri after studying in Mecca. Another related order is [[Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya]], a fusion of [[Qadiriyya]] and Naqshbandiyya, whose sheikhs in [[Banten]] and [[Lombok]] led rebellions against the [[Dutch East Indies]] at the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|first=Martin|last=van Bruinessen|author-link=Martin van Bruinessen|date=1994|title=Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah di Indonesia|language=ID|location=Bandung|publisher=Mizan|isbn=979-433-000-0}}</ref>
 
===China===
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[[Ma Laichi]] brought the Naqshbandi ({{lang|ar|نقشبندية}}) {{lang|zh|納克什班迪}} order to China, creating the [[Khufiyya]] ({{lang|ar|خفيه}}) {{lang|zh|虎夫耶}} Hua Si Sufi {{lang|zh|华寺}}; ("[[Multicolored Mosque]]") [[menhuan]]. [[Ma Mingxin]], also brought the Naqshbandi order, creating the [[Jahriyya]] ({{lang|ar|جهرية}}) {{lang|zh|哲赫林耶}} menhuan. These two menhuan were rivals, and fought against each other which led to the [[Jahriyya Rebellion]], [[Dungan revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan revolt]], and [[Dungan Revolt (1895)]].<ref name="VersteeghEid2005">{{cite book|author1=Kees Versteegh|author2=Mushira Eid|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuNiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA380|year=2005|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-14473-6|page= 380]|access-date=24 January 2016|archive-date=3 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203022956/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuNiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA380|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Prominent sheikhs and Silsilasfigures==
*[[Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani]] (d. 1179), prominent sheikh whose teachings became known as the way of the [[Khawaja|KhojaKhwaja]]s (teachers) or [[Khwajagan]] (masters).
*Abdur Rehman Shah Sailani (1871–1906), Sufi saint.
*[[Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari]] (1318–1389), the founder of the Sufi Naqshbandi Order.
*[[Khwaja Ahrar]] (1404-1490 AD), establishedNaqshbdandi theSufi ordermaster inand generalIslamic scholar.
*[[Hazrat Ishaan]] (1563-1642), descendant of [[Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari]] and hereditary supremea leader of the order.
*[[Sayyid Mir Jan]] (1800-1901), 7th successor of Hazrat Ishaan and [[Qutb|Ghawth]], heading the household of [[Bahauddin Naqshband]].
*[[Ahmed Sirhindi|Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī]] (1564–1624), commonly known as Imam Rabbani, a [[mujaddidMujaddid]] and leading Naqshbandi Sheikh from India.
*[[Mawlana Khalid]] (1779–1827), the sheikh whom all the different branches of the Order in the Middle East and Caucasus spread from.
*[[Shah Akbar Danapuri]] (1844-1914), Islamic scholar, writer and Sufi poet
*[[Uthman Sirâj-ud-Dîn Naqshbandi]] (1781-1867), was an 18th-century influential [[sufiSufi]], [[Wali|saint]] and [[Islamic scholar]].
*[[Muhammad Uthman Siraj al-Din|Muhamamad Uthman Sirâj-ud-Dîn Naqshbandi]] (1896–1997), the great grandson of Uthman. Sirâj-ud-Dîn Naqshbandi and leader of the [[Sipay Rizgari]] group during the Iran-Iraq war.<ref name=":6">{{Cite conference |last=van Bruinessen |first=Martin |author-link=Martin van Bruinessen |date=15 August 1986 |title=The Naqshbandi Order as a Vehicle of Political Protest among the Kurds (With Some Comparative Notes on Indonesia) |url=https://www.academia.edu/10965366 |conference=New Approaches in Islamic Studies |location=Jakarta |publisher=[[Indonesian Institute of Sciences]] |pages=1–3 |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>
*[[Naqshbandi-Haqqani Golden Chain]]
*[[Naqshbandi Tahiri Golden Chain]]
 
==Principal teachings==
{{main|Eleven Naqshbandi principles}}
[[File:11 principle of Naqshbandia.jpg|thumb|350px|]]
 
The Naqshbandi order has eleven principle teachings known as the [[Eleven Naqshbandi principles]]. The first eight were formulated by [[Abdul Khaliq Gajadwani]]Ghijduwani, and the last three were added by [[Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari]].<ref name=Trmingham />
* Remembrance ({{transliteration|fa|Yād-kard}} – {{lang-langx|fa|یاد کرد|links=no}}): Always orally and mentally repeating the [[dhikr]].
* Restraint ({{transliteration|fa|Bāz-gasht}} – {{lang-langx|fa|بازگشت|links=no}}): EngagingFocus on [[Tawhid]], and engaging in the heart repetitiondhikr of the al-kalimat at-tayyiba[[shahada]] phrase – "La-ilaha il-allah muhammadur rasul-allah".<ref>https://nurmuhammad.com/11-principles-of-the-naqshbandiyatul-aliya-sufi-order/</ref>
* Watchfulness ({{transliteration|fa|Negāh-dāsht}} – {{lang-langx|fa|نگاه داشت|links=no}}): Being conscientious over wandering thoughts while repeating Al-kalimat at-tayyiba.
* Recollection ({{transliteration|fa|Yād-dāsht}} – {{lang-langx|fa|ياد داشت|links=no}}): Concentration upon the Divine presence in a condition of [[dhawq]], foretaste, intuitive anticipation or perceptiveness, not using external aids.
* Awareness while breathing ({{transliteration|fa|Housh dar dam}} – {{lang-langx|fa|هوش در دم|links=no}}): Controlling one's breathing by not exhaling or inhaling in the forgetfulness of the Divine.
* Journeying in one's homeland ({{transliteration|fa|Safar dar watan}} - {{lang-langx|fa|سفر در وطن|links=no}}): An internal journey that moves the person from having blameworthy to praiseworthy properties. This is also referred to as the vision or revelation of the hidden side of the [[shahada]].
* Watching one's step ({{transliteration|fa|Nazar bar qadam}} - {{lang-langx|fa|نظر بر قدم|links=no}}): Do not be distracted from purpose of the ultimate journey.
* Solitude in a crowd ({{transliteration|fa|Khalwat dar anjuman}} - {{lang-langx|fa|خلوت در انجمن|links=no}}): Although journey is outwardly in this world, it is inwardly with God.
* Temporal pause ({{transliteration|fa|Wuquf-i zamāni}} - {{lang-langx|fa|وقوف زمانی|links=no}}): Keeping account of how one spends his or her time. If time is spent rightfully give thanks and time is spent incorrectly ask for forgiveness.
* Numerical pause ({{transliteration|fa|Wuquf-i adadi}} - {{lang-langx|fa|وقوف عددی|links=no}}): Checking that the dhikr has been repeated in odd numbers.
* Heart pause ({{transliteration|fa|Wuquf-i qalbi}} - {{lang-langx|fa|وقوف قلبی|links=no}}): Forming a mental picture of one's heart with the name of God engraved to emphasize that the heart has no consciousness or goal other than God.
 
==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
 
===Citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}