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{{Short description|Irish-built ocean liner}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= StateLibQld 1 170591 Serpa Pinto (ship).jpg
|Ship caption= The ship as ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' duringin the [[Second World War]]
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship name= *1914: ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}''
|Ship country= [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
*1935: ''{{lang|sr|Princesa Olga}}''
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|government}}
*1940: ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}''
|Ship name= RMS ''Ebro''
|Ship namesake= *1914: [[Ebro]]
|Ship owner=*[[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]]: 1914-1922
*1935: [[Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark|Princess Olga]]
*[[Pacific Steam Navigation Company|PSNC]]: 1922-1935
*1940: [[Alexandre de Serpa Pinto]]
|Ship operator=*Royal Mail Steam Packet Company: 1914-1922
|Ship owner= *1914: [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company|RMSP]]
*PSNC: 1922-1935
*1922: [[Pacific Steam Navigation Company|PSNC]]
|Ship registry= [[File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|20px|British Red Ensign]]
*1935: Jugoslavenska Lloyd
|Ship route= [[West Indies]] and [[New York City]]-[[Chile]]
*1940: [[Companhia Colonial de Navegação|Cia Colonial de Nav]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builderoperator= [[Workman,*1915: Clark and Company]],{{flagicon|UK|naval}} [[BelfastRoyal Navy]]
*1920: PSNC
|Ship yard number=
|Ship registry= *1914: {{flagicon|UK|government}} [[Belfast Harbour|Belfast]]
|Ship way number=
*1935: {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Dubrovnik]]
*1940: {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Port of Lisbon|Lisbon]]
|Ship route= *1920: [[Port of New York and New Jersey|New York]] – [[Valparaíso]]
*1935: [[Port of Trieste|Trieste]] – [[Port of Haifa|Haifa]]
*1940: Lisbon – [[Port of Santos|Santos]]
*1941: alternately Lisbon – New York; Lisbon – Santos
*1945: Lisbon – Santos
*1953: [[Port of Vigo|Vigo]] – [[Havana]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder= [[Workman, Clark and Company|Workman, Clark & Co]], Belfast
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number= 333
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched= 8 September 1914
|Ship completed= January 1915
|Ship christened=
|Ship maiden voyage= April 1915
|Ship identification =
|Ship out of service=1935
|Ship fate= Sold to ''[[Jugoslavenska Lloyd]]'', 1935
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country= [[Yugoslavia]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|naval}}
|Ship name= ''Princess Olga''
|Ship owner= ''Jugoslavenska Lloyd''
|Ship operator= ''Jugoslavenska Lloyd''
|Ship registry = [[File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1918–1943).svg|20px]]
|Ship route= [[Dubrovnik]]-[[Haifa]]
|Ship christened=
|Ship maiden voyage=
|Ship identification refit=
|Ship out of service= 19401930 – 1935; August 1948 – January 1949
|Ship identification= *UK [[official number]] 136346
|Ship fate= Sold to ''[[Companhia Colonial de Navegação]]'', 1940
*1915: [[code letters]] JHMV
|Ship notes=
*{{ICS|Juliet}}{{ICS|Hotel}}{{ICS|Mike}}{{ICS|Victor}}
}}
*Royal Navy [[pennant number]]s:
{{Infobox ship career
*April 1915: M 78
|Hide header=title
*January 1918: MI 70
|Ship country= [[Portugal]]
*April 1918: MI 37
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Portugal|government}}
*1918: [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] MTJ
|Ship name= ''Serpa Pinto''
*1930: call sign GQRL
|Ship owner= ''Companhia Colonial de Navegação''
*{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Quebec}}{{ICS|Romeo}}{{ICS|Lima}}
|Ship operator= ''Companhia Colonial de Navegação''
*1935: call sign YTFK
|Ship registry= [[Lisbon]], G-407 [[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|20 px]]
*{{ICS|Yankee}}{{ICS|Tango}}{{ICS|Foxtrot}}{{ICS|Kilo}}
|Ship route= [[Lisbon]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Philadelphia]], [[New York City]] and [[Havana]]
*1940: call sign CSBA
|Ship christened=
*{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Sierra}}{{ICS|Bravo}}{{ICS|Alpha}}
|Ship maiden voyage= May 1940 to [[Beira, Mozambique]]
|Ship identification fate= CSBAscrapped 1955
|Ship out of servicenotes= 7 August 1954
|Ship fate= Scrapped at [[Antwerp]], 1954
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type= [[Oceanocean liner]]
|Ship tonnage= {{GRT|82678480}}, {{NRT|5174}}
|Ship length= {{cvt|450.3|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship displacement=
|Ship lengthbeam= {{convertcvt|14257.47|m8|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship beamdraught= {{convert|17.0|m25|ft|6|in|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship depth= {{cvt|30.6|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship decks= 2
|Ship draught={{convert|6.85|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship power= 1,055 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]
|Ship decks=
|Ship propulsion= *2 × [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple-expansion engines]]
|Ship ice class=
*2 × [[Propeller|screws]]
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship powerspeed= 6,000 hp{{convert|15|kn|km/h}}
|Ship capacity= passengers: 278 × 1st class; 328 × 2nd class
|Ship propulsion= 2 beams
|Ship crew= as ocean liner: 165
|Ship service speed=*Maximum:{{convert|15.5|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement= as AMC: 33 officers; 230 ratings
*Cruise:{{convert|14.0|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
|Ship armament= *as [[Armed merchantman#Armed merchant cruisers|AMC]]:
|Ship capacity= *600 passengers:
*6 × [[QF 6-inch naval gun|6-inch QF guns]]
**250 First Class
*2 × [[QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss|6-pounder guns]]
**350 Third Class
*[[depth charge]]s
|Ship crew= 160
|Ship sensors= [[Submarine signals|submarine signalling]]
|Ship notes= [[sister ship]]: ''Essequibo''
}}
|}
 
'''RMS ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}''''' was an [[ocean liner]] that was launched in Ireland in 1914. With changes of ownership she was renamed '''''{{lang|sr|Princesa Olga}}''''' in 1935 and '''''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}''''' in 1940. She was scrapped in Belgium in 1955.
'''RMS ''Ebro''''' was an [[ocean liner]] built in 1914 for the [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]]. She was later owned and operated by the [[Pacific Steam Navigation Company]], ''[[Jugoslavenska Lloyd]]'' and finally by ''[[Companhia Colonial de Navegação]]''. In her last incarnation, under the name '''''Serpa Pinto''''', she made more crossings of the Atlantic during the [[Second World War]] than any other civilian vessel, leading to her being termed the ''Friendship vessel'' or ''Destiny ship''.<ref name=DestinyReview>{{cite web|last=Eckl|first=Marlen|title=Review: Serpa Pinto, the Ship of Destiny|url=http://www.casastefanzweig.org/sec_news_list.php?language=en&id=65|publisher=Casa Stefan Zweig}}</ref> She was scrapped in 1954.
 
''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' was launched for the [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]] (RMSP), but requisitioned in 1915 as the [[Armed merchantman#Armed merchant cruisers|armed merchant cruiser]] (AMC) '''HMS ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}''''' for the [[Royal Navy]]. In 1922 RMSP transferred her to the [[Pacific Steam Navigation Company]] (PSNC). She was a [[Royal Mail Ship]] until 1935, when Jugoslavenska Lloyd bought her and renamed her ''{{lang|sr|Princesa Olga}}''. In 1940 the [[Companhia Colonial de Navegação]] (CCN) bought her and renamed her ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}''.
==Construction==
The ''Ebro'' was ordered by the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company from the [[Belfast]] shipbuilders [[Workman, Clark and Company]]. She was launched in September 1914, and was 468&nbsp;ft long with a beam of 55.8&nbsp;ft.
 
As HMS ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' in the [[World War I|First World War]] she served with the [[10th Cruiser Squadron]] from 1915 to 1917, and escorted convoys between the [[British Isles]] and [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|Sierra Leone]] in 1918. As RMS ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' she sailed between [[Port of New York and New Jersey|New York]] and [[Chile]] via the Panama Canal. As ''{{lang|sr|Princesa Olga}}'' she sailed between [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. As ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' in the [[World War II|Second World War]] she made several [[transatlantic crossing]]s, on which she carried many refugees who had escaped [[German-occupied Europe]].
==British service==
The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company initially planned for ''Ebro'' to operate on the [[West Indies]] service in the [[Caribbean]], but due to the start of the [[First World War]], she made only a single voyage on this service, in April 1915. She was then requisitioned, together with her sister ship {{RMS|Essequibo}} and four other liners of the company, by the [[Royal Navy]] to serve as [[auxiliary cruiser]]s armed with eight 6-inch guns, [[depth charges]] and [[Naval mine|mines]]. The ships joined the [[10th Cruiser Squadron]], where they served as convoy escorts throughout the war.
 
This was the third of four Royal Mail ships that were named ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}''. The first was a sail- and steamship that was built in 1865 as ''Rakaia'', bought and renamed ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' in 1871, and wrecked in 1882.{{sfn|Haws|1982|p=46}} The second was a steamship that was built in 1896, sold and renamed in 1903, and sunk by a [[Naval mine|mine]] in 1917.{{sfn|Haws|1982|p=58}} The fourth was a [[motor ship]] that was built in 1952, sold and renamed in 1969, and scrapped in 1978.{{sfn|Haws|1982|p=105}}
After the war ''Ebro'' was returned to the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. The company decided to sell her to the [[Pacific Steam Navigation Company]], which refitted her and then placed her on the [[New York City|New York]] – [[Chile]] service, sailing through the [[Panama Canal]]. She carried out this service until the [[1929 Wall Street crash]] forced the company into bankruptcy in 1930. ''Ebro'' was then moored at [[Avonmouth]] until 1935.<ref name="Rossini">{{cite news |first= José Carlos |last= Rossini|title= Navios: o Serpa Pinto |url= http://www.novomilenio.inf.br/rossini/serpapin.htm|publisher= A Tribuna de Santos |date=5 January 1992|language= pt}}</ref>
 
==Building and introduction==
==Yugoslav service==
In 1914 [[Workman, Clark and Company]] of [[Belfast]] launched a pair of [[steamship]]s for RMSP's service between England and the [[West Indies]]. Yard number 334 was launched on 6 July as ''Essequibo'',<ref>{{cite web |url= https://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?&ref=202855 |title=Essequibo |work=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> and yard number 333 was launched on 8 September as ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?&ref=202925 |title=Ebro |work=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
In 1935 ''Ebro'' was sold to ''[[Yugoslavenska Lloyd]]'' and re-named ''Princess Olga''. Under Yugoslav ownership, ''Princess Olga'' was used on the [[Dubrovnik]] – [[Haifa]] route, transporting passengers and general cargo. In 1940 ''Princess Olga'' was bought by the Portuguese company ''[[Companhia Colonial de Navegação]]''.
 
''{{lang|es|Ebro}}''{{'}}s registered length was {{cvt|450.3|ft|abbr=on}}, her [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] was {{cvt|57.8|ft|abbr=on}}, her depth was {{cvt|30.6|ft|abbr=on}},{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1917|loc=EAS–EBU}} and her [[Draft (hull)|draught]] was {{convert|25|ft|6|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name=NavHist>{{cite web |url= https://naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-08-HMS_Ebro.htm |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Kay |title=HMS Ebro – April 1915 to December 1918, Northern Patrol (10th Cruiser Squadron), Central Atlantic Convoys |work=Royal Navy Log Books of the World War 1 Era |publisher=Naval-History.net |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> Her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|8480}} and {{NRT|5174}}.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1917|loc=EAS–EBU}} She had twin [[Propeller|screws]], each driven by a [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple-expansion engine]].{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1917|loc=EAS–EBU}} The combined power of her twin engines was rated at 1,055 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]],{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1917|loc=EAS–EBU}} and gave her a speed of {{convert|15|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=NavHist/>
==Portuguese service==
By 1940 the [[Second World War]] had greatly increased the numbers of people seeking to leave Europe for the Americas. ''[[Companhia Colonial de Navegação]]'' operated the small and underpowered [[SS Ypiranga|''Colonial'']] on the Lisbon – Rio de Janeiro route. During 1940 ''Colonial'' transported around 2000 people to Brazil. With the increased demand, and already overstretched with passenger routes from Lisbon to [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]], to the [[Portuguese State of India]], [[Macau]] and [[East Timor]], in 1940 ''Companhia Colonial de Navegação'' decided to purchase ''Princess Olga'' to carry greater numbers of passengers between Portugal and its colonies. Prior to this, the service had been carried out by pre-First World War liners, like ''Colonial'' and her sister ship ''Mouzinho'', the former SS ''Corcovado''. The ''Princess Olga'' was bought in April 1940, re-named ''Serpa Pinto'' and sailed to Lisbon. Her first voyage under the Portuguese flag was carried out soon after her arrival in Lisbon in May 1940, sailing to [[Lourenço Marques]].
 
RMSP [[Ship registration|registered]] ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' at [[Belfast Harbour|Belfast]]. Her UK [[official number]] was 136346, her [[code letters]] were JHMV,{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1917|loc=EAS–EBU}} and her [[Wireless telegraphy|wireless]] [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] was MTJ.{{sfn|The Marconi Press Agency Ltd|1918|p=697}}
When Italy declared war on the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in June 1940, all Italian shipping routes were closed. Only three companies from neutral countries maintained their transatlantic routes. These were the Portuguese ''Companhia Nacional de Navegação'' and ''Companhia Colonial de Navegação'' and the Spanish ''Ybarra'', from [[Seville]]. The Spanish company, however, did not have enough ships to best utilize the transatlantic routes.
 
''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' and ''Essequibo'' were described as "the two finest ships ever built" for RMSP's route between Britain and the West Indies. ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' made her maiden voyage on the route, but then the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] requisitioned her for conversion into an AMC. ''Essequibo'' served the route slightly longer, until after less than a year she was requisitioned for conversion into a [[hospital ship]].{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=60}}
From August 1940 ''Serpa Pinto'' began her service on the transatlantic routes between Lisbon, and [[Rio de Janeiro]] and North America (Philadelphia and New York).
 
==HMS ''Ebro''==
She was repeatedly stopped in mid-Atlantic by German submarines and [[US Navy]] and [[Royal Navy]] ships for inspections. On 26 May 1944, on its way from Lisbon (departure 16 May 1944) to [[Port Richmond, Philadelphia]], USA (arrival 30 May 1944), the ''Serpa Pinto'' was stopped in the mid-Atlantic by the German [[U-boat]] [[German submarine U-541|U-541]].<ref>[http://www.uboat.net/boats/u541.htm List of all U-boats: U-541] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028084306/http://www.uboat.net/boats/u541.htm |date=28 October 2010 }}. Uboat.net Retrieved 7 May 2016]</ref> The U-boat's captain ordered the ''Serpa Pinto''{{'}}s crew and passengers to abandon the ship in the lifeboats, and requested permission from [[Kriegsmarine]] headquarters to torpedo the ship. The passengers and crew, with the exception of the captain who decided to remain on board whatever the German decision, duly left the ship in the lifeboats. There they were forced to wait all night while the German U-boat awaited a reply to its request. By dawn an answer had arrived from Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], who refused permission to sink the ship. The U-boat then departed the area and the lifeboats returned to the ship. The ship's doctor, a cooker and a 15 months child drowned during this incident. Two military-aged Americans were taken in the submarine.<ref>{{cite book |title= Das Schicksalsschiff |trans-title=Rio de Janeiro - Lissabon - New York |last= de Dijn|first= Rosinne|year= 2009|publisher= Deutsche Verlags – Anstalt |isbn= 978-3-421-04350-4|url= http://www.advivo.com.br/blog/luisnassif/serpa-pinto-o-transatlantico-da-segunda-guerra }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/viewer?id=3890176 |title= Notícia da iminência de afundamento do navio "Serpa Pinto" por um submarino alemão |last=Bettencourt |first=M. Ortins |date=27 May 1944 |website=[[Torre do Tombo National Archive]] |location= Arquivo Salazar, MA-1B, cx. 354, capilha 38 |language=pt |access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' was armed with six [[QF 6-inch naval gun|6-inch QF guns]], two [[QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss|6-pounder guns]], and [[depth charge]] launching apparatus. The Royal Navy [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] her at the [[Royal Albert Dock, London]] on 15 April 1915, with the [[pennant number]] M 78.<ref name=NavHist/>
 
''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' left [[Port of London|London]] on 21 April. She was off [[Gravesend]] and [[Sheerness]] in [[Kent]] until 15 May, when she left to join the 10th Cruiser Squadron at sea. She served with the squadron until December 1917, patrolling around the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Iceland]], and the [[Norwegian Sea]]. Her usual port for [[bunkering]] was [[Glasgow]].<ref name=NavHist/>
During the Second World War ''Serpa Pinto'' made ten voyages between Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, and ten between Lisbon and Philadelphia and New York. Since it was one of the few ships making transatlantic voyages in this period, many of the refugees from Nazi Europe who reached the United States and Brazil in this period traveled on the ship. (The other important but smaller ships were the ''Mouzinho'' and the ''Nyassa''.) Some of the more notable refugees, most of whom were of [[Jewish]] background, included [[Marcel Duchamp]],<ref name=DestinyReview /> [[Simone Weil]],<ref name=DestinyReview /> Pierre Dreyfus (son of [[Alfred Dreyfus]]),<ref name=DestinyReview /> [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Taub|first=Shais|title=Sivan 28: An American at Sinai|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1228114/jewish/Sivan-28-An-American-at-Sinai.htm|publisher=Chabad.org|access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> [[Marc Rich]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ammann|first=Daniel|title=[[The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich]]|year=2009|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-57074-3|pages=31–32|edition=1st}}</ref> [[Alexis Kanner]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The American Jewish Yearbook|last=Rowson|first=Shabtai|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|pages=187}}</ref> and [[Naoum Aronson]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Naoum Aronson, Russian Sculptor (obituary)|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/10/01/88567991.pdf|access-date=2 October 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=1 October 1943}}</ref>
 
On 15 December 1917 ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' left Glasgow for the last time. She steamed to [[Freetown]] in Sierra Leone, where she arrived on 27 December. From then until November 1918 she escorted convoys between Freetown and the British Isles, with [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport]] as her usual base in home waters. She was in port in [[Avonmouth Docks|Avonmouth]] from 18 May to 4 June, and from 17 July to 2 August. On 24 November she reached [[Port of Tilbury|Tilbury]], the next day she reached the Royal Albert Dock, and on 6 December all of her ammunition was unloaded for her to be decommissioned.<ref name=NavHist/>
Also in this group were many children who came unaccompanied, without their parents, some of whom had been killed by the Nazis (see [[One Thousand Children]]). Many of these unaccompanied children were aided in Europe and in transit by the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee]] (the "Joint"),<ref>{{cite news|title=677 Refugees Land, Many Are Children|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/06/26/87714463.pdf|access-date=2 October 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=26 June 1942}}</ref> the French Jewish organization [[Œuvre de secours aux enfants]], and the [[Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society]] (HIAS). One of these children became the rock impresario [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wohlgelernter|first=Elli|title=Graham, Bill|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0008_0_07786.html|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref>
 
==RMS ''Ebro''==
After the war ''Serpa Pinto'' remained on the Lisbon – Rio de Janeiro – Santos route until the company's new ocean liners ''Vera Cruz'' and ''Santa Maria'' entered service. Her last voyage to Brazil took place in July 1953. Afterwards she was placed on the Caribbean route (Lisbon – Havana) making 12 round trips to Havana, with stops at [[Vigo]], [[Funchal]], [[La Guaira]] and [[Curacao]].<ref name="Rossini"/>
The Admiralty returned ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' to RMSP. According to one source, on 28 October 1919 she traversed the [[Panama Canal]] for the first time, heading from the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] to the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], in the service of RMSP's subsidiary PSNC.<ref name=Rossini>{{cite web |url= https://www.novomilenio.inf.br/rossini/serpapin.htm |last=Rossini |first=José Carlos |title=Navios: o Serpa Pinto |lang=pt |work=Rota de Ouro e Prata |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> Certainly by December 1919 she was working for PSNC.<ref name=NYT-1919-1217>{{Cite news |title=British crew entertains. |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 December 1919 |page=2 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/12/17/103461236.html?pageNumber=2}}</ref> On 6 December she left [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]], and on 11 December she reached New York.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shipping and Mails |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=12 December 1919 |page=25 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/12/12/118244672.html?pageNumber=25}}</ref> On 16 December PSNC's New York agents, Sanderson and Sons, gave a banquet for 175 shipping and railroad men aboard ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' at Pier 42 in the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]].<ref name=NYT-1919-1217/> On 18 December she was due to start a voyage to [[Bermuda]] for Christmas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shipping and Mails |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 December 1919 |page=23 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/12/17/103461547.html?pageNumber=23}}</ref> Lloyd Sanderson told diners that in the New Year, ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' and ''Essequibo'' would start a service between New York and [[Valparaíso]] via the Panama Canal, and that by June 2020 sailings on the route should be leaving New York every fortnight.<ref name=NYT-1919-1217/> ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' left Bermuda on 26 December, and got back to New York on 29 December.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shipping and Mails |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 December 1919 |page=19 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/12/30/97712269.html?pageNumber=19}}</ref>
 
On 7 January 1920 ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' left New York on her first voyage to Valparaíso.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mayo to inspect colleges |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=8 January 1920 |page=16 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/01/08/102734403.html?pageNumber=16}}</ref> Her ports of call included [[Mollendo]] in Peru on 26 January.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shipping and Mails |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 January 1920 |page=35 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/01/30/109797967.html?pageNumber=35 }}</ref> She reached Valparaíso on 1 February.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shipping and Mails |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 February 1920 |page=27 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/02/04/118256951.html?pageNumber=27}}</ref> On her return voyage her ports of call included [[Colón, Panama]] on 29 February, and she got back to New York on 8 March.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shipping and Mails |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 March 1920 |page=13 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/03/09/118305130.html?pageNumber=13}}</ref>
On 9 July 1954, ''Serpa Pinto'' sailed from Lisbon on her last voyage, São Vicente – Rio de Janeiro and Santos.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsE.html|title= Ebro/Princesa Olga/Serpa Pinto|first= N.R.P.|last= Bonsor|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120204175556/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsE.html|archive-date= 4 February 2012|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
 
On 1 June 1921 ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' reached New York carrying $172,884 from ports on the Pacific coast of South America.<ref>{{Cite news |title=$900,000 in gold arrives. |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 June 1921 |page=28 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/06/02/98700078.html?pageNumber=28}}</ref> That summer, [[Transatlantic crossing|transatlantic]] passenger ships were fully booked, and RMSP [[Chartering (shipping)|chartered]] ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' back from PSNC to provide a transatlantic relief service in June or July.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jane Addams off to Vienna congress |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 June 1921 |page=18 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/06/05/107016081.html?pageNumber=18}}</ref> By 6 August she was back on her route between New York and Valparaíso.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Morgan postpones his ocean voyage |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 August 1921 |page=15 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/08/07/107021643.html?pageNumber=15}}</ref>
==Scrapping==
 
After her last voyage, ''Serpa Pinto'' remain moored in Lisbon until 5 September 1954, when she departed under tow for Antwerp, Belgium, to be scrapped.
On 15 April 1922 a [[Lighter (barge)|lighter]] broke adrift in New York and struck ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}''{{'}}s [[Port and starboard|port]] side aft. Two of her hull plates were damaged and a porthole glass was broken, but she was able to leave port that day for Valparaíso.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Liner Ebro struck by lighter in gale |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 April 1922 |page=21 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/04/16/107050685.html?pageNumber=21}}</ref> By the end of 1922 RMSP transferred ownership of ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' and ''Essequibo'' to PSNC, in exchange for certain PSNC ships including {{SS|Orbita||2}}.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=135}} ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' remained on PSNC's route between New York and Valparaíso via the Panama Canal.{{sfn|Haws|1982|p=80}}
 
When ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' docked at Pier 42 on the North River on 19 January 1923, [[United States Customs Service|US Customs]] men seized "a large quantity" of liquor, narcotics, and several [[automatic firearm]]s that were not on her [[Manifest (transportation)|manifest]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Finds 17 vessels in liquor fleet |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 January 1923 |page=15 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1923/01/21/100818688.html?pageNumber=15}}</ref> In March 1924 Customs men in New York raided RMSP's {{SS|Orduña||2}} and confiscated liquor and [[morphine]] valued at $16,000. [[William Hayward (American attorney)|William Hayward]], [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York]], sought to seize ''{{lang|es|Orduña}}'' for violations of Federal law.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Royal Mail liner seized as wet ship |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=13 March 1924 |page=1 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/03/13/104032912.html?pageNumber=1}}</ref> Five members of her crew pleaded guilty to bringing liquor into the port.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Orduna's men tell of selling liquor |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 March 1924 |page=15 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/03/15/104033419.html?pageNumber=15}}</ref> As a result, from April 1924 RMSP and PSNC posted two or more armed guards aboard each of their ships when they were in port in New York.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ship lines post guard against bootlegging |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 April 1924 |page=4 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/04/22/104035155.html?pageNumber=4}}</ref>
 
[[File:William-james-pirrie.jpg|thumb|upright|[[William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie|Viscount Pirrie]] ]]
In March 1924 [[William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie|Viscount Pirrie]], Chairman of [[Harland & Wolff]], voyaged from [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]] to South America with his wife [[Margaret Montgomery Pirrie|Viscountess Pirrie]] and her sister. They travelled overland from [[Buenos Aires]] to Chile, where they embarked aboard ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}''. Pirrie caught [[pneumonia]] in [[Antofagasta]], and his condition worsened when the ship reached [[Iquique]]. At [[Panama City]] two nurses embarked to care for him. By then he was very weak, but insisted on being brought on deck to see the canal. He admired how ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' was handled through the locks.<ref name=NYT-1924-0709>{{Cite news |title=Lord Pirrie dies on ship bound here |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 June 1924 |page=1 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/06/09/104040873.html?pageNumber=1}}</ref><ref name=NYT-1924-0714>{{Cite news |title=Olympic carries Pirrie's body home |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 June 1924 |page=11 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/06/14/104252997.html?pageNumber=11}}</ref>
 
On 7 June Pirrie died. His body was embalmed. On 13 June ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' reached Pier 42 on the North River, where Pirrie's friend [[Andrew Weir, 1st Baron Inverforth|Baron Inverforth]] and his wife met Viscountess Pirrie and her sister. UK ships in the port of New York lowered their flags to [[half-mast]], and Pirrie's body was transferred to Pier 59, where it was embarked on [[White Star Line]]'s {{RMS|Olympic}}, one of the largest ships Pirrie ever built, to be repatriated to the UK.<ref name=NYT-1924-0709/><ref name=NYT-1924-0714/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bringing Pirrie's body. |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 June 1924 |page=21 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/06/10/104042010.html?pageNumber=21}}</ref>
 
''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' was built as a coal-burner. By August 1924 she had been converted to burn oil.<ref>{{Cite news |title=To the Canal and California. |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 August 1924 |page=21 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/08/14/101606816.html?pageNumber=15}}</ref>
 
[[File:FDNY fireboat Thomas Willett, 1908-07-04.jpg|thumb|New York [[fireboat]] {{ship||Thomas Willett|fireboat|2}}]]
At about 02:00 hrs on 5 July 1927, as ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' neared New York, fire was discovered in 800 bales of cotton in her number 6 cargo hold. Her [[Master mariner|Master]], [[Sea captain|Captain]] Ellis Roberts, ordered all her hatches battened down and all ventilators closed, both to minimise the air supply to the fire, and to prevent passengers from being aware that there was a fire aboard. The ship cleared [[quarantine]] just before 09:00 hrs and docked in the North River at 10:00 hrs.<ref name=NYT-1927-0706>{{Cite news |title=Conceals ship fire from passengers |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 July 1927 |page=11 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/07/06/97234616.html?pageNumber=11}}</ref>
 
Five minutes after the last of her passengers had disembarked, Roberts ordered number 6 hatch opened, and [[Dockworker|longshoremen]] wearing gas masks went below in relays to raise bales of cotton to reach the seat of the fire. The [[New York City Fire Department]] [[fireboat]]s {{ship||John Purroy Mitchel|fireboat|2}} and {{ship||Thomas Willett|fireboat|2}} poured water into the hold, and by 14:00 hrs the fire was extinguished. Longshoremen had removed 230 of the cotton bales. The remainder, valued at $50,000, were written off as a [[total loss]].<ref name=NYT-1927-0706/>
 
On 10 August 1929 a gale hit Chile. ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' was in Antofagasta, and she and other ships put to sea to ride out the storm. The harbour breakwater was almost totally destroyed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gale lashes Chile; damage is severe |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 August 1929 |page=24 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/08/11/91914661.html?pageNumber=24}}</ref>
 
By 1930 ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}''{{'}}s wireless call sign was GQRL.{{sfn|''Mercantile Navy List'' 1930|p=167}} By 1934 this had superseded her code letters.
 
The effects of the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] included a global slump in shipping. From December 1930 ''{{lang|es|Ebro}}'' was laid up at Avonmouth.<ref name=Rossini/>
 
==''Princesa Olga''==
In 1935 Jugoslavenska Lloyd bought the ship and renamed her ''{{lang|sr|Princesa Olga}}'',{{sfn|Haws|1982|p=80}} after [[Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark]], wife of [[Prince Paul of Yugoslavia]]. The ship was registered in [[Dubrovnik]], and her call sign was YTFK.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1935|loc=PRI}} She ran a seasonal service from April to November between [[Port of Trieste|Trieste]] in Italy and [[Port of Haifa|Haifa]] in Palestine via the [[Corinth Canal]]. Her ports of call were [[Port of Venice|Venice]], [[Port of Split|Split]], [[Gruž]] in [[Dubrovnik]], [[Port of Piraeus|Piraeus]], and [[Alexandria Port|Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://dubrovackidnevnik.net.hr/kolumne/princesa-olga-nas-veliki-putnicki-parobrod-luka-upisa-joj-je-bio-dubrovnik |last=Batričević |first=Ivo |date=6 April 2023 |title=Princesa Olga Naš veliki putnički parobrod, luka upisa joj je bio Dubrovnik |work=dubrovački dnevik.hr |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
==''Serpa Pinto''==
[[File:AlexandreSerpaPinto.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alexandre de Serpa Pinto]] ]]
In 1940 CCN bought ''{{lang|sr|Princesa Olga}}'' and renamed her ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'', after the explorer [[Alexandre de Serpa Pinto]] (1846–1900). She was registered in [[Port of Lisbon|Lisbon]], and her call sign was CSBA.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1940|loc=SEQ–SER}}
 
From May 1940 ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' served CCN's route between Lisbon and [[Port of Beira|Beira]] in [[Portuguese Mozambique|Moçambique]]. Later that year CCN transferred her to its route between Lisbon and [[Port of Santos|Santos]] in Brazil. Between then and the end of the war in 1945 she made ten round trips on the Brazil route.<ref name=Rossini/>
 
On 8 September the {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Widder}} captured the [[Kingdom of Greece|Greek]] [[cargo ship]] {{SS|Antonios Chandris||2}} in the South [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. The German commander ordered the crew to abandon ship, gave them extra food and water, [[Scuttling|scuttled]] ''{{lang|el|Antonios Chandris}}'', and left the crew at sea in two lifeboats at position {{coord|11|25|N|34|10|W}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4009-22SEP01.htm |last=Kindell |first=Don |title=Naval Events, September 1940 (Part 1 of 2) Sunday 1st – Saturday 14th |work=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=Naval-History.net |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
The two boats became separated. A month later, on 8 October, the 22 occupants of one boat sighted ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' and signalled to her with [[Flare#Maritime distress signal|distress rockets]].<ref name=Chandris>{{cite web |url= https://www.portugal1939-1945.org/en/the-serpa-pinto-picked-up-the-survivors-of-antonios-chandris/ |title=The "Serpa Pinto" picked up the survivors of "Antonios Chandris" |work=Portugal 1939–1945 |date=21 February 2019 |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' rescued the survivors and landed them at [[Port of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Greek Ship's Survivors Land |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 October 1940 |page=3 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/10/14/94005596.html?pageNumber=3}}</ref> On 3 November they embarked on another CCN ship, ''{{lang|pt|Tagus}}'', to return to Europe.<ref name=Chandris/> A UK cargo ship found the other lifeboat, and on 21 October landed its ten surviving occupants at [[Port of Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Belgian freighter sunk |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 October 1940 |page=4 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/10/22/95782151.html?pageNumber=4}}</ref>
 
From December 1940 CCN changed ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}''{{'}}s schedule. Her voyages between Lisbon and Brazil were to alternate with voyages between Lisbon and New York. Extra third class accommodation was installed in her cargo holds. One-way fares were $180 in third class, and from $360 to $540 in first class. On 4 January 1941 she reached New York two days behind schedule, due to several days of gales in the North Atlantic. She landed 628 passengers, of whom between 90 and 95 percent were refugees from German-occupied Europe. Passengers complained that the food on board had been very bad, the ship was under-manned, the crew was over-worked, and water had got into some of the third class accommodation during the gales.<ref name=NYT-1941-0110>{{cite news |title=Ship in uproar on Hitler's 'Death' |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 January 1941 |page=9 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/01/10/85445552.html?pageNumber=9}}</ref>
 
Among the passengers were [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]], French, and German film producers, directors, and screenwriters, including the [[Czechs|Czech]] [[Paul Schiller (screenwriter)|Paul Schiller]]. Also aboard was a party of 50 [[History of the Jews in Germany|German Jewish]] refugees on their way to join the [[History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic|Jewish community]] in [[Sosúa]] in the [[Dominican Republic]]. [[Agwilines Inc|Porto Rico Line]] held its ship ''{{lang|es|Coamo}}'' in New York for three hours to give the party time to make their connection.<ref name=NYT-1941-0110/> A [[tugboat]] ferried the party to ''{{lang|es|Coamo}}''.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/50-refugees-arrive-here-transferred-to-dominican-bound-steamer |title=50 Refugees Arrive Here; Transferred to Dominican-Bound Steamer |date=10 January 1941 |publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
[[File:Naums Aronsons.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Naoum Aronson]] ]]
''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}''{{'}}s next North Atlantic crossing started from Lisbon on 15 March 1941. The Portuguese authorities denied CCN permission to add berths for another 170 passengers to her accommodation. Even so, she carried fourth class accommodation in three sections in her cargo holds, with improvised bunk beds [[Tweendecker|between decks]], for which the one-way fare was $170. The UK authorities ordered her to make an unscheduled stop for inspection. She arrived in [[Hamilton, Bermuda]] on 24 March, where the British detained her for three days. She reached [[Stapleton, Staten Island]] on 30 March carrying 640 passengers, including the Jewish sculptor [[Naoum Aronson]]; and Nessim Ovadia, Chief Rabbi of the [[Sephardic Jews]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news |title=Portuguese Liner at Bermuda |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 March 1941 |page=8 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/03/25/85265406.html?pageNumber=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=640 packed aboard liner from Lisbon |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=31 March 1941 |page=32 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/03/31/85473619.html?pageNumber=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/paris-rabbi-aided-to-escape-by-catholics-arrives-here |title=Paris Rabbi, Aided to Escape by Catholics, Arrives Here |date=2 April 1941 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
[[File:Washington Luís foto.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Washington Luís]] ]]
On another crossing from Lisbon to New York, ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' reached Pier 8 at Stapleton on 23 June with 685 passengers and six stowaways. Her passengers included 29 survivors from {{SS|Zamzam||2}}, which the {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis}} had sunk in the South [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] two months previously.<ref name=NYT-1941-0624>{{cite news |title=Arriving refugees gat at war's turn |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=24 June 1941 |page=21 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/06/24/87633215.html?pageNumber=21}}</ref> Also aboard were Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Braun |first=Ilan |title=The Story of the Serpa Pinto |url= https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2623573/jewish/The-Story-of-the-Serpa-Pinto.htm |publisher=Chabad.org |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> [[Washington Luís]], former [[President of Brazil]], and a pair of Polish teenage aristocrats bringing a [[Stradivarius]] violin that they were to deliver to [[Bronisław Huberman]].<ref name=NYT-1941-0624/>
 
On 7 September 1941 the [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] reported that a party 56 refugee children was leaving [[Marseille]] in [[Vichy France]] that day, and was due to leave Lisbon on 11 September aboard ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}''.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/56-refugee-children-to-sail-from-lisbon-to-american-homes |title=56 Refugee Children to Sail from Lisbon to American Homes |date=7 September 1941 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> The [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]]'s ''[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]'' states that on 24 September the ship reached New York and disembarked 57 children.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-immigration-of-refugee-children-to-the-united-states |title=The immigration of refugee children to the United States |encyclopedia=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
The [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee]] (JDC), in consultation with the [[HIAS|HICEM]], arranged for ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' to embark refugees in Lisbon, sail on 25 October, embark more refugees at [[Port of Casablanca|Casablanca]] in [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Morocco]], and take them across the North Atlantic to the Dominican Republic, [[Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|Cuba]], Mexico, and New York.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/jdc-arranges-sailing-of-700-refugees-for-north-and-south-american-countries |title=JDC Arranges Sailing of 700 Refugees for North and South American Countries |date=15 October 1941 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> The start of the voyage was delayed,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/spanish-shipping-line-refusing-to-take-jewish-passengers |title=Spanish Shipping Line Refusing to Take Jewish Passengers |date=26 October 1941 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> and ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' left Lisbon with 138 passengers on 17 November.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/over-250-jewish-refugees-arrive-in-mexico-from-lisbon-casablanca |title=Over 250 Jewish Refugees Arrive in Mexico from Lisbon, Casablanca |date=19 December 1941 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lisbon, Portugal, Nov. 17 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 November 1941 |page=2 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/11/18/105409479.html?pageNumber=2}}</ref> She called at Casablanca, where she embarked another 890 passengers, including 450 [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Spanish Republicans]] bound for Mexico.<ref name=NYT-1941-1227>{{cite news |title=Guadalajara hero plans 'Free Italy' |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 December 1941 |page=8 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/12/27/105414008.html?pageNumber=8}}</ref> Her passengers also included many Jewish refugees, most of them from internment camps in Vichy France or forced labour camps in French Morocco.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/over-250-jewish-refugees-arrive-in-mexico-from-lisbon-casablanca |title=Over 250 Jewish Refugees Arrive in Mexico from Lisbon, Casablanca |date=19 December 1941 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
[[File:Randolfo Pacciardi (IV).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Randolfo Pacciardi]] ]]
The UK again detained ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' in Bermuda, this time for four days. They removed four passengers: a German couple and a Spanish couple. During the voyage three passengers died: two elderly women, and a German 12-year-old girl.<ref name=NYT-1941-1227/> 150 refugees disambarked in [[Santo Domingo]], 239 disembarked in Cuba, and by 22 December the ship had reached [[Veracruz (city)|Vera Cruz]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/jewish-refugees-in-mexico-en-route-to-new-york |title=Jewish Refugees in Mexico En Route to New York |date=21 December 1941 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=38 Refugees Reach Mexico |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=23 December 1941 |page=23 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/12/21/105411825.html?pageNumber=23}}</ref> On 26 December the ship reached Pier 9 on Staten Island, where her disembarking passengers included the anti-fascist [[Randolfo Pacciardi]]. Two stowaways were found aboard and sent to [[Ellis Island]].<ref name=NYT-1941-1227/>
 
On 9 February 1942 it was reported that 150 [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jewish]] refugees, accompanied by a JDC representative, had left Lisbon aboard ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' to be resettled in Jamaica.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/150-polish-refugees-leave-lisbon-for-jamaica-under-jdc-supervision |title=150 Polish Refugees Leave Lisbon for Jamaica Under JDC Supervision |date=9 February 1942 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' also continued to serve Brazil. On 6 May 1942 three members of her crew were arrested in Rio de Janeiro on suspicion of smuggling [[platinum]], allegedly on behalf of a German diplomat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nips platinum smuggling |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 May 1942 |page=11 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/05/07/85534504.html?pageNumber=11}}</ref>
 
''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}''{{'}}s crossed from Lisbon to New York in June 1942. On 18 June the UK detained her in Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news |title=Refugee Ship Halts at Bermuda |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 June 1942 |page=4 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/06/19/99331498.html?pageNumber=4}}</ref> On 25 June she reached Staten Island, where she disambarked 677 refugees. They included 50 children in the care of [[United States Committee for the Care of European Children|USCOM]], of whom 23 were the children of Spanish Republicans, 13 were Germans, and 13 were Poles. Adult refugees aboard included the son, daughter-in-law, and grandchildren of [[Alfred Dreyfus]]. The JDC cared for most of the refugees, and paid the fares of those who could not afford to pay for themselves.<ref>{{cite news |title=677 refugees land; many are children |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=26 June 1942 |page=5 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/06/26/87714463.html?pageNumber=5}}</ref> The ship was due to leave New York on 2 July on her return voyage to Lisbon. However, US authorities held her for at least two days, reportedly over a dispute with the German government about which US port the Swedish liner {{SS|Drottningholm||2}} should use when repatriating diplomats on either side of the war.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reiterates Nazis broke ship pact |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 July 1942 |page=7 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/07/04/85560225.html?pageNumber=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=14 more aliens are seized here |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 July 1942 |page=18 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/07/19/223780042.html?pageNumber=18}}</ref>
 
In 1942 ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' made a crossing from Lisbon to [[Port of Baltimore|Baltimore]]. The UK detained her in Bermuda on 22 September.<ref>{{cite news |title=Refugees' Ship at Bermuda |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=23 September 1942 |page=6 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/09/23/85052262.html?pageNumber=6}}</ref> On 11 October she reached Baltimore, where she disembarked nearly 300 passengers, 120 of whom were Jewish refugees, most of them from France. Her passengers also included 48 other French, 66 Poles, 27 US citizens, 26 Portuguese, and 13 [[Statelessness|stateless]] people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Refugee ship arrives |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=12 October 1942 |page=9 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/10/12/85599873.html?pageNumber=9}}</ref> The Baltimore branch of the [[HIAS]] met the Jewish refugees.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/120-jewish-refugees-from-europe-landing-today-in-baltimore |title=120 Jewish Refugees from Europe Landing Today in Baltimore |date=11 October 1942 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
Also in 1942 ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' made crossings from Lisbon to [[Port of Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. On 30 November she landed Jewish refugees at Philadelphia, where they were met by the New York branch of the HIAS.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/two-portuguese-steamers-land-new-groups-of-jewish-refugees-in-philadelphia |title=Two Portuguese Steamers Land New Groups of Jewish Refugees in Philadelphia |date=30 November 1942 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> On a subsequent crossing to Philadelphia she passed the [[Delaware Breakwater]] on 24 January 1943, but was then stopped off [[Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania]] for five US government agencies to question her 188 passengers before allowing them to disembark. They included 100 refugees, 43 US citizens, 36 children, and 35 stateless people.<ref>{{cite news |title=188 brought from Lisbon |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 January 1943 |page=7 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/01/25/85073554.html?pageNumber=7}}</ref> They were allowed to disembark on 26 January.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/38-jewish-refugee-children-from-france-reach-u-s-from-lisbon |title=38 Jewish Refugee Children from France Reach U.S. from Lisbon |date=26 January 1943 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
On 17 April 1943 ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' left Lisbon on another crossing to the USA. Her passengers included 32 children of various nationalities, who had been refugees in Spain since the [[Case Anton|German and Italian invasion of Vichy France]] in November 1942.<ref>{{cite news |title=Refugee Children Sail for U. S. |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 April 1943 |page=13 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/04/18/85098864.html?pageNumber=13}}</ref>
 
On 13 March 1944 ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' reached Lisbon from the USA and [[Dominion of Canada|Canada]] carrying 125 UK children to be repatriated.<ref>{{cite news |title=British Children Reach Lisbon |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 March 1944 |page=4 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/03/14/96574775.html?pageNumber=4}}</ref> On 7 April she reached Philadelphia carrying 376 refugees. 274 were transferred to trains to take them to [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]].<ref name=NYT-1944-0408>{{cite news |title=Portuguese liner brings 376 refugees |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=8 April 1944 |page=5 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/04/08/83973983.html?pageNumber=5}}</ref> This was the largest group of refugees that Canada had allowed to enter the country since the war began. The JDC paid their travel costs, and the United Jewish Refugee Agency, War Relief Agency, and the Jewish Immigrant Aid Society, guaranteed that they would not become a charge upon public funds.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/jewish-refugees-from-europe-will-land-in-philadelphia-today-en-route-to-canada |title=Jewish Refugees from Europe Will Land in Philadelphia Today En Route to Canada |date=7 April 1944 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> The group going to Canada included [[Alexis Kanner]], then two years old.{{sfn|Rowson||p=187}} The remainder were repatriated US citizens, and passengers travelling onward to Latin America.<ref name=NYT-1944-0408/>
 
[[File:Marcel Duchamp 01.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Marcel Duchamp]] ]]
Other notable refugees who left Europe via ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' include [[Marcel Duchamp]],<ref name=Eckl>{{cite web |last=Eckl |first=Marlen |title=Review: Serpa Pinto, the Ship of Destiny |url= http://www.casastefanzweig.org/sec_news_list.php?language=en&id=65 |publisher=Casa Stefan Zweig}}</ref> Marcel Reich (who became [[Marc Rich]]) with his parents in 1941,{{sfn|Ammann|2009|pp=31–32}} and [[Simone Weil]] in 1942.<ref name=Eckl/> One of her child refugees was Wulf Wolodi Grajonca, who became the rock music promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wohlgelernter |first=Elli |title=Graham, Bill |url= http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0008_0_07786.html |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> The ship became nicknamed the ''Friendship Vessel'' or ''Destiny Ship''.<ref name=Eckl/>
 
===Detained by ''U-541''===
{{Main|Serpa Pinto incident}}
On 16 May 1944 ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' left Lisbon for Philadelphia. She called at [[Porto]] on 18 May, and [[Ponta Delgada]] in the [[Azores]] on 21 May. On 26 May {{GS|U-541||2}} stopped her in mid-Atlantic. The U-boat commander took two prisoner two young men from the US, and ordered her 154 remaining passengers and 155 crew to abandon ship. Three people were killed in accidents while abandoning ship. The [[Naval surgeon|ship's doctor]] died by falling from a rope ladder into the sea. One of her cooks was killed by the swinging block of a [[block and tackle]] hitting him on the head. The 16-month-old daughter of a Polish refugee couple was killed when one of the lifeboats was being lowered and one of the boat's falls broke, tipping all of its occupants into the sea.<ref name=NYT-1944-0601>{{cite news |title=U-boat Halts Refugee Ship, Takes Off Two Americans |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 June 1944 |pages=1, 7 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/06/01/86725110.html?pageNumber=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nine Hours of Terror Spent in Lifeboat Recalled by a Woman Survivor Here |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 June 1944 |page=15 |access-date=5 March 2024 |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/06/03/85157225.html?pageNumber=15}}</ref>
 
The U-boat commander signalled the [[Oberkommando der Marine]] (OKM) for permission to sink the liner. For nine hours the passengers and crew waited in the lifeboats for the reply from the OKM. Twelve hours after the ship was stopped, ''U-541'' was ordered to let her resume her voyage. The passengers and crew reboarded her, and after another five hours ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' resumed her voyage. She reached Philadelphia on 31 May.<ref name=NYT-1944-0601/>
 
===Post-war years===
On 10 October 1945 ''{{lang|pt|Serpa Pinto}}'' left Lisbon on her eleventh voyage to Brazil. In August 1948, en route from Brazil to Portugal, she suffered engine failure. She was out of service for repairs until January 1949. From 14 August 1953 her route was [[Port of Vigo|Vigo]] – Lisbon – [[Port of Funchal|Funchal]] – [[La Guaira]] – [[Curaçao]] – [[Havana]]. She made twelve round trips on this route. On 9 July 1954 she left Lisbon on a final voyage to Santos, via [[São Vicente, Cape Verde]] and Rio de Janeiro. On 6 September 1955 she left Lisbon under tow to [[Port of Antwerp|Antwerp]] in Belgium to be scrapped.<ref name=Rossini/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsE.shtml |last1=Swiggum |first1=Susan |last2=Kohli |first2=Marjorie |date=28 July 2010 |title=Ship Descriptions – E |work=TheShipsList |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
 
==References==
Line 124 ⟶ 196:
 
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1last=OsborneAmmann |first1first=RichardDaniel |last2author-link=SpongDaniel Ammann |first2year=Harry|last3=Grover|first3=Tom2009 |title=Armed[[The MerchantKing Cruisersof Oil]]: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich 1878–1945|yearplace=2007New York |publisher=WorldSt. WarshipMartin's Society|location=Windsor,Press UK|isbn=978-0-9543310312-857074-5|name-list-style=amp3}}
*{{cite book |last=Bettencourt |first=M. Ortins |date=27 May 1944 |chapter= Notícia da iminência de afundamento do navio "Serpa Pinto" por um submarino alemão |title=Arquivo Salazar, MA-1B, cx. 354, capilha 38 |language=pt |place=Lisbon |publisher=[[Torre do Tombo National Archive]] |url= https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/viewer?id=3890176}}
*{{cite book |last=de Dijn |first=Rosinne |year=2009 |title= Das Schicksalsschiff, Rio de Janeiro – Lissabon – New York |lang=de |place=Munich |publisher=Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt |isbn=978-3-421-04350-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Haws |first=Duncan |year=1982 |title=Royal Mail & Nelson Lines |series=Merchant Fleets |volume=5 |place=Crowborough |publisher=Travel Creatours Ltd Publications |isbn=0-946378-00-2}}
*{{cite book |year=1917 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II.–Steamers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1918ST/page/n299/mode/1up |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1917}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1935 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II.–Steamers and Motorships over 300 Tons |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=[[Southampton City Council]] |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/35/35b0674.pdf |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1935}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1940 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=I.–Steamers and Motorship of 300 tons. Trawlers, tugs, dredgers, &c. Sailing vessels. Shipowners, &c. |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=Southampton City Council |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/40/40a0839.pdf |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1940}} }}
*{{cite book |author=The Marconi Press Agency Ltd |author-link=Marconi Company |year=1918 |title=The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony |place=London |publisher=The Wireless Press, Ltd}}
*{{cite book |year=1930 |title=Mercantile Navy List |place=London |via=Crew List Index Project |url= https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/viewimages?name=Ebro&year=1930&submit=Enter |ref={{harvid|''Mercantile Navy List'' 1930}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Nicol |first=Stuart |year=2001 |title=MacQueen's Legacy; A History of the Royal Mail Line |volume=One |place=Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC |publisher=[[The History Press|Tempus Publishing]] |isbn=0-7524-2118-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=Richard |last2=Spong|first2=Harry |last3=Grover |first3=Tom |year=2007 |title=Armed Merchant Cruisers 1878–1945 |place=Windsor |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=978-0-9543310-8-5 |name-list-style=amp}}
*{{cite book |last=Rowson |first=Shabtai |year= |title=American Jewish Year Book |place=Philadelphia |publisher=Jewish Publication Society}}{{clarification needed|reason=Year of publication missing|date=March 2024}}
 
{{1927 shipwrecks}}
{{May 1944 shipwrecks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ebro, RMS}}
 
[[Category:1914 ships]]
[[Category:Ships1927 built in Belfastfires]]
[[Category:Ocean liners of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of Portugal]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Ship fires]]
[[Category:Ships built in Belfast]]
[[Category:Steamships of Portugal]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Steamships of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:World War I Auxiliary cruisers of the Royal Navy]]
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