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'''Caucasus hunter-gatherer''' ('''CHG'''), also called '''Satsurblia cluster''',{{sfn|Fu|Posth|Hajdinjak|Petr|2016}}<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Eisenmann, S. |author2= Bánffy, E. |author3=van Dommelen, P. |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=Reconciling material cultures in archaeology with genetic data: The nomenclature of clusters emerging from archaeogenomic analysis |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue= 1 |pages= 13003 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-31123-z |pmid= 30158639 |pmc= 6115390 |bibcode= 2018NatSR...813003E }}</ref> is an [[anatomically modern human]] [[human genetics|genetic lineage]], first identified in a 2015 study,{{sfn|Jones|Gonzalez-Fortes|Connell|Siska|2015}}{{sfn|Fu|Posth|Hajdinjak|Petr|2016}} based on the [[population genetics]] of several modern [[Eurasia|Western Eurasian]] ([[Europe]]an, [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] and [[Near Eastern]]) populations.<ref name="bbcnov16"/><ref name="Dutchen 2016">{{cite web|last1=Dutchen|first1=Stephanie|title=History on Ice|url=http://hms.harvard.edu/news/history-ice|publisher=[[Harvard Medical School]]|access-date=11 May 2016|date=2 May 2016}}</ref>
It represents an ancestry maximised in some [[Upper Paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] hunter-gatherer groups in the [[Caucasus]]. These groups are also very closely related to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and [[Neolithic]] farmers in the [[Iranian Plateau]], who are sometimes included within the CHG group.<ref>{{Cite journal |
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{{see also|Genetic history of the Middle East|Genetic history of Europe}}
Jones et al. (2015) analyzed genomes from males from western Georgia, in the Caucasus, from the Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,300 years old) and the Mesolithic (9,700 years old). These two males carried [[Y-DNA]] [[haplogroup]]: [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J*]] and [[Haplogroup J-M172|J2a]], later refined to J1-FT34521, and J2-Y12379*, and mitochondrial haplogroups of K3 and H13c, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.yfull.com | title=YFull | NextGen Sequence Interpretation}}</ref> Their genomes showed that a continued mixture of the Caucasians with [[Middle East]]ern populations took place up to 25,000 years ago, when the coldest period in the last Ice Age started.<ref name="bbcnov16">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34832781 |publisher=BBC |date=16 November 2015 |title=Europe's fourth ancestral 'tribe' uncovered}}</ref>
CHG ancestry was also found in an [[Upper Palaeolithic]] specimen from [[Satsurblia cave]] (dated {{Circa|11000 BC}}), and in a [[Mesolithic]] one from Kotias Klde cave, in [[Imereti|western Georgia]] (dated {{Circa|7700 BC}}). The Satsurblia individual is closest to modern populations from the [[South Caucasus]].{{sfn|Jones|Gonzalez-Fortes|Connell|Siska|2015}}
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Some scholars argue that the archaic PIE ('[[Indo-Hittite|Indo-Anatolian']]) language may have originated among a CHG-rich population in [[West Asia|Western Asia]], based on the lack of EHG ancestry in the probable speakers of [[Anatolian languages]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Alpaslan-Roodenberg |first2=Songül |last3=Acar |first3=Ayşe |last4=Açıkkol |first4=Ayşen |last5=Agelarakis |first5=Anagnostis |last6=Aghikyan |first6=Levon |last7=Akyüz |first7=Uğur |last8=Andreeva |first8=Desislava |last9=Andrijašević |first9=Gojko |last10=Antonović |first10=Dragana |last11=Armit |first11=Ian |last12=Atmaca |first12=Alper |last13=Avetisyan |first13=Pavel |last14=Aytek |first14=Ahmet İhsan |last15=Bacvarov |first15=Krum |date=26 August 2022 |title=The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe |journal=Science |language=en |volume=377 |issue=6609 |pages=eabm4247 |doi=10.1126/science.abm4247 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=10064553 |pmid=36007055}}</ref> Others, such as Anthony, suggest that PIE was spoken by EHGs living in [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anthony |first=David |date=1 January 2019 |title=Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard |url=https://www.academia.edu/39985565 |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies}}</ref>
According to Jones ''et al''. (2015), Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) "genomes significantly contributed to the Yamnaya steppe herders who migrated into Europe ~3,000 BCE, supporting a formative Caucasus influence on this important Early [[Bronze Age]] culture. CHG left their imprint on modern populations from the [[Caucasus]] and also [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia]] possibly correlating with the arrival of [[Indo-Aryan language]]s."<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|Gonzalez-Fortes|Connell|Siska|2015}}: "Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) belong to a distinct ancient clade that split from western hunter-gatherers ~45 kya, shortly after the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Europe and from the ancestors of Neolithic farmers ~25 kya, around the Last Glacial Maximum."</ref> For example, about 50–70% of Armenian ancestry is derived from CHG, persisting from Neolithic times to the present.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dergachev |first1=Valentin |last2=Shephard |first2=Henry |last3=Sirbu |first3=Ghenadie |last4=Szécsényi-Nagy |first4=Anna |date=2022 |title=The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363157308 |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6609 |pages=982–987 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Wang et al. (2018) analysed genetic data of the North Caucasus of fossils dated between the 4th and 1st millennia BC and found correlation with modern groups of the South Caucasus, concluding that "unlike today – the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement".{{sfn|Wang|Reinhold|Kalmykov|Wissgott|2018}} According to Allentoft ''et al.'' (2024), The arrival and admixture of CHG with Caspian steppe cultures is dated to about 7,300-years-old, which is seen in two ancient samples from Golubaya Krinitsa with 18–24% admixture.<ref name="Allentoft_2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Allentoft |first1=Morten E. |last2=Sikora |first2=Martin |last3=Refoyo-Martínez |first3=Alba |last4=Irving-Pease |first4=Evan K. |last5=Fischer |first5=Anders |last6=Barrie |first6=William |last7=Ingason |first7=Andrés |last8=Stenderup |first8=Jesper |last9=Sjögren |first9=Karl-Göran |last10=Pearson |first10=Alice |last11=Sousa da Mota |first11=Bárbara |last12=Schulz Paulsson |first12=Bettina |last13=Halgren |first13=Alma |last14=Macleod |first14=Ruairidh |last15=Jørkov |first15=Marie Louise Schjellerup |date=January 2024 |title=Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia
== Ancient Greece, Aegean and Italy ==
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== Central Asia and South Asia ==
CHG/Iranian Plateau Neolithic-like ancestry is prominent in pre-steppe admixture [[Chalcolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] (4500–2000 BCE) populations in Central Asia, like the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]] (which also had [[Anatolian Neolithic Farmers|Anatolian Neolithic Farmer]]-related ancestry)<ref name=":3" /> as well as in the northwestern Indian subcontinent such as in sites in or adjacent to the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (who have mixed CHG-related and [[Ancient Ancestral South Indian]] ancestry).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> It is unclear as to whether the dispersal of CHG/Iranian Plateau-related ancestry eastwards to the Indian subcontinent was the result of the migration of farmers or an earlier dispersal of hunter-gatherers who later adopted farming, but this dispersal likely occurred sometime before 6000 BCE due to the lack of Anatolian Farmer-related ancestry in ancient South Asians, but which is present in the Iranian Plateau after this time. This pre-steppe CHG-related ancestry makes up a significiant proportion of the ancestry of modern South Asians.<ref name=":3" /> WSHs, who were of significant CHG ancestry, also later migrated into Central Asia and South Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |
==See also==
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