Content deleted Content added
Reverted 2 edits by 2601:447:C981:1340:2C11:F6CC:F572:1925 (talk): Disruptive |
m +wls Korean War, penicillin, Polio vaccine, Sharps waste#Sharps containers and History of HIV/AIDS#1981–1982: From GRID to AIDS |
||
| (2 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 16:
[[File:HypodermicBronami.svg|thumb|Hypodermic needle features]]
A '''hypodermic needle''' (from [[Greek Language|Greek]] ὑπο- (''hypo-'' = under), and δέρμα (''derma'' = skin)) is a very thin, hollow tube with one sharp tip. It is one of a category of medical tools which enter the skin, called '''sharps'''
A hypodermic needle is used for rapid delivery of liquids, or when the injected substance cannot be ingested, either because it would not be [[Absorption (pharmacokinetics)|absorbed]] (as with [[insulin]]), or because it would harm the [[liver]]. It is also useful to deliver certain medications that cannot be delivered orally due to vomiting. There are many possible [[Injection (medicine)|routes]] for an injection, with [[intramuscular]] (into a [[muscle]]) and [[intravenous]] (into a [[vein]]) being the most common. A hypodermic syringe has the ability to retain liquid and blood in it up to years after the last use and a great deal of caution should be taken to use a new syringe every time.
Line 25:
===Early use and experimentation===
The ancient [[Greeks]] and [[Roman people|Romans]] knew injection as a method of medicinal delivery from observations of snakebites and poisoned weapons.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |vauthors=Norn S, Kruse PR, Kruse E| year = 2006 | title = On the history of injection | journal = Dan Medicinhist Arbog | volume = 34 | pages = 104–1 | pmid = 17526154 }}</ref> There are also references to "anointing" and "inunction" in the [[Old Testament]] as well as the works of [[Homer]], but injection as a legitimate medical tool was not truly explored until the 17th century.<ref name="Kotwal, Atul 2005">
[[Christopher Wren]] performed the earliest confirmed experiments with crude hypodermic needles, performing intravenous injection into dogs in 1656.<ref name="Kotwal, Atul 2005"/> These experiments consisted of using animal bladders (as the syringe) and goose quills (as the needle) to administer drugs such as [[opium]] intravenously to dogs. Wren and others' main interest was to learn if medicines traditionally administered orally would be effective intravenously. In the 1660s, [[Johann Daniel Major]] of [[Kiel]] and [[Johann Sigismund Elsholtz]] of [[Berlin]] were the first to experiment with injections in humans.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal | author = Ball C | date = Jun 2006 | title = The early development of intravenous apparatus | journal = Anaesthesia and Intensive Care | volume = 34 | issue = Suppl 1| pages = 22–6 | doi = 10.1177/0310057X0603401S02 | pmid = 16800224 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
===19th-century development===
Line 42:
[[Francis Rynd|Dr. Francis Rynd]] used the first "Hollow Needle" as a hypodermic syringe on Ms. Margaret Cox in Ireland on June 3rd, 1844. Dr. Wood can be largely credited with the popularization and acceptance of injection as a medical technique, as well as the widespread use and acceptance of the hypodermic needle. The basic technology of the hypodermic needle has stayed largely unchanged since the 19th century, but as the years progressed and medical and chemical knowledge improved, small refinements have been made to increase safety and efficacy, with needles being designed and tailored for very particular uses. Hypodermic needles remain essential to large volume administration or exchange in settings of trauma or dialysis. The trend of needle specification for use began in the 1920s, particularly for the administration of insulin to diabetics.<ref name="beckton">Beckton Dickinson and Company, "Four Major Phases of Injection Device Development", [https://web.archive.org/web/20150508145312/http://www.ahrn.net/library_upload/uploadfile/file2376.pdf Syringe and Needle History]</ref>
The onset of World War II spurred the early development of partially disposable syringes for the administration of [[morphine]] and [[penicillin]] on the battlefield. Development of the [[Single-use medical devices|fully disposable]] hypodermic needle was spurred on in the 1950s for several reasons. The [[Korean War]] created blood shortages and in response disposable, sterile syringes were developed for collecting blood. The widespread [[Polio vaccine|immunization against polio]] during the period required the development of a fully disposable syringe system.<ref name="beckton" />
The 1950s also saw the rise and recognition of cross-contamination from used needles. This led to the development of the first fully disposable plastic syringe by New Zealand pharmacist Colin Murdoch in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/hypodermicsyringe.aspx|title=Hypodermic syringe|website=www.sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=July 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703160400/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/hypodermicsyringe.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> This period also marked a shift in interest from needle specifications to general sterility and safety.<ref name="beckton" />
The 1980s saw the [[History of HIV/AIDS#1981–1982: From GRID to AIDS|rise of the HIV epidemic]] and with it renewed concern over the safety of cross-contamination from used needles. New safety controls were designed on disposable needles to ensure the safety of medical workers in particular. These controls were implemented on the needles themselves, such as retractable needles, but also in the handling of used needles, particularly in the use of [[Sharps waste#Sharps containers|hard-surface disposal receptacles]] found in every medical office today.<ref name="beckton" />
By 2008, all-plastic needles were in production and in limited use. One version was made of [[Vectra (plastic)]] [[aromatic]] [[liquid crystal polymer]] tapered from 1.2 mm at the hub to 0.72 mm at the tip (equivalent to 22 gauge metal needle), with an ID/OD ratio of 70%.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/26584/busillo_eric_200812_mast.pdf |first=Eric |last=Busillo |publisher= Georgia Institute of Technology |date= July 9, 2008 |title=Characterization of Plastic Hypodermic Needles}}</ref>
| |||