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Line 14: \| working_state = Current \| source_model = [[Open-source software\|Open source]] \| released = {{Start date and age\|1993\|08}}<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/detailed.en.html#rel-0 \|title = Chapter 4. A Detailed History \|access-date = November 10, 2024}}</ref> ~~\| released = {{Start date and age\|1993\|09\|15}}~~ \| latest release version = 12.8<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.debian.org/News/2024/20241109 \|title=Updated Debian 12: 12.8 released \|access-date=2025-01-05 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/gzd46 \|archive-date=2025-01-05 \|url-status=live \|website=debian.org}}</ref> ~~\| latest release version = 12.7~~ \| latest release date = {{~~Release~~Start date and age\|2024\|0811\|3109}} \| latest preview version = {{#if: {{wikidata\|property\|preferred\|Q7715973\|P348\|P548=Q1072356}} \| {{wikidata\|property\|preferred\|references\|edit\|Q7715973\|P348\|P548=Q1072356}} ({{wikidata\|qualifier\|preferred\|single\|Q7715973\|P348\|P548=Q1072356\|P1476}}) }} \| latest preview date = {{wikidata\|qualifier\|preferred\|single\|Q7715973\|P348\|P548=Q1072356\|P577}} \| repo = ~~deb~~[https://salsa.debian.org salsa.debian.org] \| language = 78 languages \| updatemodel = * [[Command-line interface\|Command line]] via package manager ~~\| updatemodel = [[Long-term support]] in Stable edition, [[rolling release]] in Testing and Unstable (Sid) editions~~ * Optional [[Graphical user interface \|graphical]] [[app store]]s ~~\| package_manager = {{wikidata\|property\|reference\|P3033}}~~ \| package_manager = [[APT (software)\|APT]], [[dpkg]] \| supported_platforms = [[x86-64]], [[arm64]], [https://wiki.debian.org/ArmEabiPort armel], [[armhf]], [[i386]], [[MIPS architecture\|mips64el]], [[ppc64el]], [[s390x]]<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://www.debian.org/ports/ \|title = Debian -- Ports \|access-date = May 26, 2014 \|archive-date = November 22, 2016 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161122100500/http://www.debian.org/ports/ \|url-status = live }}</ref><br/>[[MIPS architecture\|mips]], [[mipsel]] (deprecated)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-release/2019/08/msg00582.html \|title=Dropping mips architecture for bullseye and sid \|date=August 20, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2023/09/msg00000.html \|title=mipsel removed from unstable/experimental \|date=September 2, 2023 }}</ref><br/>[[RISC-V\|riscv64]] (in progress)<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://wiki.debian.org/RISC-V \| title=RISC-V - Debian Wiki \| access-date=2018-01-24 \| archive-date=March 20, 2018 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320153651/https://wiki.debian.org/RISC-V \| url-status=live }}</ref> \| supported_platforms = {{Collapsible list \| title = Supported Architectures \|[[x86-64]], \|[[arm64]], [https://wiki.debian.org/ArmEabiPort armel], \|[[armhf]], \|[[i386]], \|[[MIPS architecture\|mips64el]], [[mipsel]], \|[[ppc64el]], \|[[s390x]],<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://www.debian.org/ports/ \|title = Debian -- Ports \|access-date = May 26, 2014 \|archive-date = November 22, 2016 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161122100500/http://www.debian.org/ports/ \|url-status = live }}</ref> \|[[MIPS architecture\|mips]] (deprecated),<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-release/2019/08/msg00582.html \|title=Dropping mips architecture for bullseye and sid \|date=August 20, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2023/09/msg00000.html \|title=mipsel removed from unstable/experimental \|date=September 2, 2023 }}</ref> \|[[RISC-V\|riscv64]] (in progress)<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://wiki.debian.org/RISC-V \| title=RISC-V - Debian Wiki \| access-date=2018-01-24 \| archive-date=March 20, 2018 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320153651/https://wiki.debian.org/RISC-V \| url-status=live }}</ref>}} \| kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel\|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel]]) \| userland = [[GNU Core Utilities\|GNU]] \| ui = [[GNOME]]{{efn\|[[GNOME]] is generally considered the desktop default.{{citation needed\|date=December 2024}} Although, Debian also offers [[Optical disc image\|ISO]]s for [[Cinnamon (desktop environment)\|Cinnamon]], [[KDE Plasma 5\|KDE Plasma]], [[LXDE]], [[LXQt]], [[MATE (software)\|MATE]] and [[Xfce]]}} ~~\| ui = * [[GNOME]] on DVD~~ * [[Xfce]] on CD and non-Linux ports * [[KDE Plasma 5\|KDE Plasma]], [[Cinnamon (desktop environment)\|Cinnamon]], [[MATE (software)\|MATE]], [[LXQt]], [[LXDE]] available on Debian's website \| license = [[Debian Free Software Guidelines\|DFSG]]-compatible licenses, plus proprietary firmware files \| website = {{Official URL}} }} '''Debian''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|d\|ɛ\|b\|i\|ə\|n}}),<ref name="debfaq-def">{{cite web \|url = https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation \|work = The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ -- Chapter 1 – Definitions and overview \|title = How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean? \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2019-03-18 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190402174759/https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation \|archive-date = April 2, 2019 \|url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="debianorg-about">{{cite web \|title = Debian -- About \|url = https://www.debian.org/intro/about \|website = Debian \|access-date = 12 June 2017 \|archive-date = January 17, 1999 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990117033720/https://www.debian.org/intro/about \|url-status = live }}</ref> also known as '''Debian GNU/Linux''', is a [[free and open-source software\|free and open source]]{{efn\|Optionally allows the installation of [[Proprietary firmware\|non-free firmware]] or [[Proprietary software\|software]]<ref name="Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems">{{cite web \|title=Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems \|url=https://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102171742/https://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html \|archive-date=November 2, 2023 \|publisher=[[GNU]]}}</ref><ref name="General Resolution: non-free firmware: results">{{cite web \|title=General Resolution: non-free firmware: results \|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2022/10/msg00001.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102171923/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2022/10/msg00001.html \|archive-date=November 2, 2023 \|access-date=2023-11-02}}</ref>}} [[Linux distribution]], developed by the Debian Project, which was established by [[Ian Murdock]] in August, 1993. Debian is ~~the~~one ~~basis~~of ~~for~~the ~~[[List~~oldest ofoperating ~~Linux~~systems ~~distributions#Debian-~~based~~\|many~~ ~~other~~on ~~distributions]], such as [[Ubuntu]],~~the [[Linux ~~Mint~~kernel]], ~~[[Tails~~and ~~(operating~~is ~~system)\|Tails]],~~the ~~[[Proxmox~~basis ~~Virtual Environment\|Proxmox]],~~for [[~~Kali~~List of Linux~~]],~~ ~~[[Pardus (operating system)~~distributions#Debian-based\|~~Pardus]]~~many ~~and~~other ~~[[Astra~~Linux ~~Linux~~distributions]]. ~~Debian is one~~As of ~~the~~September ~~oldest operating systems based on the [[Linux kernel]] and~~2023, asDebian ~~of September 2023,~~is the second oldest Linux distribution still in active development, only behind [[Slackware]]. The project is coordinated over the [[Internet]] by a team of volunteers guided by the [[List of Debian project leaders\|Debian Project Leader]] and three foundational documents: the [[Debian Social Contract]], the Debian Constitution, and the [[Debian Free Software Guidelines~~]]. New distributions are updated continually, and the next candidate is released after a time-based [[Freeze (software engineering)\|freeze~~]]. In general, Debian has been developed openly and distributed freely according to some of the principles of the [[GNU Project]] and Free Software.<ref name="Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems" /><ref>{{Cite web \|date=1 October 2022 \|title=Debian Social Contract \|url=https://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines \|access-date=15 February 2024 \|website=Debian}}</ref> Because of this, the [[Free Software Foundation]] sponsored the project from November 1994 to November 1995.<ref name="A Brief History of Debian">{{cite web \| url = https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/project-history.en.txt \| title = A Brief History of Debian \| archive-date = November 3, 2023 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231103150337/https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/project-history.en.txt}}</ref> However, it is no longer endorsed by GNU and the FSF due to the distribution's long-term practice of hosting non-free software repositories and, since 2022, its inclusion of non-free firmware in its installation media by default.<ref name="Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems" /><ref name="General Resolution: non-free firmware: results" /> On June 16, 1997, the Debian Project founded the [[nonprofit organization]] [[Software in the Public Interest]] to continue financially supporting development. Line 45 ⟶ 54: {{Main\|Debian version history}} Debian distribution codenames are based on the [[List of Toy Story characters\|names of characters]] from the ''[[Toy Story (franchise)\|Toy Story]]'' films. Debian's ''unstable'' trunk is named after [[List of Toy Story characters#~~Sid~~ Phillips family\|Sid]], a character who regularly destroyed his toys.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Debian Releases - Codenames\|url=https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases#Codenames\|website=Debian Wiki\|access-date=25 July 2017\|archive-date=September 30, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930033254/https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases#Codenames\|url-status=live}}</ref> === Founding (1993–1998) === Line 74 ⟶ 83: [[File:Iceweasel icon.svg\|thumb\|64px\|left\|[[Iceweasel]] logo]] In 2006, as a result of a much-publicized dispute, [[~~Mozilla~~Debian–Mozilla ~~software~~trademark ~~rebranded by Debian~~dispute\|Mozilla software was rebranded in Debian]], with [[Firefox]] forked as Iceweasel and [[Mozilla Thunderbird\|Thunderbird]] as Icedove. The Mozilla Corporation stated that software with unapproved modifications could not be distributed under the Firefox trademark. Two reasons that Debian modified the Firefox software were to change non-free artwork and to provide security patches.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://archive09.linux.com/feature/57675 \|publisher = [[Linux.com]] \|title = Behind the Debian and Mozilla dispute over use of Firefox \|date = 2006-10-10 \|first = Lisa \|last = Hoover \|access-date = 2009-02-09 \|archive-date = June 6, 2012 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120606110117/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/57675 \|url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite mailing list \|url = https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2006/10/msg00665.html \|title = Re: Will IceWeasel be based on a fork or on vanilla FireFox? \|last = Sanchez \|first = Roberto C. \|mailing-list = debian-devel \|publisher = Debian \|date = 2006-10-15 \|access-date = 2014-08-03 \|archive-date = August 8, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051725/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2006/10/msg00665.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> In February 2016, it was announced that Mozilla and Debian had reached an agreement and Iceweasel would revert to the name Firefox; similar agreement was anticipated for Icedove/Thunderbird.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/3036509/linux/iceweasel-will-be-renamed-firefox-as-relations-between-debian-and-mozilla-thaw.html \|title = 'Iceweasel' will be renamed 'Firefox' as relations between Debian and Mozilla thaw \|last = Hoffman \|first = Chris \|magazine = PC World \|date = 2016-02-24 \|access-date = 2016-03-27 \|archive-date = March 29, 2016 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160329150932/http://www.pcworld.com/article/3036509/linux/iceweasel-will-be-renamed-firefox-as-relations-between-debian-and-mozilla-thaw.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> A fund-raising experiment, Dunc-Tank, was created to solve the release cycle problem and release managers were paid to work full-time;<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.dunc-tank.org/press.html \|title = Press Information \|publisher = Dunc-Tank \|date = 2006-09-19 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061010082200/http://www.dunc-tank.org/press.html \|archive-date = 2006-10-10 \|access-date = 2014-08-24 }}</ref> in response, unpaid developers slowed down their work and the release was delayed.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Linux-and-Open-Source/Disgruntled-Debian-Developers-Delay-Etch/ \|title = Disgruntled Debian Developers Delay Etch \|last = Vaughan-Nichols \|first = Steven J. \|publisher = [[eWeek]] \|date = 2006-12-18 \|access-date = 2014-08-24 }}</ref><br> Line 100 ⟶ 109: == Features == [[File:~~Debian10-installation-menu~~Debian 12 GRUB, UEFI mode.png\|thumb\|Debian 1012 installation menu (~~BIOS~~UEFI Mode)]] [[File:Debian10-text-installer.png\|thumb\|Text version of the [[Debian Installer]] ]] [[File:~~Debian10-graphical-installer~~Debian 12 Graphical Installer.png\|thumb\|Graphical version of the Debian Installer]] [[File:~~Debian10~~Debian 12 CLI-~~console-login~~Console mode.png\|thumb\|Debian 1012 console login and welcome message]] Debian has access to online [[software repository\|repositories]] that contain over 51,000 [[Package (package management system)\|packages]].<ref>{{cite web \|title = 50.000 binary packages \|first1=Ralf \|last1=Treinen \|date=8 Feb 2016 \|url = https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2016/02/msg00122.html \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = February 8, 2016 \|archive-date = February 13, 2016 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160213234055/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2016/02/msg00122.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> Debian officially contains only free software, but non-free software can be downloaded and installed from the Debian repositories.<ref name="packages">{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages \|title = Packages \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2014-06-22 \|archive-date = June 21, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140621193509/http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages \|url-status = live }}</ref> Debian includes popular free programs such as [[LibreOffice]],<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110623 \|title = Debian Moves to LibreOffice \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2012-03-05 \|archive-date = January 11, 2012 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120111222046/http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110623 \|url-status = live }}</ref> [[Firefox]] web browser, [[GNOME Evolution\|Evolution]] mail, [[K3b]] disc burner, [[VLC media player]], [[GIMP]] image editor, and [[Evince]] document viewer.<ref name="packages" /> Debian is a popular choice for [[server (computing)\|servers]], for example as the operating system component of a [[LAMP (software bundle)\|LAMP]] stack.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/247845/debian_linux_named_most_popular_distro_for_web_servers.html \|title = Debian Linux Named Most Popular Distro for Web Servers \|last = Noyes \|first = Katherine \|magazine = [[PC World]] \|date = 2012-01-11 \|access-date = 2013-02-14 \|archive-date = February 9, 2013 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130209000744/http://www.pcworld.com/article/247845/debian_linux_named_most_popular_distro_for_web_servers.html \|url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = http://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-linux/all/all \|title = Usage statistics and market share of Linux for websites \|publisher = W3Techs.com \|access-date = 2014-06-10 \|archive-date = July 18, 2012 \|archive-url = https://archive.today/20120718181627/http://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-linux/all/all \|url-status = live }}</ref> Line 119 ⟶ 127: [[File:XFCE 4.12.3 on Debian 9.3.png\|thumb\|Xfce is default on CD images and non-Linux ports.]] Debian offers CD and DVD images specifically built for [[Xfce]], [[GNOME]], [[KDE]], [[MATE (~~software~~desktop environment)\|MATE]], [[Cinnamon (desktop environment)\|Cinnamon]], [[LXDE]], and [[LXQt]].<ref name="squeeze released">{{cite web \|title = Debian 6.0 'Squeeze' released \|publisher = Debian \|url = http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110205a \|date = 2011-02-06 \|access-date = 2011-02-06 \|archive-date = February 21, 2011 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110221183035/http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110205a \|url-status = live }}</ref> [[MATE (~~software~~desktop environment)\|MATE]] support was added in 2014,<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://packages.debian.org/wheezy-backports/mate-desktop \|title = Package: mate-desktop (1.8.1+dfsg1-1~bpo70+1) \|access-date = 2014-07-06 \|publisher = Debian \|archive-date = July 14, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714115428/https://packages.debian.org/wheezy-backports/mate-desktop \|url-status = live }}</ref> and [[Cinnamon (desktop environment)\|Cinnamon]] support was added with Debian 8 Jessie.<ref>{{Cite web \|title = Details of package cinnamon in jessie \|url = https://packages.debian.org/en/jessie/cinnamon \|website = packages.debian.org \|access-date = 2015-09-06 \|archive-date = September 9, 2015 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150909035505/https://packages.debian.org/en/jessie/cinnamon \|url-status = live }}</ref> Less common [[window manager]]s such as [[Enlightenment (window manager)\|Enlightenment]], [[Openbox]], [[Fluxbox]], [[IceWM]], [[Window Maker]] and others are available.<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://packages.debian.org/sid/x-window-manager \|title = Virtual Package: x-window-manager \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2014-05-27 \|archive-date = May 27, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140527231641/https://packages.debian.org/sid/x-window-manager \|url-status = live }}</ref> The default desktop environment of version 7 Wheezy was temporarily switched to Xfce, because GNOME 3 did not fit on the first CD of the set.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTE1NTk \|last = Larabel \|first = Michael \|author-link = Michael Larabel \|title = Debian Now Defaults To Xfce Desktop \|publisher = [[Phoronix]] \|date = 2012-08-08 \|access-date = 2012-08-27 \|archive-date = August 10, 2012 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120810220558/http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTE1NTk \|url-status = live }}</ref> The default for the version 8 Jessie was changed again to Xfce in November 2013,<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://linux.softpedia.com/blog/Debian-8-0-quot-Jessie-quot-Ditches-GNOME-and-Adopts-Xfce-397262.shtml \|title = Debian 8.0 'Jessie' Ditches GNOME and Adopts Xfce \|last = Stahie \|first = Silviu \|publisher = [[Softpedia]] \|date = 2013-11-05 \|access-date = 2014-11-22 \|archive-date = November 29, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129051655/http://linux.softpedia.com/blog/Debian-8-0-quot-Jessie-quot-Ditches-GNOME-and-Adopts-Xfce-397262.shtml \|url-status = live }}</ref> and back to GNOME in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/tasksel/tasksel.git/commit/?id=dce99f5f8d84e4c885e6beb4cc1bb5bb1d9ee6d7 \|title = switch default desktop to GNOME \|last = Hess \|first = Joey \|publisher = [[Alioth (Debian)\|Alioth]] \|date = 2014-09-19 \|access-date = 2014-11-03 \|archive-date = November 4, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141104013603/https://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/tasksel/tasksel.git/commit/?id=dce99f5f8d84e4c885e6beb4cc1bb5bb1d9ee6d7 \|url-status = live }}</ref> Line 167 ⟶ 175: Non-free includes packages that do not comply with the DFSG,<ref name="debian-policy">{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive.html#s-sections \|work = Debian Policy Manual \|title = Chapter 2 – The Debian Archive \|publisher = Debian \|date = 2013-10-28 \|access-date = 2014-07-09 \|url-status = dead \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140713200533/http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive.html#s-sections \|archive-date = July 13, 2014 \|df = mdy-all }}</ref> such as documentation with invariant sections and [[proprietary software]],<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001#amendmenttexta \|title = General Resolution: Why the GNU Free Documentation License is not suitable for Debian main \|publisher = Debian \|year = 2006 \|access-date = 2014-07-02 \|archive-date = June 29, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140629002111/https://www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001#amendmenttexta \|url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = https://packages.debian.org/stable/fglrx-driver \|title = Package: fglrx-driver (1:12-6+point-3) [non-free] \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2014-07-02 \|archive-date = July 14, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200624/https://packages.debian.org/stable/fglrx-driver \|url-status = live }}</ref> and legally questionable packages.<ref name="debian-policy" /> Contrib includes packages which do comply with the DFSG but fail other requirements. For example, they may depend on packages which are in non-free or requires such for building them.<ref name="debian-policy" /> [[Richard Stallman]] and the [[Free Software Foundation]] have criticized the Debian project for hosting the non-free repository and because the contrib and non-free areas are easily accessible,<ref name="Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems"//><ref>{{cite mailing list \|url = https://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/gnuherds-app-dev/2007-10/msg00049.html \|title = Re: Debian vs gNewSense – FS criteria \|last = Stallman \|first = Richard \|author-link = Richard Stallman \|mailing-list = gnuherds-app-dev \|publisher = lists.nongnu.org \|date = 2007-10-06 \|access-date = 2014-07-09 \|quote = What makes Debian unacceptable is that its inclusion of non-free software is not a mistake. \|archive-date = July 14, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714142657/https://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/gnuherds-app-dev/2007-10/msg00049.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> an opinion echoed by some in Debian including the former project leader Wichert Akkerman.<ref>{{cite mailing list \|url = https://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/1999/06/msg00043.html \|mailing-list = debian-vote \|title = Moving contrib and non-free of master.debian.org \|last = Akkerman \|first = Wichert \|date = 1999-06-21 \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2014-08-04 \|archive-date = July 20, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140720100552/https://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/1999/06/msg00043.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> The internal dissent in the Debian project regarding the non-free section has persisted,<ref>{{cite mailing list \|url = https://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/2014/03/msg00224.html \|title = non-free? \|last = Wise \|first = Paul \|mailing-list = debian-vote \|publisher = Debian \|date = 2014-03-22 \|access-date = 2014-08-16 \|archive-date = August 19, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084518/https://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/2014/03/msg00224.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> but the last time it came to a vote in 2004, the majority decided to keep it.<ref name="nonfreeremovalvote">{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/vote/2004/vote_002 \|title = General Resolution: Status of the non-free section \|year = 2004 \|access-date = 2009-09-28 \|publisher = Debian \|archive-date = October 8, 2009 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091008234847/http://www.debian.org/vote/2004/vote_002 \|url-status = live }}</ref> === Cross-distribution package ~~manager~~managers === The most popular optional Linux cross-distribution package manager are graphical (front-ends) package managers. They are available within the official Debian Repository but are not installed by default. They are widely popular with both Debian users and Debian software developers who are interested in installing the most recent versions of application or using the cross-distribution package manager built-in sandbox environment. While at the same time remaining in control of the security.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|last=Brodkin\|first=Jon\|date=2016-06-21\|title=Linux's RPM/deb split could be replaced by Flatpak vs. snap\|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/06/here-comes-flatpak-a-competitor-to-ubuntus-cross-platform-linux-apps/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211219110800/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/06/here-comes-flatpak-a-competitor-to-ubuntus-cross-platform-linux-apps/\|archive-date=December 19, 2021\|access-date=2021-12-19\|website=[[Ars Technica]]\|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|date=2020-11-27\|title=How to Install and Use Flatpak on Linux\|url=https://www.linuxtoday.com/news/how-to-install-and-use-flatpak-on-linux/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211218164651/https://www.linuxtoday.com/news/how-to-install-and-use-flatpak-on-linux/\|archive-date=December 18, 2021\|access-date=2021-12-19\|website=Linux Today\|language=en-US}}</ref> Line 176 ⟶ 184: * [[Flatpak]] software code is owned and maintained by the not for profit Flatpak Team, with an open source [[GNU Lesser General Public License\|LGPL-2.1-or-later]] license. * [[Homebrew (package manager)\|Homebrew]] software code is owned and maintained by its original author Max Howell, with an open source [[BSD 2-Clause License]]. * [[Snap (~~package manager~~software)\|Snap]] software code is owned and maintained by the for profit [[Canonical Group\|Canonical Group Limited]], with an open source [[GNU General Public License\|GNU General Public License, version 3.0]]. == Branches == Line 184 ⟶ 192: Three [[Branching (version control)\|branches]] of Debian (also called ''releases'', ''distributions'' or ''suites'') are regularly maintained:<ref name="debian-releases">{{cite web \|title = Debian Releases \|url = http://www.debian.org/releases/ \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2014-06-22 \|archive-date = October 11, 2011 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111011180740/http://www.debian.org/releases/ \|url-status = live }}</ref> * ''Stable'' is the current release and targets stable and well-tested software needs.<ref>{{cite news \|url = https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-new-debian-linux-7-0-is-now-available/ \|title = The new Debian Linux 7.0 is now available \|last = Vaughan-Nichols \|first = Steven J. \|work = [[ZDNet]] \|date = 2013-05-05 \|access-date = 2014-07-08 \|archive-date = November 29, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032319/http://www.zdnet.com/the-new-debian-linux-7-0-is-now-available-7000014911/ \|url-status = live }}</ref> ''Stable'' is made by freezing ''Testing'' for a few months where bugs are fixed and packages with too many bugs are removed; then the resulting system is released as ''stable''. It is updated only if major security or usability fixes are incorporated.<ref name="distributions" /> This branch has an optional [[Backporting\|backports]] service that provides more recent versions of some software.<ref name="news-backports-official">{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/News/2010/20100905 \|title = Backports service becoming official \|publisher = Debian \|date = 2010-09-05 \|access-date = 2014-06-17 \|archive-date = September 3, 2011 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110903172855/http://www.debian.org/News/2010/20100905 \|url-status = live }}</ref> ''Stable''{{'}}s CDs and DVDs can be found in the Debian website.<ref name="jigdo-cd" /> The current version of ''Stable'' is codenamed ''bookworm''.<ref name="debian-releases" /> * ''Testing'' is the preview branch that will eventually become the next major release. The packages included in this branch have had some testing in ''unstable'' but they may not be fit for release yet. It contains newer packages than ''stable'' but older than ''unstable''. This branch is updated continually until it is frozen.<ref name="distributions" /> ''Testing''{{'}}s CDs and DVDs can be found on the Debian website.<ref name="jigdo-cd" /> The current version of ''Testing'' is codenamed ''trixie''. <ref name="debian-releases" /> * ''Unstable'', always codenamed ''sid'', is the [[Trunk (software)\|trunk]]. Packages are accepted without checking the distribution as a whole.<ref name="distributions" /> This branch is usually run by software developers who participate in a project and need the latest libraries available, and by those who prefer [[Bleeding edge technology\|bleeding-edge]] software.<ref name="debian-releases" /> Debian does not provide full Sid installation discs, but rather a minimal ISO that can be used to install over a network connection. Additionally, this branch can be installed through a system upgrade from ''stable'' or ''testing''.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#unstable-images \|title = Frequently Asked Questions \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2014-07-09 \|archive-date = July 14, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195751/https://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#unstable-images \|url-status = live }}</ref> Line 204 ⟶ 212: [[File:Debian-OpenLogo.svg\|thumb\|upright=0.5\|The official logo (also known as open use logo) that contains the well-known Debian swirl<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|title=Debian logos \|url=https://www.debian.org/logos/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130162327/https://www.debian.org/logos/ \|archive-date=January 30, 2024 \|access-date=January 30, 2024 \|website=Debian \|at=First paragraph}}</ref>\|145x145px]] Debian has two logos. The ~~[https://www.debian.org/logos/#open-use <u>~~official logo~~</u>]~~ (also known as <q>''open use logo''</q>) contains the well-known Debian <q>''swirl''</q> and best represents the visual identity of the Debian Project. A separate, ~~<u>[https://www.debian.org/logos/#restricted-use restricted-use~~ logo~~]</u>~~, also exists for use by the Debian Project and its members only.<ref name=":2" /> The Debian "swirl" logo was designed by Raul Silva<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://gnuart.onshore.com/ \|title = GNU/art \|access-date = February 18, 2015 \|archive-date = February 8, 2015 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150208024346/http://gnuart.onshore.com/ \|url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = https://lists.debian.org/debian-www/2010/10/msg00119.html \|title = Logo credit \|access-date = February 18, 2015 \|archive-date = February 18, 2015 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150218182043/https://lists.debian.org/debian-www/2010/10/msg00119.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> in 1999 as part of a contest to replace the semi-official logo that had been used.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/News/1999/19990204.en.html \|title = Debian Logo Contest \|access-date = March 24, 2021 \|archive-date = February 18, 2015 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150218195921/https://www.debian.org/News/1999/19990204.en.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> The winner of the contest received an @Debian.org [[email address]], and a set of Debian 2.1 install CDs for the architecture of their choice. Initially, the swirl was magic smoke arising from an also included bottle of an Arabian-style genie presented in black profile, but shortly after was reduced to the red smoke swirl for situations where space or multiple colours were not an option, and before long the bottle version effectively was superseded{{Disputed inline\|Debian Logo\|date=July 2024}}. There has been no official statement from the Debian project on the logo's meaning, but at the time of the logo's selection, it was suggested that the logo represented the [[magic smoke]] ~~( [https://www.debian.org/logos/officiallogo-100.jpg or the genie] )~~ that made computers work.<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/1999/06/msg00001.html \|title = [PROPOSED] Swap the "open" and "official" versions of the new logo \|access-date = February 18, 2015 \|archive-date = September 9, 2015 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150909090814/https://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/1999/06/msg00001.html \|url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.linux.slashdot.org/story/99/06/04/0412213/debian-chooses-logo \|title = Debian Chooses Logo \|url-status = dead \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150218181919/http://www.linux.slashdot.org/story/99/06/04/0412213/debian-chooses-logo \|archive-date = February 18, 2015 \|df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2005/01/msg01782.html \|title = Origins of the Debian logo \|access-date = January 11, 2018 \|archive-date = January 12, 2018 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180112043011/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2005/01/msg01782.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> One theory about the origin of the Debian logo is that [[Buzz Lightyear]], the chosen character for the first named Debian release, has a swirl in his chin.{{sfn \|Krafft \|2005 \|p=66}}<ref>{{cite AV media \|url=http://www.pixar.com/sites/default/files/ts_billboards_title_v3.jpg \|title=Toy Story \|type=Billboard \|publisher=[[Pixar]] \|access-date=2014-08-20 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110181603/http://www.pixar.com/sites/default/files/ts_billboards_title_v3.jpg \|archive-date=November 10, 2013 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Stefano Zacchiroli]] also suggested that this swirl is the Debian one.<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://upsilon.cc/~zack/talks/2010/20101204-versailles.pdf \|title = Debian: 17 ans de logiciel libre, 'do-ocracy' et démocratie \|page = 6 \|first=Stefano \|last=Zacchiroli \|author-link=Stefano Zacchiroli \|date = 2010-12-04 \|access-date = 2014-10-21 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161120152845/https://upsilon.cc/~zack/talks/2010/20101204-versailles.pdf \|archive-date = November 20, 2016 \|url-status = dead }}</ref> Buzz Lightyear's swirl is a more likely candidate as the codenames for Debian are names of Toy Story characters. The former Debian project leader [[Bruce Perens]] used to work for Pixar and is credited as a studio tools engineer on ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' (1999). Line 223 ⟶ 231: \|- \| Non-desktop \| 256 [[~~megabyte~~Mebibyte\|MBMiB]] \| 512 MBMiB \| \| 2 [[gigabyte\|GB]] \|- \| Desktop \| 1 GB[[gibibyte\|GiB]] \| 2 GBGiB \| 1 GHz \| 10 GB Line 237 ⟶ 245: The real minimum memory requirements depend on the architecture and may be much less than the numbers listed in this table. It is possible to install Debian with 170 [[megabyte\|MB]] of RAM for x86-64;<ref name="hreqs1" /> the installer will run in low memory mode and it is recommended to create a [[Paging\|swap partition]].<ref name="installation-7-6.3" /> The installer for [[z/Architecture]] requires about 20 MB of RAM, but relies on network hardware.<ref name="hreqs1" /><ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/releases/jessie/s390x/ch05s01.html.en \|work = Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide \|title = 5.1. Booting the Installer on S/390 \|publisher = Debian \|year = 2015 \|access-date = 2017-01-20 \|archive-date = July 29, 2020 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729040658/https://www.debian.org/releases/jessie/s390x/ch05s01.html.en \|url-status = live }}</ref> Similarly, disk space requirements, which depend on the packages to be installed, can be reduced by manually selecting the packages needed.<ref name="hreqs1" /> {{As of\|2019\|5\|df=}}, no Pure Blend exists that would lower the hardware requirements easily.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://blends.debian.org/blends/ch04.html \|work = Debian Pure Blends \|title = Chapter 4. Existing Debian Pure Blends \|publisher = Debian \|date = 2013-06-19 \|access-date = 2014-06-19 \|archive-date = May 28, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140528053841/http://blends.debian.org/blends/ch04.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> It is possible to run [[graphical user interface]]s on older or low-end systems,. ~~but~~However, the installation of [[window manager]]s instead of [[desktop environment]]s is recommended, as desktop environments are more resource intensive. Requirements for individual software vary widely and must be considered, with those of the base operating environment.<ref name="hreqs1" /> === Architectures === Line 326 ⟶ 334: \|[//www.debian.org/vote/2018/vote_001_quorum.log 2018] \|1001 \|[//www.debian.org/vote/2019/vote_001_quorum.log 2019] \|1003 \|[~~https:~~//www.debian.org/vote/2020/vote_001_quorum.log 2020] \|1011 \|[~~https:~~//www.debian.org/vote/2021/vote_001_quorum.log 2021] \|1018 \|[~~https:~~//www.debian.org/vote/2022/vote_001_quorum.log 2022] \|1023 \|[~~https:~~//www.debian.org/vote/2023/vote_001_quorum.log 2023] \|996}} \|[//www.debian.org/vote/2024/vote_001_quorum.log 2024] \|1010}} Debian developers are organized in a [[web of trust]].{{sfn \|Coleman \|2013 \|p=143}} There are {{as of\|2014\|alt=at present}} about one thousand active Debian developers,<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://nm.debian.org/public/people/dd_u \|title = Debian New Member – Status DD, upl. \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2014-06-21 \|archive-date = July 6, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140706171828/https://nm.debian.org/public/people/dd_u \|url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = https://nm.debian.org/public/people/dd_nu \|title = Debian New Member – Status DD, non-upl. \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2014-06-21 \|archive-date = July 6, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140706171252/https://nm.debian.org/public/people/dd_nu \|url-status = live }}</ref> but it is possible to contribute to the project without being an official developer.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/intro/help \|title = How can you help Debian? \|publisher = Debian \|date = 2014-04-30 \|access-date = 2014-06-03 \|archive-date = May 16, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140516222212/http://www.debian.org/intro/help \|url-status = live }}</ref> Line 445 ⟶ 454: The Debian project offers documentation and tools to [[hardening (computing)\|harden]] a Debian installation both manually and automatically.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#securing \|access-date = 2008-12-13 \|title = Securing Debian Manual \|publisher = Debian \|archive-date = January 28, 2021 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128190114/https://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#securing \|url-status = live }}</ref> [[AppArmor]] support is available and enabled by default since Buster.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.debian.org/News/2019/20190706.en.html\|title=Debian -- News -- Debian 10 "buster" released\|website=www.debian.org\|access-date=2019-07-08\|archive-date=July 7, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707151659/https://www.debian.org/News/2019/20190706.en.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Debian provides an optional hardening wrapper, and does not harden all of its software by default using [[GNU Compiler Collection\|gcc]] features such as [[Position-independent code\|PIE]] and [[buffer overflow protection]], unlike operating systems such as [[OpenBSD]],<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://d-sbd.alioth.debian.org/www/ \|title = Debian Secure by Default \|publisher = Debian: SbD \|access-date = 2011-01-31 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041103003535/http://d-sbd.alioth.debian.org/www/ \|archive-date = November 3, 2004 \|url-status = dead }}</ref> but tries to build as many packages as possible with hardening flags.<ref name="new-in-7">{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/i386/release-notes/ch-whats-new.html \|work = Release Notes for Debian 7.0 (wheezy), 32-bit PC \|title = Chapter 2. What's new in Debian 7.0 \|publisher = Debian \|access-date = 2014-05-27 \|archive-date = June 6, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220213/https://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/i386/release-notes/ch-whats-new.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> In May 2008, a Debian developer discovered that the [[OpenSSL]] package distributed with Debian and derivatives such as [[~~Ubuntu (operating system)\|~~Ubuntu]] made a variety of security keys vulnerable to a [[random number generator attack]], since only 32,767 different keys were generated.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571 \|title = DSA-1571-1 openssl: predictable random number generator \|date = 2008-05-13 \|access-date = 2008-10-31 \|publisher = Debian \|archive-date = March 9, 2011 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110309045023/http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571 \|url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-0166 \|title = CVE-2008-0166 \|access-date = 2014-07-21 \|publisher = [[Mitre Corporation\|MITRE]] \|archive-date = July 14, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714005052/http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-0166 \|url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="garfinkel">{{cite magazine \|url =https://www.technologyreview.com/2008/05/20/220474/alarming-open-source-security-holes/ \|title = Alarming Open-Source Security Holes \|last = Garfinkel \|first = Simson \|author-link = Simson Garfinkel \|magazine = [[MIT Technology Review]] \|date = 2008-05-20 \|access-date = 2014-07-21 }}</ref> The security weakness was caused by changes made in 2006 by another Debian developer in response to memory debugger warnings.<ref name="garfinkel" /><ref>{{cite web \|url = https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=363516 \|title = valgrind-clean the RNG \|publisher = Debian BTS \|date = 2006-04-19 \|access-date = 2014-06-21 \|archive-date = August 6, 2014 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140806025755/https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=363516 \|url-status = live }}</ref> The complete resolution procedure was cumbersome because patching the security hole was not enough; it involved regenerating all affected keys and certificates.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~hovav/dist/debiankey.pdf \|title = When Private Keys are Public: Results from the 2008 Debian OpenSSL Vulnerability \|publisher = [[University of California, San Diego]] \|year = 2009 \|access-date = 2014-06-22 \|archive-date = March 4, 2016 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192449/http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~hovav/dist/debiankey.pdf \|url-status = live }}</ref> === Value === Line 469 ⟶ 478: ====Debian GNU/kFreeBSD==== [[File:Horned logo.svg\|thumb\|upright=0.5\|Logo of Debian GNU/kFreeBSD]] Debian GNU/kFreeBSD is a discontinued<ref>{{cite mailing list\|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2014/11/msg00005.html\|title=Release Team Sprint Results\|date=2014-11-09\|mailing-list=debian-devel-announce\|first=Jonathan\|last=Wiltshire\|access-date=January 10, 2017\|archive-date=February 21, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221051409/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2014/11/msg00005.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> Debian flavor. It used the [[FreeBSD]] [[Kernel (operating system)\|kernel]] and [[GNU]] [[User space\|userland]]. The majority of software in Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was built from the same sources as Debian, with some kernel packages from [[FreeBSD]]. The ''k'' in ''kFreeBSD'' is an abbreviation for ''kernel'', which refers to the FreeBSD kernel. Before discontinuing the project, Debian maintained i386 and amd64 ports. The last version of Debian kFreeBSD was Debian 8 (Jessie) RC3. Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was created in 2002.<ref>{{Cite mailing list\|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-bsd/2002/01/msg00000.html\|title=Chrooted NetBSD environment available for testing\|date=2002-01-06\|mailing-list=debian-bsd\|first=Matthew\|last=Garrett\|access-date=December 17, 2019\|archive-date=September 6, 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906012153/https://lists.debian.org/debian-bsd/2002/01/msg00000.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> It was included in Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) as a [[technology preview]], and in Debian 7 (Wheezy) as an official port.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2024}} Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was discontinued as an officially supported platform as of Debian 8. Debian developers cited [[Open Sound System\|OSS]], [[PF (firewall)\|pf]], [[FreeBSD jail\|jails]], [[Network Driver Interface Specification\|NDIS]], and [[ZFS]] as reasons for being interested in the FreeBSD kernel.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://wiki.debian.org/Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD_why\|title=Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD_why\|website=Debian Wiki\|date=2011-10-05\|access-date=2013-07-05\|archive-date=February 22, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222164624/https://wiki.debian.org/Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD_why\|url-status=live}}</ref> It has not been officially updated since Debian 8.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/ \|title=Debian GNU/kFreeBSD \|work=Debian.org \|access-date=May 26, 2014 \|archive-date=May 31, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531011403/http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> ~~From~~However, starting in July 2019, the operating system ~~continues~~continued to be maintained unofficially.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-bsd/2019/07/threads.html\|title=debian-bsd Jul 2019 by thread\|website=lists.debian.org\|access-date=2019-07-31\|archive-date=July 31, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731204052/https://lists.debian.org/debian-bsd/2019/07/threads.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> As of July 2023, the development of Debian GNU/kFreeBSD has officially terminated due to the lack of interest and developers.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=14 July 2023 \|title=Debian official announcement \|url=https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2023/07/msg00176.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927064527/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2023/07/msg00176.html \|archive-date=27 September 2023 \|access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> == See also == Line 482 ⟶ 491: * [[Mobian]] == References and notes == ~~==Notes==~~ {{Reflist}}▼ {{notelist}} == ~~References~~Sources == ▲{{Reflist}} ~~== Further reading ==~~ * {{cite book\|last=Coleman\|first=E. Gabriella\|title=Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking\|url=https://archive.org/details/codingf_col_2013_00_9193\|url-access=registration\|year=2013\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn=978-0-691-14461-0}} * {{cite book \|last=Hertzog \|first=Raphaël \|title=The Debian Administrator's Handbook \|publisher=Freexian \|year=2013 \|url=https://debian-handbook.info/browse/stable/sect.release-lifecycle.html \|isbn=979-10-91414-03-6 \|access-date=2014-06-22}} Line 496 ⟶ 503: {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} * {{DistroWatch\|debian\|NAME=Debian ~~GNU/Linux~~}}▼ * [https://www.techiwiki.info/post/debian-vs-arch-linux-what-is-the-difference-between-the-two-major-types-of-linux-distributions Debian vs Arch Linux] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211152629/https://www.techiwiki.info/post/debian-vs-arch-linux-what-is-the-difference-between-the-two-major-types-of-linux-distributions \|date=February 11, 2022 }} at [http://techiwiki.info TechiWiki] ▲* {{DistroWatch\|debian\|NAME=Debian GNU/Linux}} * Fosdem 2022, [https://archive.fosdem.org/2022/schedule/event/mobile_mobian/ 2 Years of Mobian Birth and growth of a mobile Linux distribution] {{Debian}} Line 506 ⟶ 511: {{Authority control}} [[Category:Debian\| ]] [[Category:1993 software]] [[Category:ARM Linux distributions]]