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** 63.0% [[Quechua people|Quechua]]
** 0.8% [[Aymara people|Aimara]]
** 0.1% [[
** 0.1% Other indigenous groups {{efn|Includes [[Nikkei people|Nikkei]], [[Tusan]], among others.}}
* 31.0% [[Mestizo]] (mixed [[Peruvians of European descent|White]] and [[Indigenous peoples of Peru|Indigenous]])
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| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
'''Cusco''' or '''Cuzco'''{{efn|''Cusco'' has been the preferred spelling since 1976; see {{seclink|#Spelling and etymology}}.}} ({{IPA|es-419|ˈkusko|lang}}; {{
The city was the capital of the [[Inca Empire]]
{{TOC limit|3=}}
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There is no international, official spelling of the city's name. In English-language publications both "s"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/south-america/peru/cusco-and-around/cusco/|title=Cusco – Cusco and around Guide|work=roughguides.com|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903082349/https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/south-america/peru/cusco-and-around/cusco/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|date=19 July 2022 }}</ref> and "z"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/273 |title=City of Cuzco – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date=21 August 2007 |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/peru/cuzco/ |title=Cuzco Travel Information and Travel Guide – Peru |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> can be found. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' and ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'' prefer "Cuzco",<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of English'', 2nd ed, revised, 2009, Oxford University Press, eBook edition, accessed 30 August 2017.</ref><ref>''Merriam-Webster Online''|[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Cuzco], accessed 30 August 2017.</ref> and in scholarly writings "Cuzco" is used more often than "Cusco".<ref>JSTOR (cuzco) AND la:(eng OR en) has 12,687 articles vs. only 4,168 articles for (cusco) AND la:(eng OR en); JSTOR accessed 20 April 2024.</ref> The city's international airport code is [[Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport|CUZ]], reflecting the earlier Spanish spelling.
==Symbols==
===Flag===
{{Main|Flag of Cusco}}
The official [[Flag of Cusco]] consists of seven horizontal stripes in the colors red, orange, yellow, green, sky blue, blue, and violet, representing the rainbow. This flag was introduced in 1973 by Raúl Montesinos Espejo in celebration of the 25th anniversary of his Tawantinsuyo Radio station. Its popularity led to its official adoption by the Municipality of Cusco in 1978. Since 2021, the flag has also included the golden "Sol de Echenique," a symbol associated with the city's historical identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participa/documentos/boletin23062004.pdf|title=La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo|accessdate=12 June 2009|website=[[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congreso de la República]]|language=es|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085436/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participa/documentos/boletin23062004.pdf|archivedate=13 August 2011}}</ref>
===Coat of arms===
{{Main|Coat of arms of Cusco}}
The [[Coat of arms of Cusco]] was officially adopted in 1986 and is used by the city, [[Cusco Province|province]], and [[Department of Cuzco|region]] of Cusco. The coat of arms incorporates elements from both Inca and Spanish heraldry. Historically, the city's arms included a golden castle on a red field with eight condors surrounding it. The modern design, officially adopted in 1986, features the [[Sol de Echenique]], a golden sun emblem, as the central element, symbolizing the city's connection to its Inca heritage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Angles Vargas |first1=Víctor |title=Historia del Cusco Colonial Tomo I |date=1988 |publisher=Industrial Gráfica S.A |location=Lima |author-link=Víctor Angles Vargas}}</ref>
===Anthem===
{{Main|Anthem of Cusco}}
The [[Anthem of Cusco]] was composed by Roberto Ojeda Campana with lyrics by Luis Nieto Miranda in 1944. It was officially adopted as the city's anthem and has been sung at public events since then. In 1991, the anthem was translated into [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] by Faustino Espinoza Navarro and Mario Mejía Waman. The anthem is performed in both Spanish and Quechua, reflecting the city's cultural diversity and historical significance. In 2019, the Municipality of Cusco declared the performance of the anthem in Quechua at civic events to be of public interest and historical importance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mendoza|first1=Zoila|title=Crear y sentir lo nuestro: folclor, identidad regional y nacional en el Cusco, siglo XX|date=2006|publisher=Fondo Editorial de la PUCP|location=Lima|isbn=9972-42-770-6|edition=First}}
</ref>
==History==
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=== Killke culture ===
The [[Killke culture|Killke]] people occupied the region from 900 to 1200
===Inca period===
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[[File:Capitulo-XCII.jpg|thumb|The first image of Cusco in Europe. [[Pedro Cieza de León]]. ''Crónica del Perú'', 1553.|left]]
The first three [[Spanish Empire|Spaniards]] arrived in the city in May 1533, after the [[Battle of Cajamarca]], collecting for [[Atahualpa]]'s [[Ransom Room]]. On 15 November 1533 [[Francisco Pizarro]] officially arrived in Cusco. "The capital of the Incas ... astonished the Spaniards by the beauty of its edifices, the length and regularity of its streets." The great square was surrounded by several palaces, since "each sovereign built a new palace for himself." "The delicacy of the stone work excelled" that of the Spaniards'. The fortress had three [[
Pizarro ceremoniously gave [[Manco Inca]] the Incan fringe as the new Peruvian leader.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|221}} Pizarro encouraged some of his men to stay and settle in the city, giving out [[repartimiento]]s, or land grants to do so.<ref name=Pizarro>Pizzaro, P. (1571). ''Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru'', Vol. 1–2. New York: Cortes Society, RareBooksClub.com, {{ISBN|9781235937859}}</ref>{{rp|46}} [[Alcaldes]] were established and [[regidor]]es on 24 March 1534, which included the brothers [[Gonzalo Pizarro]] and [[Juan Pizarro (conquistador)|Juan Pizarro]]. Pizarro left a garrison of 90 men and departed for [[Jauja]] with Manco Inca.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|222, 227}}
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[[File:Colonial balconies of Cusco Ephraim George Squier.jpg|alt=|thumb|''View in the Plaza del Cabildo, Cuzco'' in 1877 by [[Ephraim George Squier]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/peruincidentsoft00squi/page/430/mode/2up|page=431|title=Peru; incidents of travel and exploration in the land of the Incas|author=[[Ephraim George Squier]]|year=1877|publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]]}}</ref>]]
[[File:Vista panorámica de la ciudad de Cuzco (circa 1897) (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|Panoramic view of Cusco in 1897, showing the city, surrounding farmland, and mountains. "CUZCO" is written on the ground.]]
===Present===
A major earthquake on 21 May
In the 1990s, during the [[Provincial Municipality of Cusco|mayoral administration]] of Mayor [[Daniel Estrada (politician)|Daniel Estrada Pérez]], the city underwent a new process of beautification through the restoration of monuments and the construction of plazas, fountains and monuments. Likewise, thanks to the efforts of this authority, various recognitions were achieved, such as the declaration as "Historical Capital of Peru" contained in the text of the Political Constitution of Peru of 1993. It was also decided to change the coat of arms of Cusco, leaving aside the colonial coat of arms and adopting the "[[Sol de Echenique]]" as the new coat of arms. Additionally, the change of the official name of the city was proposed to adopt the Quechua word ''Qosqo'', but this change was reversed a few years later. Currently, Cusco is the most important tourist destination in Peru. Under the administration of mayor Daniel Estrada Pérez, a staunch supporter of the ''[[Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua]]'', between 1983 and 1995 the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] name ''Qosqo'' was officially adopted for the city. Tourism in the city was drastically affected by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Peru]] and the [[2022–2023 Peruvian protests]], with the latter event costing the area 10 million soles daily.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vega |first=Ysela |title=Cusco sin 4.000 reservas hoteleras y pérdidas de S/10 millones al día |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2023/02/06/cuzco-4000-reservas-hoteleras-perdidas-de-s-10-millones-al-dia-dina-boluarte-paro-nacional-protestas-326748 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=La Republica |date=6 February 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
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==Geography==
[[File:Cusco by Sentinel-2, 17 July 2024.png|thumb|
=== Location ===
Cusco extends throughout the Huatanay (or Watanay) river valley. Located on the eastern end of the Knot of Cusco{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}, its elevation is around {{convert|3400|m|ft|abbr=on}}. To its north is the [[Vilcabamba mountain range]] with {{convert|4000|-|6000|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off|-high|sp=us}} mountains. The highest peak is [[Salcantay]] ({{convert|6271|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=off|sp=us}}) about {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} northwest of Cusco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://andes.zoom-maps.com/|title=Map of the Andes|work=zoom-maps.com|access-date=18 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924154519/http://andes.zoom-maps.com/|archive-date=24 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Cusco ([[Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]])
| metric first = y
| single line = y
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| Dec record high C = 29.9
| year record high C = 29.9
| Jan high C =
| Feb high C =
| Mar high C = 19.
| Apr high C =
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| Dec high C = 20.
| year high C =
| Jan mean C =
| Feb mean C =
| Mar mean C =
| Apr mean C =
| May mean C = 12.
| Jun mean C = 11.
| Jul mean C = 10.
| Aug mean C = 11.
| Sep mean C =
| Oct mean C =
| Nov mean C =
| Dec mean C =
| year mean C = 12.5
| Jan low C =
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| Jan record low C = 0.0
| Feb record low C = 0.0
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| Nov sun = 195
| Dec sun = 158
| source 1 = NOAA (precipitation 1961–1990),<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PR/84686.TXT
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| publisher = Météo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref> Meteostat<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://meteostat.net/en/station/84452
| source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (mean temperatures 1961–1990, precipitation days 1970–1990 and humidity 1954–1993)<ref name = DWD>▼
|title= Cuzco Climate : Temperature 1991-2020
|publisher=Meteostat
▲| source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_846860_kt.pdf
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|archive-date=27 April 2013
|df=dmy }}</ref>
▲| access-date = 25 October 2023}}</ref>
}}
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}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! City district
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=== Tourism ===
Tourism has been the backbone to the Cusco economy since the early 2000s, bringing in more than 1.2 million tourists per year.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|741070699}} |title=PERU: New Cusco airport will help boost tourism |work=Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service |date=10 August 2010 |url=https://dailybrief.oxan.com/Analysis/DB161871/PERU-New-Cusco-airport-will-help-boost-tourism |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2019, Cusco was the region that reached the highest number of tourists in Peru with more than 2.7 million tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.perucamaras.org.pe/nt390.html#:~:text=Cusco%20fue%20la%20regi%C3%B3n%20que,y%20La%20Libertad%20con%20736%2C183. |title=Llegada de turistas aumentó 8,1% en el 2019}}</ref> In 2002, the income Cusco received from tourism was US$837 million. In 2009, that number increased to US$2.47 billion. {{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} Most tourists visiting the city are there to tour the city and the Incan Ruins, especially the top destination, [[Machu Picchu]], which is one of the New Seven Modern Wonders of the World.
In order to keep up with tourist demand, the city is constructing a new airport in [[Chinchero District|Chinchero]] known as [[Chinchero International Airport]]. Its main purpose is for tourists to bypass lay overs through Lima and connect the city to Europe and North America. It will replace the old airport, [[Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]].
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=== Religion ===
The most common religion in Cusco is [[Catholicism]].
=== Cuisine ===
As capital to the Inca Empire, Cusco was an important agricultural region. It was a natural reserve for thousands of native Peruvian species, including around 3,000 varieties of potato cultivated by the people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leighton |first1=Paula |date=Jul 7, 2023 |title=Peru city bans GM to protect native potatoes |url=http://www.scidev.net/en/news/peru-city-bans-gm-to-protect-native-potatoes.html |access-date=21 February 2012 |publisher=scidev.net}}</ref> Fusion and neo-Andean restaurants developed in Cusco, in which the cuisine is prepared with modern techniques and incorporates a blend of traditional Andean and international ingredients.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2007 |title=Restaurantes |url=http://www.sazonperu.com/busqueda/ciudad/index.php?idprov=137&flag=1&iddpto=8&idio= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120020007/http://www.sazonperu.com/busqueda/ciudad/index.php?idprov=137&flag=1&iddpto=8&idio= |archive-date=20 November 2007 |website=Sazón Perú |df=dmy}}</ref> Cuy (guinea pig), a native animal in Cusco, is a popular dish in the city.
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Although the list of typical dishes may vary among individuals, Tapia and García present a list of foods and beverages usually found in a Cusco picantería:<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Tapia Peña |first1=Saúl |last2=García Huallpa |first2=Juan Fabrizio |title=Picanterías típicas para la promoción turística en el barrio de San Blas del Cusco |type=Licentiate thesis |publisher=Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco |url=http://repositorio.unsaac.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNSAAC/949/253T20110022.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=2011}}
</ref>
==== Foods ====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
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{{div col end}}
Other dishes include [[Chairo (stew)|chairo]], [[Adobo de chancho|adobo]], [[rocoto relleno]], [[kapchi]], [[
==== Beverages ====
*[[Chicha de jora]]
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==== Chiri Uchu ====
[[File:Chiriuchu.jpg|thumb|Plate of Chiri Uchu]]
''Chiri Uchu'' is a typical dish of the locality not offered in picanterías, as it is consumed in June during the Cusco festivities of [[Inti Raymi]] and, primarily, during the [[Feast of Corpus Christi|Corpus Christi]]. It is considered one of the most authentic gastronomic expressions of Cusco as it blends both native flavors of the [[Andes]] and those brought by the [[Spanish conquistadors]]. It is a cold dish that includes various meats ([[Guinea pig#
=== Music ===
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The cathedral is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuzco|Archdiocese of Cuzco]].
{{Clear}}
==== Plaza de Armas de Cusco ====
{{Main|Plaza de Armas (Cusco)}}
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==== Air ====
[[File:Aeropuerto Internacional Alejandro Velasco Astete - Cusco.jpg|thumb|Cuzco Airport runway]]
Cusco's main international airport is [[Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]], which provides service to 5 domestic destinations and 3 international ones. It is named in honor of Peruvian pilot Alejandro Velasco Astete who was the first person to fly across the Andes in 1925 when he made the first flight from Lima to Cusco. The airport is the second busiest in Peru after Lima's [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]]. It will soon be replaced by [[Chinchero International Airport]]. which will provide access to North American and Europe.
==== Rail ====
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*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Athens]], Greece
*{{flagicon|PHL}} [[Baguio]], Philippines
*{{flagicon|
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Chartres]], France
*{{flagicon|HON}} [[Copán Ruinas]], Honduras
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