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{{about|the city}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=October 2019}}
<!-- popup [[File:Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Plaza de Armas, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 74.JPG]] -->
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cusco
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| nickname = {{lang|es|La Ciudad Imperial}} (The Imperial City), {{lang|es|El Ombligo del Mundo}} (The Navel of the World)
| motto =
| anthem = {{lang|es|[[Anthem of Cusco|Himno del Cusco]]}}<br />{{lang|qu|Qosqo yupaychana taki}}<br />(English: "Anthem of Cusco")<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| total_width = 290
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Plaza de Armas, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31,
| caption1 = [[Plaza de Armas (Cusco)|Plaza de Armas]] with
| image2 =
| caption2 = [[Sacsayhuamán]]
| image3 =
| caption3 = [[Qorikancha]]
| image4 = Cusco
| caption4 =
| image5 = Calle Carmen Alto, Cusco, Peru -
| caption5 =
| image6 =
| caption6 =
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Cusco (2021).svg
| flag_size = 100px
| image_shield = Cusco Emblem.svg
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-lat=-13.5200|frame-long=-71.9770|frame-width=300|zoom=12|type=point|title=Cusco|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-color=#808080|stroke-width=1|id=Q1218}} <!-- This map shows the historical center. If you find a map with the actual shape of the entire Cusco, please replace it-->
| mapsize = 200px
| map_caption = Districts of Cusco
| pushpin_map = Peru#South America#Earth
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Peru
| pushpin_relief = 1
| subdivision_type = Country
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| leader_title = [[Provincial Municipality of Cusco|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Víctor G. Boluarte Medina
| established_title = [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Founded]]
| established_date = March 23, 1534<ref>{{Cite web |last=La República |date=2020-03-23 |title=Cusco: 486 años de la fundación de la antigua capital Inca |url=https://larepublica.pe/cultural/2020/03/23/efemerides-la-fundacion-espanola-de-cusco-hace-486-anos-un-dia-como-hoy |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref>
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| founder = [[Francisco Pizarro]]
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3 =
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| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| settlement_type =
| population_total = 428450
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = {{lang|es|cuzqueño/a}}, {{lang|es|cusqueño/a}}
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = {{efn|Based on the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]], which included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic groups
| demographics1_info1 = {{tree list}}
* 64.0% [[Indigenous peoples of Peru|Indigenous]]
** 63.0% [[Quechua people|Quechua]]
** 0.8% [[Aymara people|Aimara]]
** 0.1% [[Amazon basin#Indigenous peoples|Amazonian]]{{efn|Includes [[Asháninka]], [[Aguaruna language|Awajún]], [[Shipibo-Conibo|Shipibo-Konibo]] and [[Chayahuita language|Shawi]].}}
** 0.1% Other indigenous groups {{efn|Includes [[Nikkei people|Nikkei]], [[Tusan]], among others.}}
* 31.0% [[Mestizo]] (mixed [[Peruvians of European descent|White]] and [[Indigenous peoples of Peru|Indigenous]])
* 1.9% [[Peruvians of European descent|White]]
* 0.8% Other
* 2.3% No answer
{{tree list/end}}
| demographics_type2 = [[GDP|GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)]]
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics2_title1 = Year
| demographics2_info1 = 2023
| demographics2_title2 = Total
| demographics2_info2 = $4.2 billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_per.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Peru Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
| timezone = PET
| utc_offset = -5
| postal_code_type = [[UBIGEO]]
| postal_code = 08000
| timezone_DST = <!-- No -->
| utc_offset_DST = <!-- No -->-5
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| elevation_m = 3399
| elevation_ft =
| area_code = 84
|
| child = yes
| Official_name= [[Historic Centre of Cusco|City of Cusco]]
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| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
'''Cusco''' or '''Cuzco'''{{efn|''Cusco'' has been the preferred spelling since 1976; see
The city was the capital of the [[Inca Empire]]
{{TOC limit|3=}}
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There is no international, official spelling of the city's name. In English-language publications both "s"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/south-america/peru/cusco-and-around/cusco/|title=Cusco – Cusco and around Guide|work=roughguides.com|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903082349/https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/south-america/peru/cusco-and-around/cusco/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|date=19 July 2022 }}</ref> and "z"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/273 |title=City of Cuzco – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date=21 August 2007 |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/peru/cuzco/ |title=Cuzco Travel Information and Travel Guide – Peru |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> can be found. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' and ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'' prefer "Cuzco",<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of English'', 2nd ed, revised, 2009, Oxford University Press, eBook edition, accessed 30 August 2017.</ref><ref>''Merriam-Webster Online''|[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Cuzco], accessed 30 August 2017.</ref> and in scholarly writings "Cuzco" is used more often than "Cusco".<ref>JSTOR (cuzco) AND la:(eng OR en) has 12,687 articles vs. only 4,168 articles for (cusco) AND la:(eng OR en); JSTOR accessed 20 April 2024.</ref> The city's international airport code is [[Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport|CUZ]], reflecting the earlier Spanish spelling.
==Symbols==
===Flag===
{{Main|Flag of Cusco}}
The official [[Flag of Cusco]] consists of seven horizontal stripes in the colors red, orange, yellow, green, sky blue, blue, and violet, representing the rainbow. This flag was introduced in 1973 by Raúl Montesinos Espejo in celebration of the 25th anniversary of his Tawantinsuyo Radio station. Its popularity led to its official adoption by the Municipality of Cusco in 1978. Since 2021, the flag has also included the golden "Sol de Echenique," a symbol associated with the city's historical identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participa/documentos/boletin23062004.pdf|title=La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo|accessdate=12 June 2009|website=[[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congreso de la República]]|language=es|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085436/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participa/documentos/boletin23062004.pdf|archivedate=13 August 2011}}</ref>
===Coat of arms===
{{Main|Coat of arms of Cusco}}
The [[Coat of arms of Cusco]] was officially adopted in 1986 and is used by the city, [[Cusco Province|province]], and [[Department of Cuzco|region]] of Cusco. The coat of arms incorporates elements from both Inca and Spanish heraldry. Historically, the city's arms included a golden castle on a red field with eight condors surrounding it. The modern design, officially adopted in 1986, features the [[Sol de Echenique]], a golden sun emblem, as the central element, symbolizing the city's connection to its Inca heritage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Angles Vargas |first1=Víctor |title=Historia del Cusco Colonial Tomo I |date=1988 |publisher=Industrial Gráfica S.A |location=Lima |author-link=Víctor Angles Vargas}}</ref>
===Anthem===
{{Main|Anthem of Cusco}}
The [[Anthem of Cusco]] was composed by Roberto Ojeda Campana with lyrics by Luis Nieto Miranda in 1944. It was officially adopted as the city's anthem and has been sung at public events since then. In 1991, the anthem was translated into [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] by Faustino Espinoza Navarro and Mario Mejía Waman. The anthem is performed in both Spanish and Quechua, reflecting the city's cultural diversity and historical significance. In 2019, the Municipality of Cusco declared the performance of the anthem in Quechua at civic events to be of public interest and historical importance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mendoza|first1=Zoila|title=Crear y sentir lo nuestro: folclor, identidad regional y nacional en el Cusco, siglo XX|date=2006|publisher=Fondo Editorial de la PUCP|location=Lima|isbn=9972-42-770-6|edition=First}}
</ref>
==History==
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=== Killke culture ===
The [[Killke culture|Killke]] people occupied the region from 900 to 1200
===Inca period===
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[[File:Capitulo-XCII.jpg|thumb|The first image of Cusco in Europe. [[Pedro Cieza de León]]. ''Crónica del Perú'', 1553.|left]]
The first three [[Spanish Empire|Spaniards]] arrived in the city in May 1533, after the [[Battle of Cajamarca]], collecting for [[Atahualpa]]'s [[Ransom Room]]. On 15 November 1533 [[Francisco Pizarro]] officially arrived in Cusco. "The capital of the Incas ... astonished the Spaniards by the beauty of its edifices, the length and regularity of its streets." The great square was surrounded by several palaces, since "each sovereign built a new palace for himself." "The delicacy of the stone work excelled" that of the Spaniards'. The fortress had three [[
Pizarro ceremoniously gave [[Manco Inca]] the Incan fringe as the new Peruvian leader.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|221}} Pizarro encouraged some of his men to stay and settle in the city, giving out [[repartimiento]]s, or land grants to do so.<ref name=Pizarro>Pizzaro, P. (1571). ''Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru'', Vol. 1–2. New York: Cortes Society, RareBooksClub.com, {{ISBN|9781235937859}}</ref>{{rp|46}} [[Alcaldes]] were established and [[regidor]]es on 24 March 1534, which included the brothers [[Gonzalo Pizarro]] and [[Juan Pizarro (conquistador)|Juan Pizarro]]. Pizarro left a garrison of 90 men and departed for [[Jauja]] with Manco Inca.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|222, 227}}
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[[File:Colonial balconies of Cusco Ephraim George Squier.jpg|alt=|thumb|''View in the Plaza del Cabildo, Cuzco'' in 1877 by [[Ephraim George Squier]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/peruincidentsoft00squi/page/430/mode/2up|page=431|title=Peru; incidents of travel and exploration in the land of the Incas|author=[[Ephraim George Squier]]|year=1877|publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]]}}</ref>]]
[[File:Vista panorámica de la ciudad de Cuzco (circa 1897) (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|Panoramic view of Cusco in 1897, showing the city, surrounding farmland, and mountains. "CUZCO" is written on the ground.]]
===Present===
A major earthquake on 21 May
In the 1990s, during the [[Provincial Municipality of Cusco|mayoral administration]] of Mayor [[Daniel Estrada (politician)|Daniel Estrada Pérez]], the city underwent a new process of beautification through the restoration of monuments and the construction of plazas, fountains and monuments. Likewise, thanks to the efforts of this authority, various recognitions were achieved, such as the declaration as "Historical Capital of Peru" contained in the text of the Political Constitution of Peru of 1993. It was also decided to change the coat of arms of Cusco, leaving aside the colonial coat of arms and adopting the "[[Sol de Echenique]]" as the new coat of arms. Additionally, the change of the official name of the city was proposed to adopt the Quechua word ''Qosqo'', but this change was reversed a few years later. Currently, Cusco is the most important tourist destination in Peru. Under the administration of mayor Daniel Estrada Pérez, a staunch supporter of the ''[[Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua]]'', between 1983 and 1995 the [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] name ''Qosqo'' was officially adopted for the city. Tourism in the city was drastically affected by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Peru]] and the [[2022–2023 Peruvian protests]], with the latter event costing the area 10 million soles daily.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vega |first=Ysela |title=Cusco sin 4.000 reservas hoteleras y pérdidas de S/10 millones al día |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2023/02/06/cuzco-4000-reservas-hoteleras-perdidas-de-s-10-millones-al-dia-dina-boluarte-paro-nacional-protestas-326748 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=La Republica |date=6 February 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
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*In 2007 the Organización Capital Americana de la Cultura awarded Cusco the title of Cultural Capital of America.<ref name=":1" />
*In 2007, the New7Wonders Foundation designated [[Machu Picchu]] one of the [[New Seven Wonders of the World]], following a worldwide poll.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/08/1972797.htm|title=Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled|date=8 July 2007|work=abc.net.au}}</ref>
[[File:Vista de Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 11-17 PAN.JPG|center|thumb|880x880px|Panoramic view of Cusco]]
==Geography==
[[File:Cusco by Sentinel-2, 17 July 2024.png|thumb|Cusco (center) and the [[Sacred Valley]], following the [[Urubamba River]] to the northwest, as seen from [[Sentinel-2]]]]
=== Location ===
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{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Cusco ([[Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]])
| metric first = y
| single line = y
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| Dec record high C = 29.9
| year record high C = 29.9
| Jan high C =
| Feb high C =
| Mar high C = 19.
| Apr high C =
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| Dec high C = 20.
| year high C =
| Jan mean C =
| Feb mean C =
| Mar mean C =
| Apr mean C =
| May mean C = 12.
| Jun mean C = 11.
| Jul mean C = 10.
| Aug mean C = 11.
| Sep mean C =
| Oct mean C =
| Nov mean C =
| Dec mean C =
| year mean C = 12.5
| Jan low C =
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| Jan record low C = 0.0
| Feb record low C = 0.0
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| Nov sun = 195
| Dec sun = 158
| source 1 = NOAA (precipitation 1961–1990),<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/PR/84686.TXT
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| publisher = Météo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref> Meteostat<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://meteostat.net/en/station/84452
|title= Cuzco Climate : Temperature 1991-2020
|publisher=Meteostat
|access-date= 21 December 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (precipitation days 1970–1990 and humidity 1954–1993)<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_846860_kt.pdf
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|archive-date=27 April 2013
|df=dmy }}</ref>
}}
== Government ==
{{See also|Provincial Municipality of Cusco}}
[[File:Palacio del Cabildo del Cusco1.jpg|thumb|[[Provincial Municipality of Cusco|Cusco City Hall]]]]
Throughout its history, Cusco has had a marked political importance. During the Inca period, it was the main political center of the region from which the [[Inca Empire]] was ruled and where the political and religious elite lived. After its Spanish foundation, it lost prominence due to [[Francisco Pizarro]]'s decision to establish the capital of the new territories in the city of [[Lima]] because it had close access to the sea and communication with the metropolis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Exposiciones/FundLima/fundacion/fundacion_Lima.htm |title=Fundación de Lima |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos]] |access-date=29 April 2011}}</ref> However, Cusco continued to be an important city within the viceregal political scheme to the point of being the first city in the entire Viceroyalty to have a bishop.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Angles Vargas |first1=Víctor |title=Historia del Cusco Colonial Tomo II Libro segundo |date=1983 |publisher=Industrialgrafica S.A |location=Lima |author-link=Víctor Angles Vargas}}</ref> Its participation in the trade routes during the viceroyalty guaranteed its political importance<ref>{{cite web |title=Informe Económico y Social Región Cusco |url=http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Proyeccion-Institucional/Encuentros-Regionales/2009/Cusco/Informe-Economico-Social/IES-Cusco.pdf |publisher=Banco Central de Reserva del Perú |date=22-23 May 2009 |access-date=6 December 2019 |page=21}}</ref> as it remained the capital of the corregimiento established in these territories and, later, of the Intendancy of Cusco and, towards the end of the viceroyalty, of the Royal Audience of Cusco.
During the republic, Cusco's political role languished due to its isolation from the capital, coastline, and trade routes of the 19th and 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamayo Herrera |first1=José |author-link=José Tamayo Herrera |title=Historia social del Cuzco republicano |date=1981 |publisher=Editorial Universo S.A. |location=Lima}}</ref> However, it maintained its status as the main city in southern Peru, although subordinated to the importance that [[Arequipa]] was gaining, better connected with the rest of the country. Cusco has always remained the capital of the department of Cusco
Politically, according to the results of elections held in the second half of the 20th century, Cusco has been a stronghold of leftist parties in Peru. In the 1970s and 1980s, the socialist leader [[Daniel Estrada Pérez]] brought together this political tendency under the banner of the [[United Left (Peru)|United Left]] alliance. Since his death, Cusco has been a major city for parties such as the [[Peruvian Nationalist Party]] and the Broad Front for Justice, Life and Liberty, as well as regional movements. Traditional Peruvian parties, such as the Peruvian Aprista Party and Acción Popular, have recorded eventual electoral victories, while those that represent a right-wing political position, such as the Popular Christian Party and [[Fujimorism]] itself, have had little presence among the elected authorities.
== Demographics ==
The city had a population of about
{{Bar box|title=Ethnicities of Cusco in 2017<ref>{{cite book | author = INEI | title = Resultados Definitivos del departamento de Cusco - Censos Nacionales 2017: XII de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas| year = 2018 | publisher= INEI | page=40| url= https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1559/ | access-date = August 7, 2024}}</ref>|left1=Ethnicities|right1=Percentage|float=right|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Quechua people|Quechua]]|Green|63.0}}
{{Bar percent|[[Mestizo]]|Purple|31.0}}
{{Bar percent|[[Peruvians of European descent|White]]|Blue|1.9}}
{{Bar percent|[[Indigenous peoples of Peru|Other indigenous groups]]|DarkGray|1.0}} <!-- Includes Aymara and Amazonian -->
{{Bar percent|Other|Gray|0.8}}
{{Bar percent|No answer|Brown|2.3}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! City district
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! colspan="7" |<big>*</big><small>Census data conducted by [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|INEI]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |page=16}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">[http://desa.inei.gob.pe/mapas/bid/ Censo 2005 INEI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423164200/http://desa.inei.gob.pe/mapas/bid/|date=23 April 2008}}</ref></small>
|}
== Economy ==
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=== Tourism ===
Tourism has been the backbone to the Cusco economy since the early 2000s, bringing in more than 1.2 million tourists per year.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|741070699}} |title=PERU: New Cusco airport will help boost tourism |work=Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service |date=10 August 2010 |url=https://dailybrief.oxan.com/Analysis/DB161871/PERU-New-Cusco-airport-will-help-boost-tourism |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2019, Cusco was the region that reached the highest number of tourists in Peru with more than 2.7 million tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.perucamaras.org.pe/nt390.html#:~:text=Cusco%20fue%20la%20regi%C3%B3n%20que,y%20La%20Libertad%20con%20736%2C183. |title=Llegada de turistas aumentó 8,1% en el 2019}}</ref> In 2002, the income Cusco received from tourism was US$837 million. In 2009, that number increased to US$2.47 billion. {{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} Most tourists visiting the city are there to tour the city and the Incan Ruins, especially the top destination, [[Machu Picchu]], which is one of the New Seven Modern Wonders of the World.
In order to keep up with tourist demand, the city is constructing a new airport in [[Chinchero District|Chinchero]] known as [[Chinchero International Airport]]. Its main purpose is for tourists to bypass lay overs through Lima and connect the city to Europe and North America. It will replace the old airport, [[Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]].
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*Museum of Sacred, Magical and Medicinal Plants (''Museo de plantas sagradas, mágicas y medicinales'')<ref>[http://museoplantascusco.org/en.html Museum of Sacred, Magical and Medicinal Plants], Cusco</ref>
*ChocoMuseo (The Cacao and Chocolate Museum)<ref>[http://www.chocomuseo.com/english/our-locations/cusco-per/ Cacao and Chocolate Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621060710/http://www.chocomuseo.com/english/our-locations/cusco-per/|date=21 June 2015}}, Cusco</ref>
There are also some museums located at churches, like the {{ill|Iglesia de San Francisco de Asís (Cuzco)|es|lt=Museum and Convent of San Francisco}} and the Museum of [[Qoricancha]] Temple
[[File:Procesión del Corpus Cristi, Cusco.jpg|thumb|Mercedarian Friars in the Corpus Christi procession at the Main Square of Cusco. 17th century. [[Cusco School|Cusco Colonial Painting School]]. Painting currently located at the Archbishop's Palace of Cusco.]]
=== Religion ===
The most common religion in Cusco is [[Catholicism]].
=== Cuisine ===
As capital to the Inca Empire, Cusco was an important agricultural region. It was a natural reserve for thousands of native Peruvian species, including around 3,000 varieties of potato cultivated by the people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leighton |first1=Paula |date=Jul 7, 2023 |title=Peru city bans GM to protect native potatoes |url=http://www.scidev.net/en/news/peru-city-bans-gm-to-protect-native-potatoes.html |access-date=21 February 2012 |publisher=scidev.net}}</ref> Fusion and neo-Andean restaurants developed in Cusco, in which the cuisine is prepared with modern techniques and incorporates a blend of traditional Andean and international ingredients.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2007 |title=Restaurantes |url=http://www.sazonperu.com/busqueda/ciudad/index.php?idprov=137&flag=1&iddpto=8&idio= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120020007/http://www.sazonperu.com/busqueda/ciudad/index.php?idprov=137&flag=1&iddpto=8&idio= |archive-date=20 November 2007 |website=Sazón Perú |df=dmy}}</ref> Cuy
[[File:Cuy asado.jpg|thumb| The local [[gastronomy]] presents a diversified array of dishes resulting from the mestizaje and fusion of its [[Pre-Inca period|pre-Inca]], [[Inca Empire|Inca]], [[Colonial history of Cusco|colonial]], and [[Republican history of Cusco|modern]] traditions. It is a variation of [[Cuisine of Peru#Andean cuisine|Andean Peruvian cuisine]], although it maintains some typical cultural traits of southern Peru.
Although the list of typical dishes may vary among individuals, Tapia and García present a list of foods and beverages usually found in a Cusco picantería:<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Tapia Peña |first1=Saúl |last2=García Huallpa |first2=Juan Fabrizio |title=Picanterías típicas para la promoción turística en el barrio de San Blas del Cusco |type=Licentiate thesis |publisher=Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco |url=http://repositorio.unsaac.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNSAAC/949/253T20110022.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=2011}}
</ref>
==== Foods ====
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*Costillar frito (fried ribs)
*Caldo de panza (tripe soup)
*Panza apanada (breaded tripe)
*Chuleta frita (fried chop)
*[[Tarwi]]
*Carne a la parrilla (grilled meat)
*Pecho dorado (golden chest)
*[[Malaya frita]] (fried flank steak)
*Churrasco al jugo (juicy steak)
*Estofado de canuto (stewed canuto)
*Ubre apanada (breaded udder)
*Caldo de malaya (flank steak soup)
*Suflé de rocoto (rocoto soufflé)
*[[Chicharrón#Perú|Chicharrón]] (fried pork)
*Choclo con queso (corn with cheese)
*[[Guinea pig|Cuy]] al horno (baked guinea pig)
*Solterito de kuchicara (kuchicara salad)
*Corazón a la brasa (grilled heart)
{{div col end}}
Other dishes include [[Chairo (stew)|chairo]], [[Adobo de chancho|adobo]], [[rocoto relleno]], [[kapchi]], [[lawa]]s or creams made with corn or [[chuño]], and [[Timpu]], a dish originating from Cusco served during [[Carnival]]
==== Beverages ====
*[[Chicha de jora]]
*[[Frutillada]]
==== Chiri Uchu ====
[[File:Chiriuchu.jpg|thumb|Plate of Chiri Uchu]]
''Chiri Uchu'' is a typical dish of the locality not offered in picanterías, as it is consumed in June during the Cusco festivities of [[Inti Raymi]] and, primarily, during the [[Feast of Corpus Christi|Corpus Christi]]. It is considered one of the most authentic gastronomic expressions of Cusco as it blends both native flavors of the [[Andes]] and those brought by the [[Spanish conquistadors]]. It is a cold dish that includes various meats ([[Guinea pig#As food|cuy]], [[Gallina|boiled chicken]], [[charqui]], [[morcilla]] (blood sausage), [[salchicha]] (sausage)), [[potatoes]], [[cheese]], corn cake, fish roe, and lake algae.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramírez|first1=Diana|title=Tradición ancestral: Chiri Uchu|work=Perú Gastronomía|date=9 April 2019|url=https://peru.gastronomia.com/noticia/8864/tradicion-ancestral-chiri-uchu|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920000810/https://peru.gastronomia.com/noticia/8864/tradicion-ancestral-chiri-uchu|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Music ===
====[[Centro Qosqo de Arte Nativo]]====
[[File:Cuzco (1981) 40.jpg|thumbnail|Performance in 1981 at the [[Centro Qosqo de Arte Nativo]]]]
A folkloric institution established in 1924. It is considered the most important folkloric institution in the city<ref name=cqan>{{cite book |last1=Mendoza |first1=Zoila |title=Crear y sentir lo nuestro: folclor, identidad regional y nacional en el Cuzco, siglo XX |date=2006 |publisher=Fondo Editorial de la PUCP |location=Lima |isbn=9972-42-770-6 |edition=First}}</ref> and was recognized by the [[Peruvian government]] as the first folkloric institution in the country<ref name="cqan"/> and by the regional government as a Living Cultural Heritage of the Cusco region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Centro Qosqo de Arte Nativo declared Living Cultural Heritage of the Cusco region|url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia.aspx?id=188687|access-date=26 September 2019|agency=Andina|date=10 August 2008}}</ref>
====Cusco Symphony Orchestra====
It is a permanent artistic group of the Decentralized Directorate of Culture of the [[Cusco Regional Government]], created by Directoral Resolution No. 021/INC-Cusco on March 10, 2009. It performs more than 50 concerts a year and uses the [[Cusco Municipal Theater]].
=== Sport ===
[[File:Estadio Inca Garcilaso de la Vega.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Estadio Garcilaso|Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Stadium]]]]
Among other events, the Imperial City was a venue for the [[2004 Copa América]], hosting the third-place match between the [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]] and [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] national teams.
The most popular sport in the city is [[football (soccer)]], with three main clubs. [[Club Sportivo Cienciano|Cienciano]] participates in the [[Peruvian Primera División|Liga 1 (First Division)]] and is the only Peruvian club to win an international tournament, winning the [[2003 Copa Sudamericana]] and [[2004 Recopa Sudamericana]].
Another historic team is [[Club Deportivo Garcilaso|Deportivo Garcilaso]], which was promoted to [[Peruvian Primera División|Liga 1]] after winning the [[2022 Copa Perú|Copa Perú 2022]].
Lastly, there is the [[Cusco Football Club]], formerly known as Real Garcilaso, which played in the [[Peruvian Primera División|First Division]] from 2012 to 2021 after winning the [[Copa Perú]] in 2011. In 2022, it was promoted again to [[Peruvian Primera División|Liga 1]] after winning the [[Peruvian Segunda División|Second Division of Peru]].
=== Cinema ===
The [[International Short Film Festival]] (FENACO) was an important international film festival in southern Peru, held every November since 2004 in the imperial city of Cusco.<ref name=cine1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080612110333/http://www.festivalcinecusco.com/menu.html National and International Short Film Festival Cusco Peru]</ref>
Originally, it was a national event dedicated to the short film format (up to 30 minutes in length), with international showcases, hence its name FENACO (''Festival Internacional de Cortometrajes''), a name popularized in Peru and worldwide to recognize the festival. However, due to the reception and response from filmmakers, producers, and distributors from different countries, it evolved into an international festival, reaching 354 short films in competition from 37 countries in its sixth edition.<ref name=cine1 />
==Main sites==
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The main basilica cathedral of the city was built between 1560 and 1664. The main material used was stone, which was extracted from nearby quarries, although some blocks of red granite were taken from the fortress of Saksaywaman.
[[File:Marcos_Zapata.jpg|thumb|''The [[Last Supper]]'' by [[Marcos Zapata]], in the [[Cuzco Cathedral]]. The festive animal to be consumed is a [[guinea pig]]]]
This great cathedral presents late-Gothic, Baroque and plateresque interiors and has one of the most outstanding examples of colonial goldwork. Its carved wooden altars are also important.
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The cathedral is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuzco|Archdiocese of Cuzco]].
{{Clear}}
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Inside is a large collection of paintings from the [[Cuzco School]].
==
=== Transport ===
==== Air ====
[[File:Aeropuerto Internacional Alejandro Velasco Astete - Cusco.jpg|thumb|Cuzco Airport runway]]
Cusco's main international airport is [[Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport]], which provides service to 5 domestic destinations and 3 international ones. It is named in honor of Peruvian pilot Alejandro Velasco Astete who was the first person to fly across the Andes in 1925 when he made the first flight from Lima to Cusco. The airport is the second busiest in Peru after Lima's [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]]. It will soon be replaced by [[Chinchero International Airport]]. which will provide access to North American and Europe.
====
Cusco is connected by rail to the cities of Juliaca and Arequipa through the Southern Section of the Southern Railway, whose terminus in the city is the [[Wánchaq station]]. Additionally, from the San Pedro station, the South East Section of the Southern Railroad (former ''Cusco-Santa Ana-Quillabamba Railway'') departs from the city, which is the route to the ancient Inca citadel of Machu Picchu. [[PeruRail]] is the largest Peruvian railway company and provides service to stations in Cusco.
====
By road, it is connected to the cities of [[Puerto Maldonado]], [[Arequipa]], Abancay, [[Juliaca]] and [[Puno]]. The road that connects it with the city of [[Abancay]] is also the fastest to reach Lima after a journey of more than 20 hours crossing the departments of Apurímac, Ayacucho, Ica and Lima.
===
[[File:Ambulance Peru Cusco Hampi Land Plaza de Armas.jpg|thumb|Ambulance in the [[Plaza de Armas del Cuzco|Plaza de Armas]].]]
Cusco, as the administrative and economic center of the region, hosts numerous public and private health facilities. Public healthcare is provided by the [[Ministry of Health (Peru)|Ministry of Health]], including the Regional Hospital and Hospital Antonio Lorena. Additionally, [[:es:EsSalud|EsSalud]] operates several institutions, such as Adolfo Guevara Velazco Hospital, Metropolitan Polyclinic, San Sebastián Polyclinic, Santiago Polyclinic, and La Recoleta Polyclinic.
==Twin towns – sister cities==
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Athens]], Greece
*{{flagicon|PHL}} [[Baguio]], Philippines
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Bethlehem]], Palestine
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Chartres]], France
*{{flagicon|HON}} [[Copán Ruinas]], Honduras
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*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[San Miguel de Allende]], Mexico<ref>{{cite news |title=Twinning between the cities of Cusco and San Miguel de Allende is a reality |url=https://sanmigueltimes.com/2021/08/twinning-between-the-cities-of-cusco-and-san-miguel-de-allende-is-a-reality/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |publisher=San Miguel Times |date=23 August 2021}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], United States
*{{flagicon|JAP}} [[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]], Japan<ref>{{cite web | title=Intercambio cultural entre las ciudades hermanas de Takayama y Cusco | website=Plataforma del Estado Peruano | url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/8926-intercambio-cultural-entre-las-ciudades-hermanas-de-takayama-y-cusco | language=es | access-date=2024-09-23}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]], United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Sister Cities|url=http://www.tempesistercities.org/meet-our-sister-cites/|website=tempesistercities.org|publisher=Tempe Sister Cities|access-date=2021-12-14}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xi'an]], China
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