Content deleted Content added
added title to reference, noted that reference says divorced |
Removing from Category:American socialists Diffusing per WP:DIFFUSE and/or WP:ALLINCLUDED using Cat-a-lot |
||
| (34 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{short description|Scholar in the field of science and technology studies}}
{{Infobox scholar
| name = Donna Haraway
Line 12 ⟶ 11:
| birth_place = [[Denver, Colorado]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
|
| {{marriage|Rusten Hogness|1975}}
}}
| alma_mater = [[Yale University]], [[Colorado College]]
| main_interests = [[Feminist studies]], [[ecofeminism]], [[posthumanism]]
| principal_ideas = [[
| major_works = ''[[A Cyborg Manifesto]]'', ''Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science'', ''Staying with the Trouble'', "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective"
| awards = [[J. D. Bernal]] Award, [[Ludwik Fleck Prize]], [[Robert K. Merton]] Award, [[Wilbur Cross Medal]]
| influences = [[Nancy Hartsock]], [[Sandra Harding]], [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson]], [[Robert M. Young (academic)|Robert Young]], [[Gregory Bateson]]
| influenced =
| footnotes =
| discipline = Zoology,
}}
{{Cyber anthropology|theorists}}
'''Donna J. Haraway''' is an American
Haraway has taught [[women's studies]] and the [[history of science]] at the [[University of Hawaii]] (1971-1974) and [[Johns Hopkins University]] (1974-1980).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donna Haraway|url=https://egs.edu/biography/donna-haraway/|access-date=2021-03-03|website=The European Graduate School|language=en-US}}</ref> She began working as a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1980 where she became the first tenured professor in feminist theory in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-20|title=Feminist cyborg scholar Donna Haraway: 'The disorder of our era isn't necessary'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/20/donna-haraway-interview-cyborg-manifesto-post-truth|access-date=2021-03-03|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Haraway's works have contributed to the study of both human–machine and [[
▲'''Donna J. Haraway''' is an American Professor [[Emeritus|Emerita]] in the [[History of Consciousness]] Department and [[Feminist studies|Feminist Studies]] Department at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], and a prominent scholar in the field of [[science and technology studies]]. She has also contributed to the intersection of information technology and [[feminist theory]], and is a leading scholar in contemporary [[ecofeminism]]. Her work criticizes [[anthropocentrism]], emphasizes the self-organizing powers of nonhuman processes, and explores dissonant relations between those processes and cultural practices, rethinking sources of ethics.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'New Materialism' and the Fragility of Things|journal = Millennium: Journal of International Studies|volume = 41|issue = 3|pages = 399–412|last=Connolly|first=William E.|doi=10.1177/0305829813486849|year = 2013|s2cid = 143725752}}</ref>
▲Haraway has taught [[women's studies]] and the [[history of science]] at the [[University of Hawaii]] (1971-1974) and [[Johns Hopkins University]] (1974-1980).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donna Haraway|url=https://egs.edu/biography/donna-haraway/|access-date=2021-03-03|website=The European Graduate School|language=en-US}}</ref> She began working as a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1980 where she became the first tenured professor in feminist theory in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-20|title=Feminist cyborg scholar Donna Haraway: 'The disorder of our era isn't necessary'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/20/donna-haraway-interview-cyborg-manifesto-post-truth|access-date=2021-03-03|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Haraway's works have contributed to the study of both human–machine and [[Animal Studies|human–animal]] relations. Her work has sparked debate in [[primatology]], [[philosophy]], and [[developmental biology]].<ref>Kunzru, Hari. "You Are Cyborg", in ''Wired Magazine'', 5:2 (1997) 1-7.</ref> Haraway participated in a collaborative exchange with the feminist theorist [[Lynn Randolph]] from 1990 to 1996. Their engagement with specific ideas relating to feminism, [[technoscience]], political consciousness, and other social issues, formed the images and narrative of Haraway's book ''Modest_Witness'' for which she received the [[Society for Social Studies of Science]]'s (4S) [[Ludwik Fleck Prize]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lynnrandolph.com/lynnswriting.html# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113053546/http://www.lynnrandolph.com/lynnswriting.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-11-13 |title=Modest Witness |last=Randolph |first=Lynn |date=2009 |website=lynnrandolph.com |access-date=23 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.4sonline.org/prizes/fleck|title=4S Prizes {{!}} Society for Social Studies of Science|website=www.4sonline.org|access-date=2017-03-16|archive-date=2017-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009180054/http://www.4sonline.org/prizes/fleck|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was also awarded the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology's Robert K. Merton award in 1992 for her work ''Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science.''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-03-08|title=Science, Knowledge, and Technology Award Recipient History|url=https://www.asanet.org/communities-sections/sections/current-sections/science-knowledge-and-technology/science-knowledge-and-technology-award-recipient-history|access-date=2021-10-20|website=American Sociological Association|language=en}}</ref>
==Biography==
=== Early life ===
Donna Jeanne Haraway was born on September 6, 1944, in [[Denver, Colorado]]. Her father, Frank O. Haraway, was a sportswriter for ''[[The Denver Post]]''.
Although she is no longer religious, Catholicism had a strong influence on her as she was taught by nuns in her early life. The impression of the === Education ===
Haraway majored in
▲Haraway majored in Zoology, with minors in philosophy and English at the [[Colorado College]], on the full-tuition [[Boettcher Scholarship]].<ref>Haraway,'' How Like a Leaf'' (2000), pp. 12, 175</ref> After college, Haraway moved to [[Paris]] and studied evolutionary philosophy and theology at the Fondation Teilhard de Chardin on a [[Fulbright scholarship]].<ref>Haraway, ''How Like a Leaf'' (2000), p. 18.</ref> She completed her Ph.D. in [[biology]] at [[Yale University|Yale]] in 1972 writing a dissertation about the use of metaphor in shaping experiments in experimental biology titled ''The Search for Organizing Relations: An Organismic Paradigm in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology.''<ref>Library of Congress, ''Catalog of Copyright Entries Third Series: 1973: January–June''</ref> Her dissertation was later edited into a book and published under the title ''Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology''.<ref>Haraway, Donna Jeanne, ''Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology''. Yale University Press, 1976.</ref>
=== Later work ===
Haraway was the recipient of several scholarships. In 1999, Haraway received the [[Society for Social Studies of Science]]'s (4S) [[Ludwik Fleck Prize]]. In September 2000, Haraway was awarded the Society for Social Studies of Science's highest honor, the [[John Desmond Bernal Prize|J. D. Bernal Award]], for her "distinguished contributions" to the field.<ref>"4S Prizes | Society for Social Studies of Science". www.4sonline.org. Retrieved 2017-03-16.</ref> Haraway's most famous essay was published in 1985: "A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s"<ref>Haraway, Donna H., "A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s" https://egs.edu/faculty/donna-haraway (''Socialist Review'', no. 80)</ref> and was characterized as "an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism".[[File:Donna Haraway 2016.png|thumb|Haraway in 2016|left]]In Haraway's thesis, "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" (1988), she means to expose the myth of scientific objectivity. Haraway defined the term "situated knowledges" as a means of understanding that all knowledge comes from positional perspectives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Rua M.|last2=Gilbert|first2=Juan E.|title=Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Cyborg Perspectives on Computing Research Reform |date=2019|pages=1–11|location=New York, New York, USA|publisher=ACM Press|doi=10.1145/3290607.3310421|isbn=978-1-4503-5971-9|s2cid=144207669}}</ref> Our positionality inherently determines what it is possible to know about an object of interest.<ref name=":0" /> Comprehending situated knowledge "allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see".<ref name="Situated">{{cite journal |last= Haraway|first= Donna|date=Autumn 1988 |title= Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective |journal= Feminist Studies|volume= 14|issue= 3|pages= 575–599|doi= 10.2307/3178066|jstor= 3178066|s2cid= 39794636|url= https://philpapers.org/rec/HARSKT|hdl= 2027/spo.0499697.0014.310|hdl-access= free}}</ref> Without this accountability, the implicit biases and societal stigmas of the researcher's community are twisted into ground truth from which to build assumptions and hypothesis.<ref name=":0" /> Haraway's ideas in "Situated Knowledges" were heavily influenced by conversations with [[Nancy Hartsock]] and other feminist philosophers and activists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-20|title=Feminist cyborg scholar Donna Haraway: 'The disorder of our era isn't necessary'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/20/donna-haraway-interview-cyborg-manifesto-post-truth|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>▼
Currently,{{as of?|date=August 2023}} Haraway is an American professor emerita in the history of consciousness and feminist studies departments at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States.<ref>"Donna J Haraway". feministstudies.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-03-17. Retrieved 2017-03-16.</ref>
▲In Haraway's thesis, "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" (1988), she means to expose the myth of scientific objectivity. Haraway defined the term "situated knowledges" as a means of understanding that all knowledge comes from positional perspectives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Rua M.|last2=Gilbert|first2=Juan E.|title=Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Cyborg Perspectives on Computing Research Reform |date=2019|pages=1–11|location=New York, New York, USA|publisher=ACM Press|doi=10.1145/3290607.3310421|isbn=978-1-4503-5971-9|s2cid=144207669}}</ref> Our positionality inherently determines what it is possible to know about an object of interest.<ref name=":0" /> Comprehending situated knowledge "allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see".<ref name="Situated">{{cite journal |last= Haraway|first= Donna|date=Autumn 1988 |title= Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective |journal= Feminist Studies|volume= 14|issue= 3|pages= 575–599|doi= 10.2307/3178066|jstor= 3178066|s2cid= 39794636|url= https://philpapers.org/rec/HARSKT}}</ref> Without this accountability, the implicit biases and societal stigmas of the researcher's community are twisted into ground truth from which to build assumptions and hypothesis.<ref name=":0" /> Haraway's ideas in "Situated Knowledges" were heavily influenced by conversations with [[Nancy Hartsock]] and other feminist philosophers and activists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-20|title=Feminist cyborg scholar Donna Haraway: 'The disorder of our era isn't necessary'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/20/donna-haraway-interview-cyborg-manifesto-post-truth|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
▲[[File:Donna Haraway 2016.png|thumb|Haraway in 2016]] ''Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science'', published in 1989 (Routledge), critically focuses on primate research through a feminist lens in order to understand how heterosexual ideology is reflected in primatology.
She lives north of San Francisco with her partner, Rusten Hogness.<ref>Haraway, Donna J., How Like a Leaf: Donna J. Haraway an interview with Thyrza Nichols Goodeve. Routledge, 2000, pp. 2-3.</ref>
Haraway has stated that she tries to incorporate collective thinking and all perspectives into her work: "I notice if I have cited nothing but white people, if I have erased indigenous people, if I forget non-human beings, etc. ... You know, I run through some old-fashioned, klutzy categories. Race, sex, class, region, sexuality, gender, species ... I know how fraught all those categories are, but I think those categories still do important work."<ref name=":2" />
==Major themes==
Line 56 ⟶ 61:
=== Cyborg feminism ===
{{Main|Cyberfeminism}}
In her updated essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in her book ''Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature'' (1991), Haraway uses the cyborg metaphor to explain how fundamental contradictions in feminist theory and identity should be conjoined, rather than resolved, similar to the fusion of machine and organism in cyborgs.<ref name="Cyborg Manifesto"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Glossary of Feminist Theory|last1=Andermahr|first1=Sonya|last2=Lovell|first2=Terry|last3=Wolkowitz|first3=Carol|publisher=Arnold, London|year=1997|isbn=978-0-340-59662-3|location=Great Britain|pages=51–52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies|last=Glazier|first=Jacob W.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|year=2016|isbn=9781118663219|pages=1–2|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss318|chapter=Cyborg Manifesto}}</ref> The manifesto is also an important feminist critique of capitalism by revealing how men have exploited women's reproduction labor, providing a barrier for women to reach full equality in the labor market.<ref>Ferguson, Anne and Hennessy, and Rosemary and Nagel Mechthild. “Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work.” Edited by Edward N Zalta, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 2019, https://plato.stanford.edu/
===''Primate Visions''===
Haraway also writes about the [[history of science]] and [[biology]]. In ''Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science'' (1990), she focused on the metaphors and narratives that direct the science of [[primatology]]. She asserted that there is a tendency to masculinize the stories about "reproductive competition and sex between aggressive males and receptive females [that] facilitate some and preclude other types of conclusions".<ref>Carubia, Josephine M., "Haraway on the Map", in ''Semiotic Review of Books''. 9:1 (1998), 4-7.</ref> She contended that female primatologists focus on different observations that require more communication and basic survival activities, offering very different perspectives of the origins of nature and culture than the currently accepted ones. Drawing on examples of Western [[narratives]] and [[ideologies]] of [[gender]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] and [[social class|class]], Haraway questioned the most fundamental constructions of scientific human nature stories based on primates. In ''Primate Visions'', she wrote:
<blockquote>My hope has been that the always oblique and sometimes perverse focusing would facilitate revisions of fundamental, persistent western narratives about difference, especially racial and sexual difference; about reproduction, especially in terms of the multiplicities of generators and offspring; and about survival, especially about survival imagined in the boundary conditions of both the origins and ends of history, as told within western traditions of that complex genre.<ref>'' Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science'', Routledge: New York and London, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-415-90294-6}}</ref></blockquote>
Line 70 ⟶ 72:
=== ''Make Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations'' ===
Haraway created a panel called
=== Speculative fabulation ===
Line 79 ⟶ 81:
==Critical responses to Haraway==
Haraway's work has been criticized for being "methodologically vague"<ref>Hamner, M. Gail (2003), "[https://books.google.com/books?id=H84HhXD5ySoC&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161 The Work of Love: Feminist Politics and the Injunction to Love]", in {{cite book | editor-last = Rieger | editor-first = Jeorg | title = Opting for the Margins: Postmodernity and Liberation in Christian Theology | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 9780198036500| date = 2003-09-11 }}</ref> and using noticeably opaque language that is "sometimes concealing in an apparently deliberate way".<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{cite journal | last = Cachel | first = Susan | title = Partisan primatology. Review of ''Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the world of Modern Science'' | journal = [[American Journal of Primatology]] | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–142 | doi = 10.1002/ajp.1350220207 | date = 1990 }}</ref> Several reviewers have argued that her understanding of the scientific method is questionable, and that her explorations of epistemology at times leave her texts virtually meaning-free.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com"/><ref name="springerlink.com">{{cite journal | last = Cartmill | first = Matt | title = ''Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the world of Modern Science'' (book review) | journal = [[International Journal of Primatology]] | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–75 | doi = 10.1007/BF02547559 | date = February 1991 | s2cid = 30428707 }}</ref>
A 1991 review of Haraway's ''Primate Visions'', published in the ''[[International Journal of Primatology]]'', provides
In 2017, ''[[ArtReview]]'' named Haraway the third most influential person in the contemporary [[art world]], stating that her work "has become part of the art world’s DNA".<ref> {{cite web |url=https://artreview.com/artist/donna-haraway/?year=2017 |title=Donna Haraway |last= |first= |date= |website=[[ArtReview]] |publisher= |access-date=August 23, 2023 |quote=}}</ref>
== Publications ==
* ''When We Have Never Been Human, What Is to Be Done? Interview with Donna Haraway,'' Nicholas Gane: Theory, Culture and Society, 2006. Vol 23 (7-8),135-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069228
* ''Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976. {{ISBN|978-0-300-01864-6}}
* ''Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science'', Routledge: New York and London, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-415-90294-6}}
Line 99 ⟶ 103:
== See also ==
* [[Cyborg anthropology]]
* [[Postgenderism]]
* [[Postmodernism]]
* [[New materialisms]]
* [[Sandy Stone (artist)|Sandy Stone]]
* [[Techno-progressivism]]
* [[Feminist technoscience]]
* [[Judith Butler]]
* [[N. Katherine Hayles]]
==Citations==
Line 113 ⟶ 117:
== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://people.ucsc.edu/~haraway/ Donna Haraway] Faculty
* [http://earthlysurvival.org/ ''Donna Haraway: Storytelling for Earthly Survival''], a film by Fabrizio Terranova
{{Feminist theory|state=expanded}}
Line 126 ⟶ 130:
[[Category:20th-century American philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century American philosophers]]
[[Category:American socialists]]▼
[[Category:Colorado College alumni]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
Line 157 ⟶ 160:
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
[[Category:20th-century American women]]
[[Category:Fulbright alumni]]▼
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Women cyberneticists]]
| |||