Horn of Africa: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Infobox

| title = {{nowrap|21 unrecognised statesstate}}

The '''Horn of Africa''' ('''HoA'''), also known as the '''CushiticSomali Peninsula''',<ref name="Montana State University2">{{cite book |author=Christy A. Donaldson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA422 |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography – Horn of Africa |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3 |pages=422–424 |quote=This area is also known as the Somali Peninsula, because within it lies the countries of Somalia and eastern Ethiopia.}}</ref><ref name="Egerton University2">{{cite web |date=October 2005 |title=Rethinking Pastoralism and African Development: a case study of the Horn of Africa |url=https://codesria.org/IMG/pdf/kandagor.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326173940/https://codesria.org/IMG/pdf/kandagor.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=13 December 2021 |quote=The Horn of Africa (or, Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula of Eastern Africa.}}</ref><ref name="Brock Millman2">{{cite book |author=Brock Millman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1xKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=British Somaliland An Administrative History, 1920–1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-317-97544-1 |pages=8}}</ref> is a large [[peninsula]] and [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] region in [[East Africa]].<ref name="Stock22">Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), p. 26</ref> Located on the easternmost part of the [[Africa]]n mainland, it is the fourth largest peninsula in the world. It is composed of [[Somalia]] (including the [[De facto#Governance and sovereignty|de facto]] independent [[Somaliland]] and [[Puntland]]), [[Djibouti]], [[Ethiopia]], and [[Eritrea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Horn of Africa - Its Strategic Importance for Europe, the Gulf States, and Beyond |url=http://www.cirsd.org/en/horizons/horizons-winter-2016--issue-no-6/the-horn-of-africa---its-strategic-importance-for-europe-the-gulf-states-and-beyond |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=CIRSD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Between Somaliland and Puntland – Rift Valley Institute |url=https://riftvalley.net/publication/between-somaliland-and-puntland/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=riftvalley.net}}</ref> Although not common, broader definitions include parts or all of [[Kenya]] and [[Sudan]].<ref name="auto12">John I. Saeed, ''Somali'' – Volume 10 of London Oriental and African language library, (J. Benjamins: 1999), p. 250.</ref><ref name="Joireman222">Sandra Fullerton Joireman, ''Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa'', (Universal-Publishers: 1997), p.1: "The Horn of Africa encompasses the countries of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia. These countries share similar peoples, languages, and geographical endowments."</ref><ref name="BritannicaOnline2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Horn of Africa |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Horn-of-Africa |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219155226/https://www.britannica.com/place/Horn-of-Africa |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been described as a region of geopolitical and strategic importance, since it is situated along the southern boundary of the [[Red Sea]]; extending hundreds of kilometres into the [[Gulf of Aden]], [[Guardafui Channel]], and [[Indian Ocean]], it also shares a maritime border with the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three important oil trade chokepoints are located around the Arabian Peninsula - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=32352 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.eia.gov |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141102/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=32352 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Sea chokepoints are critical for international oil and natural gas flows - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61025 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.eia.gov |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405060740/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Horn of Africa {{!}} Countries, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Horn-of-Africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219155226/https://www.britannica.com/place/Horn-of-Africa |archive-date=19 December 2021 |access-date=19 December 2021 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=the Chairman of DPFZA and CEO of Red Sea Bunkering signed an investment with Afreximbank {{!}} DPFZA |url=http://dpfza.gov.dj/chairman-dpfza-and-ceo-red-sea-bunkering-signed-investment-afreximbank |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=dpfza.gov.dj |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402141105/https://dpfza.gov.dj/chairman-dpfza-and-ceo-red-sea-bunkering-signed-investment-afreximbank |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled dynasty the [[Isaaq]] clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the Tolje'lo branch starting from, descendants of Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo, the eldest son of [[Ishaaq bin Ahmed|Sheikh Ishaaq]]'s [[Harari people|Harari]] wife. There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total, starting with Boqor Harun ({{Lang-Langx|so|Boqor Haaruun}}) who ruled the Isaaq Sultanate for centuries starting from the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2017|title=Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland|url=https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Hubaal Media|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taariikhda Toljecle|url=https://www.tashiwanaag.com/toljecle-taariikh-ahaan.html|access-date=9 August 2021|website=www.tashiwanaag.com|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809022129/https://www.tashiwanaag.com/toljecle-taariikh-ahaan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The last Tolje'lo ruler [[Garad]] Dhuh Barar ({{lang-langx|so|Dhuux Baraar}}) was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge amongst the [[Habr Awal]] with whom they still mostly live.<ref>{{Citation|title=Taariikhda Boqortooyadii Axmed Sheikh Isaxaaq ee Toljecle 1787|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MfB4XvREbI|language=en|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815225220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MfB4XvREbI|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 – 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5</ref>