Content deleted Content added
Forms of address: not ver much of Andalusia |
Boonerquad (talk | contribs) m →Cleft sentences: Fixed punctuation |
||
| (3 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
Line 395:
=== Cleft sentences ===
A [[clefting|cleft sentence]] is one formed with the copular verb (generally with a [[dummy pronoun]] like "it" as its subject), plus a word that "cleaves" the sentence, plus a subordinate clause. They are often used to put emphasis on a part of the sentence. Here are some examples of English sentences and their cleft versions:
* "I did it." → "It was I who did it" or more colloquially "It was me that did it."
* "You will stop smoking through willpower." → "It is through willpower that you will stop smoking."
Line 462:
| No se puede pisar el césped
| NEG CL can.1SG walk the grass
| "You cannot walk on the grass."
Zagona also notes that, generally, oblique phrases do not allow for a double clitic, yet some verbs of motion are formed with double clitics:
Line 469:
| María se fue
| María CL went.away-3SG
| "Maria went away."
Imperatives in Spanish do not require the use of clitics, but when they are used, a specific word order must be followed. With an affirmative verb, the clitic succeeds the verb. However, in a negative command, word order alters in that the clitic precedes the verb. Another review of sentence positions of {{lang|es|italic=yes|se}} in various grammatical constructions offers the following example, demonstrating imperative differences thus:
Line 480:
| No lo abras.
| NEG CL.ACC open-2SG.IMP
| "Don't open it."
With continuous verbs, the clitic can precede the auxiliary verb or follow the participle, as in (1a) and (1b):
Line 503:
| *María ya había preparádo-lo
| María already had prepared-CL.ACC
| (
Specific issues arise in clitic use and syntactic representation in terms of [[animacy]]. The Spanish language does not explicitly demonstrate in its grammar whether an object, either direct or indirect, refers to an animate or inanimate object. Therefore, the use of two clitics is common, although not always required. In this way, clitics can be doubled or "redundant" when two instances occur within the same phrase. Double clitics are found in instances of phrases with both direct accusative case objects and indirect dative objects in this way:
Line 510:
| Te lo dije ayer.
| CL.DAT CL.ACC told.1SG yesterday
| "I told you yesterday."
Regarding [[clitic doubling]] in Spanish, Ordóñez has suggested a "cluster" versus "split" formation, weighing consideration of the double clitic as a single unit (cluster) or a separable unit (split). The syntactic approach maintains a [[Dislocation (syntax)|left-dislocation]] for the clitics while sustaining a separation from the verb.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ordóñez|first=Francisco|date=2002-12-01|title=Some Clitic Combinations in the Syntax of Romance|journal=Catalan Journal of Linguistics|volume=1|pages=201|doi=10.5565/rev/catjl.59|issn=2014-9719|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the cluster model, both clitics are two adjacent constituents whereas the split model, one clitic has been split from the other, appearing higher on the syntactic tree. Both are still under the same [[c-command]] of the left branch but are no longer [[C-command|sisters]] to each other. Ordóñez suggests that when clitics are sisters, they may not even be considered [[Constituent (linguistics)|constituents]] in the syntax. The hypothesis includes a requirement that a non-third person clitic is located higher on a tree than the third person clitic.
In fact, [[clitic climbing]] is a common feature in Romance languages with designation of clitics as unbound [[Bound and free morphemes|morphemes]] where the clitic "climbs" to adjoin the verb in a higher position.<ref name="worldcat.org">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1204267667|title=The Routledge handbook of Spanish morphology|date=2021|others=Antonio Fábregas, Víctor Acedo-Matellán, Grant Armstrong, Maria Cristina Cuervo, Isabel Pujol|isbn=978-0-429-31819-1|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=1204267667}}</ref> This widely discussed theory has involved raising of the clitic {{lang|es|italic=yes|se}} as an [[Unaccusative verb|unaccusative]] because of the lack of external argument in the grammar structure. The object clitic begins in the subject position of the verb, moving up to attach to the verb via adjunction on the left. Another theory is the "base-generation" which considers clitics to be [[affix]]es.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alba de la Fuente|first=Anahi|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1019467284|title=Clitic combinations in Spanish : syntax, processing and acquisition.|date=2013|publisher=Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada|isbn=978-0-494-98079-8|location=Ottawa|oclc=1019467284}}</ref> However, both approaches fail when there is clitic doubling.
==== Recent approaches ====
As recently as 2021, Cuervo has suggested that, for clitic doubling, the solution is considering the dative clitic to be the head of an Applicative Phrase with care taken in identifying whether the form is [[Clitic#Proclitic|proclitic]] or [[Clitic#Enclitic|enclitic]]. Cuervo addresses the difference by positing the following: if the process is proclitic, there is climbing; if the process is enclitic, there is no climbing.<ref
Bradley illustrates some inflexible constructions, mainly when two third-person pronouns are within the same sentence and the indirect object must be expressed via {{lang|es|italic=yes|se}}:
Line 641:
* Saab, Andrés (2020-12-29). ''"Deconstructing Voice. The syntax and semantics of u-syncretism in Spanish".'' Glossa: a journal of general linguistics. '''5''' (1). {{doi|10.5334/gjgl.704}}. {{ISSN|2397-1835}}.
* Serrano, María José; Aijón Oliva, Miguel Ángel (January 2011). ''"Syntactic variation and communicative style".'' Language Sciences. '''33''' (1): 138–153. {{doi|10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.008}}.
* Zagona, Karen (2002). ''Syntax of Spanish. Port Chester: Cambridge University Press.'' {{ISBN|978-0-511-15575-8}}.
{{Romance grammars}}
| |||