Content deleted Content added
m Fixing broken anchor: 2016-07-13 #One Train Working→Signalling block system#One train working |
|||
| (17 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
Line 21:
The Tees & Weardale promoters developed a new scheme to transport coal to Haverton Hill: a main line that formed a junction the S&DR at Simpasture, a branch to the Deanery estate and a branch to Stockton that would provide a shorter route than the S&DR. This route didn't go into [[Weardale]], so it was named Clarence Railway after the Duke of Clarence, later [[King William IV]].{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp= 167–168}} The line was surveyed by Tennant with Edward Steel, an early assistant of Stephenson, the railway was supported by a town meeting in Stockton, and [[Henry Blanshard]] leased Coxhoe colliery for a high price from the [[Hale sisters]], on condition they use their family's influence to promote the railway.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp= 170–171}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Clarence Railway Act 1828
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title =
| year = 1828
| citation = [[9 Geo. 4]]. c. lxi
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 23 May 1828
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo4/9/61/pdfs/ukla_18280061_en.pdf
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Clarence Railway Act 1829
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title =
| year = 1829
| citation = [[10 Geo. 4]]. c. cvi
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 1 June 1829
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo4/10/106/pdfs/ukla_18290106_en.pdf
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
The '''{{visible anchor|Clarence Railway Act 1828}}''' ([[9 Geo. 4]]. c. lxi) received [[royal assent]] on 23 May 1828,{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p=234}} for a {{convert|26|mi|73|chain|adj=on}} line from Haverton Hill to Simpasture with three branches, one to the Deanery estate near [[Bishop Auckland]], another to Broom Hill, {{convert|2|mi}} north of [[Ferryhill]] and a third to Stockton.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p= 175}} The route was surveyed again, this time by [[George Leather]], who suggested different route that was straighter and with better gradients. [[Samphire Batts]] replaced Haverton Hill as the terminus, as this would allow loaded ships in the docks at low water. Branches were planned to [[Sherburn, County Durham|Sherburn]] via [[Coxhoe]], [[Durham, England|Durham]] via [[Shincliffe]], [[Byers Green]] and to the S&DR at [[West Auckland, Durham|West Auckland]],{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp= 177–178}} although this last branch was not in the bill put before Parliament.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p= 179}} Opposed by the S&DR and also the [[Marquis of Londonderry]], who was building a port at [[Seaham]] and planning a railway to the pits at Rainton (near Houghton le Spring), the '''{{visible anchor|Clarence Railway Act 1829}}''' ([[10 Geo. 4]]. c. cvi) received royal assent on 1 June 1829. The new railway was {{convert|45|mile|23|chain}} long; the main line to Samphire Batts was now {{convert|15|mi}} long, the City of Durham branch was {{convert|13|mi}}, and there were four other branches to Stockton, Deanery, Sherburn and Byers Green.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p= 180}} Due to the objection of [[Robert Surtees (antiquarian)|Robert Surtees]] of Mainsforth, locomotives were not permitted on parts of the Byers Green and City of Durham branches.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp= 178–181}}
===Opening and early operation===
Line 53 ⟶ 111:
| collapsed = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Clarence Railway Act 1833
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title =
| year = 1833
| citation = [[3 & 4 Will. 4]]. c. iv
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 29 March 1833
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4/3-4/4/pdfs/ukla_18330004_en.pdf
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
The '''{{visible anchor|Clarence Railway Act 1832}}''' ([[2 & 3 Will. 4]]. c. xxv) and the '''{{visible anchor|Clarence Railway Act 1833}}''' ([[3 & 4 Will. 4]]. c. iv) allowed for two more branches and the Durham branch to be cut short at Shincliffe.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p=234}} Construction involved heavy earthworks, such a {{convert|67|ft|adj=on}} deep cutting through solid rock near Ferryhill and a {{convert|75|ft|adj=on}} high embankment at Whitton or Bishopton Beck. With the main line built between Simpasture and Samphire Batts, the Stockton branch complete, the Durham branch ready as far as Thrislington and the Sherburn branch as far as Quarrington, the company needed to earn some income. It started carrying coal on its main line in August 1833, and in a year had reduced the traffic over the S&DR to Stockton from over 26,000 tons to under 9,500 tons.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p=236}} In October 1833, the Clarence started shipping coal for export, but the S&DR continued to charge the landsale rate, rather than the lower export rate.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p= 237}}
[[File:Port Clarence drop (crop).jpg|left|thumb|The drops at Port Clarence]]
Line 76 ⟶ 163:
===West Durham Railway===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = West Durham Railway Act 1839
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act for incorporating certain Persons for the making and maintaining a Railway from the Township of Crook and Billy Row to the Byers Green Branch of the Clarence Railway in the Parish of Saint Andrew Auckland, all in the County of Durham, to be called "The West Durham Railway."
| year = 1839
| citation = [[2 & 3 Vict.]] c. lxxi
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 4 July 1839
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/2-3/71/pdfs/ukla_18390071_en.pdf
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
Plans for a South Durham Railway, connecting the Clarence Railway's Byers Green branch with the collieries in Weardale, was presented to Parliament in 1836, but the bill failed in the [[House of Lords]]{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp=289–290}} and amended plans failed again the following year.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp=297–298}} In March 1837 some wagons of coal were drawn by horse on temporary track laid on the Byers Green branch to allow the Clarence Railway to show the line had been opened within the limit of time specified in its act of Parliament;{{which|date=July 2024}} the branch was only fully open in 1841.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p=312}} Work started on the West Durham Railway (WDR) in 1837, effectively an extension of the Byers Green branch to Willington Colliery; an act of Parliament for the line, the '''{{visible anchor|West Durham Railway Act 1839}}''' ([[2 & 3 Vict.]] c. lxxi), received [[royal assent]] on 4 July 1839.
A {{convert|2+1/4|mi}} section of line had opened on 12 June, although coal was not carried until 19 October, as before then locomotives were unable to be used on the Byers Green branch. From Byers Green a stationary engine was used to haul loaded wagon up a {{convert|5/8|mi}} incline, the [[River Wear]] was crossed by a
===Stockton and Hartlepool Railway===<!--Stockton and Hartlepool Railway redirects here-->
Christopher Tennant, who had moved to [[Hartlepool]], backed the [[Hartlepool Dock & Railway]] (HD&R) and this was given permission on 1 June 1832 for a line from the coal miles in central Durham to a port at Hartlepool. With a {{convert|14|mi|adj=on}} main line, {{convert|9+1/4|mi}} of branch and {{convert|65|acre}} of land set aside for the docks,{{sfn|Allen|1974|p=74}} trains ran between Thornley pit and Castle Eden after January 1835, Hartlepool dock opened that July and on 23 November the first train ran the {{convert|12+1/4|mi}} between [[Haswell, County Durham|Haswell]] and Hartlepool. By the end of that year there was {{convert|14+1/2|mi}} of line operational.{{sfn|Allen|1974|p=75}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Stockton and Hartlepool Railway Act 1842
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title =
| year = 1842
| citation = [[5 & 6 Vict.]] c. xc
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent =
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text =
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
[[File:Throston Engine House, Hartlepool - geograph.org.uk - 1609851.jpg|thumb|Throston Engine House was built to haul wagons from the Stockton and Hartlepool to the staiths at the docks<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Throston Engine House and wall adjoining|num=1250389|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>]]
In 1837 the [[Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway]] (GNEC&HJR) obtained permission for a line connecting the HD&R with the Byers Green branch, thus giving access to Hartlepool Dock bypassing Stockton. The Stockton and Hartlepool Railway was built to keep the traffic on the Clarence by building a branch from [[Billingham]] to Hartlepool.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp=297–298}} Work started in 1839, without an act of Parliament, and the line officially opened to passengers on 9 February 1841, although freight had travelled earlier.{{efn|{{harvtxt|Hoole|1974|p=146}} states the line was open for freight on 12 December 1840, whereas {{harvtxt|Tomlinson|1915|pp=344–346}} mentions a train of coal travelled in January.}} At Hartlepool an HD&R locomotive took trains forward to a {{convert|14|ft}} inclined plane to a new Victoria Dock.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp=344–346}} The S&HR was incorporated by the '''{{visible anchor|Stockton and Hartlepool Railway Act 1842}}''' ([[5 & 6 Vict.]] c. xc) that received royal assent on 30 June 1842.{{sfn|Hoole|1974|p=146}}
The WDR closed for some weeks at the beginning of 1842 as it was short of money. This had an adverse effect on the revenues of the Clarence, the Exchequer Loan Commissioners taking possession of the railway that September, to sell it by [[public auction]], although the debt was paid by raised by issuing and selling more shares.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp=475–476}} The Stockton and Hartlepool Railway leased the Clarence Railway for 21 years from 2 September 1844, and the Clarence paid its first dividend, of {{fract|1|1|2}} per cent, in 1845.{{sfn|Allen|1974|p=102}}{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp=476–477}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway Act 1837
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act for making and maintaining a Railway to connect the Great North of England, Clarence, and Hartlepool Railways, in the County of Durham.
| year = 1837
| citation = [[7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.]] c. xcv
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 3 July 1837
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4and1Vict/7/95/pdfs/ukla_18370095_en.pdf
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway Act 1843
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title =
| year = 1843
| citation = [[6 & 7 Vict.]] c. lxxxii
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent =
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text =
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
To prevent traffic being diverted over the shorter GNEC&HJR to Hartlepool, the WDR was linked to the Clarence Railway by {{convert|97|yd}} line over private land; as this was not limited by requiring an act of Parliament, and the Clarence was able to change whatever toll it wished. The GNEC&HJR also found it lacked permission in the '''{{visible anchor|Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway Act 1837}}''' ([[7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.]] c. xcv) to cross the Clarence Railway to reach the Byers Green. Unable to come to an agreement it returned to Parliament in 1843, where the {{abbr|GNEC&HJR|Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway}} was able get the '''{{visible anchor|Great North of England, Clarence and Hartlepool Junction Railway Act 1843}}''' ([[6 & 7 Vict.]] c. lxxxii) passed that fixed a toll for traffic on the short private line and gave permission to build a bridge over the line. However, the Clarence Railway still refused to co-operate in building a bridge over the line and it was 1846 before the railway was completed.{{sfn|Allen|1974|pp = 67, 101–102}}{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp = 476–477}}
===Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway Act 1852
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title =
| year = 1852
| citation = [[15 & 16 Vict.]] c. cxlii
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent =
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text =
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
[[File:Map of West Hartlepool Docks and Railway.svg|500px|thumb|The Clarence, Stockton and Hartlepool and West Durham Railways highlighted on an 1854 railway map]]
The Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock received permission on 23 May 1844,{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p=477}} and this opened on the Stranton shore on 1 June 1847.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|p=486}} Port Clarence suffered as traffic was being diverted to Hartlepool and the relationship between the S&HR and the Clarence Railway became strained. Some Clarence shareholders suggested a merger with the Stockton and Darlington Railway. Tennant had died in 1839;<ref>{{cite book|title=The Annals of Stockton-on-Tees|author=Heavsides, Henry|publisher=H. Heavsides & Son|url=//archive.org/details/annalsstocktono01heavgoog|page=117}}</ref> [[Ralph Ward Jackson]] had backed the S&HR and Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock<ref>{{Cite ODNB| title = Jackson, Ralph Ward| doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/37591| author = Waller, Philip| year = 2004}}</ref> and now negotiated a permanent lease of the Clarence from 1 January 1851. The Hartlepool West Harbour and Stockton and Hartlepool Railway were united from 1 July 1851.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1915|pp=509–510}} By an act of Parliament, the '''{{visible anchor|West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway Act 1852}}''' ([[15 & 16 Vict.]] c. cxlii) given royal assent on 30 June 1852, the Clarence Railway, Hartlepool West Harbour & Dock and Stockton and Hartlepool Railway were merged to become the West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway on 17 May 1853;{{sfn|Hoole|1974|pp=147–148}} Clarence Railway shareholders held the majority of the shares with voting rights.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/11th-july-1863/9/the-west-hartlepool-harbour-and-railway-company | title=West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway Company | newspaper=The Spectator | date=11 July 1863 | access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
Line 111 ⟶ 346:
==Legacy==
[[File:Freight train approaching Norton West Junction Geograph-1784486-by-Philip-Barker (crop).jpg|thumb|Train on the freight only Stillington Branch in 2010]]
Current [[Durham Coast Line]] passenger services provide one train per hour over the route of the former Clarence Railway from Stockton to Billingham, from where the former Stockton and Hartlepool Railway is taken to Hartlepool; four trains a day travelling between [[London King's Cross railway station|London King's Cross]] and [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]] use the route.{{sfn|Network Rail|2012|pp=124–125}} The line to Port Clarence was previously used by an irregular freight service, this having ceased between late 2018 and early 2019, the branch signalled for [[Signalling block system#One
The [[Auckland Way]] Railway Path follows the route of the Byers Green branch from Spennymoor, taking the route of the later NER branch to Bishop Auckland at Byers Green.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.durham.gov.uk/PDFRepository/Auckland_Way_Railway_Path_FINAL_WITH_INTERACTIVES.pdf|title=Auckland Way Railway Path|year=2011|access-date=4 February 2014|publisher=Durham County Council|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223025944/http://content.durham.gov.uk/PDFRepository/Auckland_Way_Railway_Path_FINAL_WITH_INTERACTIVES.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Line 152 ⟶ 387:
[[Category:Rail transport in County Durham]]
[[Category:Borough of Stockton-on-Tees]]
[[Category:North Eastern Railway (
[[Category:Rail transport in Darlington]]
[[Category:Horse-drawn railways]]
| |||