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{{Short description|Medical injection device}}
{{Infobox machine
| image = Syringe2.jpg
| caption = A typical plastic medical syringe fitted with a detachable stainless steel needle; the syringe is fitted with a male [[Luer taper|Luer lock]] fitting which the needle, which is equipped with a female Luer-Lock fitting (purple), screws into
| classification = [[Medical device]]
| industry = [[Healthcare industry|Healthcare]]
| application = [[Injection (medicine)|Injection]]
| inventor = [[Charles Pravaz]] (screw)<br>[[Alexander Wood (physician)|Alexander Wood]] (plunger)
| invented = {{start date and age|1853|df=y|p=y}}
}}
[[File:Labeled syringe.png|thumb|[[Disposable]] syringe with needle, with parts labelled: plunger, barrel, needle adaptor, needle hub, needle bevel, needle shaft]]
[[File:Spruta, Johannes Jansson (1).jpg|thumb|According to the [[World Health Organization]], about 90% of the medical syringes are used to administer [[drug]]s, 5% for [[vaccination]]s and 5% for other uses such as [[blood transfusion]]s.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [[Swiss Telegraphic Agency]], [https://www.rts.ch/info/monde/6566075-deux-millions-de-personnes-contaminees-lors-d-une-injection-a-risque-en-2014.html "Deux millions de personnes contaminées lors d'une injection à risque en 2014"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428201203/https://www.rts.ch/info/monde/6566075-deux-millions-de-personnes-contaminees-lors-d-une-injection-a-risque-en-2014.html |date=2015-04-28 }}, [[Radio télévision suisse]], 23 February 2015 (page visited on 23 February 2015).</ref>]]
A '''syringe''' is a simple [[reciprocating pump]] consisting of a [[plunger (mechanics)|plunger]] (though in modern syringes, it is actually a [[piston]]) that fits tightly within a cylindrical tube called a barrel.
The word "syringe" is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]]
{{anchor|Medical syringe}}
==Medical syringes==
{{see also|Hypodermic needle}}
[[Image:Syringe.jpg|thumb|The threads of the [[Luer taper|Luer lock]] tip of this 12mL disposable syringe keep it securely connected to a tube or other apparatus.]]
[[File:SyringeAllGlass.jpg|thumb|Syringe made entirely of glass, with no parts made from
[[File:Rekord-Spritze.jpg|thumb|An antique glass and metal syringe]]
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*finer gauge needles,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> for less pain,
*markings in insulin units to simplify drawing a measured dose of insulin, and<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&id=7252 |title=BD Diabetes-Syringe Capacity and Dose Size |publisher=Bd.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707095615/http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&id=7252 |archive-date=2011-07-07 }}</ref>
*[[low dead space syringe|low dead space]] to reduce complications caused by improper drawing order of different insulin strengths.<ref>{{
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" align=center width="500" border="1" style="background:powderblue;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#bcd2ee;"|
'''U-100
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cae1ff;"| 1cc (1 mL) Syringe
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Venom extraction syringes are different from standard syringes, because they usually do not puncture the wound. The most common types have a plastic nozzle which is placed over the affected area, and then the syringe piston is pulled back, creating a vacuum that allegedly sucks out the venom. Attempts to treat snakebites in this way are specifically advised against, as they are ineffective and can cause additional injury.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Sean P.|last1=Bush MD|title=Snakebite Suction Devices Don't Remove Venom: They Just Suck|journal=[[Annals of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=43|issue=2|pages=187–188|date=February 2004|url=http://www.doctorross.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/bush-sp-snakebite-suction-devices-suck-emerg-med-clin-n-am.pdf|access-date=2014-12-24|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.10.031|pmid=14747806|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517093243/http://www.doctorross.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/bush-sp-snakebite-suction-devices-suck-emerg-med-clin-n-am.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-17}}</ref>
Syringes of this type are sometimes used for extracting [[human botfly]] larvae from the skin.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Andrea K. |last=Boggild |author2=Jay S. Keystone |author3=Kevin C. Kain |title=Furuncular myiasis: a simple and rapid method for extraction of intact Dermatobia hominis larvae |journal=[[Clinical Infectious Diseases]] |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=336–338 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12115102 |doi=10.1086/341493 |doi-access=
===Oral===
An oral syringe is a [[measuring instrument]] used to accurately measure doses of liquid [[medication]], expressed in [[Millilitre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (mL). They do not have threaded tips, because no needle or other device needs to be screwed onto them. The contents are simply squirted or sucked from the syringe directly into the mouth of the person or animal.
Oral syringes are available in various sizes, from 1–10 mL and larger. An oral syringe is typically purple in colour to distinguish it from a standard injection syringe with a luer tip.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Precision Oral Syringes Frequently asked questions |url=https://oralsyringes.uk/faq/ |website=oralsyringes.uk|date=30 March 2018 }}</ref> The sizes most commonly used are 1 mL, 2.5 mL,
===Dental syringes===
A dental syringe is
In 1928, [[Bayer]] Dental developed, coined and produced a sealed cartridge system under the registered trademark Carpule<sup>®</sup>. The current trademark owner is [[Heraeus#Heraeus Kulzer|Kulzer Dental]] [[GmbH]].
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=== Dose-sparing syringes ===
[[File:Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (2021) D.jpeg|thumb|A dose-sparing syringe and needle being used to draw up a
A dose-sparing syringe is one which minimises the amount of liquid remaining in the barrel after the plunger has been depressed. These syringes feature a combined needle and syringe, and a protrusion on the face of the plunger to expel liquid from the needle hub. Such syringes were particularly popular during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as vaccines were in short supply.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government orders 65m syringes ahead of potential Covid-19 vaccine|url=https://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/news/clinical-areas/immunology-and-vaccines/government-orders-65m-syringes-ahead-of-potential-covid-19-vaccine/
===Regulation===
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[[File:Wärmeleitpaste Thermal Compound.jpg|thumb|Some chemical compounds, such as [[thermal paste]] and various glues, e.g. [[epoxy]], are sold in prepackaged syringes.]]
[[Medical-grade]] disposable hypodermic syringes are often used in research laboratories for convenience and low cost. Another application is to use the needle tip to add liquids to very confined spaces, such as washing out some scientific apparatus. They are often used for measuring and transferring solvents and reagents where a high precision is not required. Alternatively, microliter syringes can be used to measure and dose chemicals very precisely by using a small diameter capillary as the syringe barrel.
The [[polyethylene]] construction of these disposable syringes usually makes them rather chemically resistant. There is, however, a risk of the contents of the syringes leaching plasticizers from the syringe material. Non-disposable glass syringes may be preferred where this is a problem. Glass syringes may also be preferred where a very high degree of precision is important (i.e. [[Quantitative analysis (chemistry)|quantitative chemical analysis]]), because their [[tolerance (engineering)|engineering tolerances]] are lower and the plungers move more smoothly. In these applications, the transfer of [[pathogens]] is usually not an issue.
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[[File:De medicina V00117 00000006.tif|thumb|''[[De Medicina]]'' by the Roman author [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]], later the first medical textbook to be printed]]
*Piston syringes were used in ancient times. During the 1st century AD [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] mentioned the use of them to treat medical complications in his ''[[De Medicina]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Die zweitausendjährige Geschichte der Ohrenspritze und ihre Verflechtung mit dem Klistier|year=1999|journal=Laryngorhinootologie | last=Feldmann|first=H.|volume=78|issue=8|pages=462–467|doi=10.1055/s-2007-996909|pmid=10488468}}</ref>
*9th century: The [[Iraqi people|Iraqi]]/[[Egyptians|Egyptian]] surgeon [[Ophthalmology in medieval Islam|Ammar ibn 'Ali al-Mawsili']]
*Pre-Columbian Native Americans created early hypodermic needles and syringes using "hollow bird bones and small animal bladders".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040913_information_about_indians_2.html|title=16 Indian Innovations: From Popcorn to Parkas|website=news.nationalgeographic.com|access-date=2017-12-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016031119/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040913_information_about_indians_2.html|archive-date=2017-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/traditional-societies/10-native-inventions-and-innovations-that-changed-the-world/|title=10 Native Inventions and Innovations That Changed the World - Indian Country Media Network|website=indiancountrymedianetwork.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203211/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/traditional-societies/10-native-inventions-and-innovations-that-changed-the-world/|archive-date=2017-12-25}}</ref>
*1650: [[Blaise Pascal]] invented a syringe (not necessarily hypodermic) as an application of what is now called [[Pascal's law]].
*1844: Irish physician [[Francis Rynd]] invented the hollow needle and used it to make the first recorded subcutaneous injections, specifically a sedative to treat [[neuralgia]].
*1853: [[Charles Pravaz]] and [[Alexander Wood (physician)|Alexander Wood]] independently developed medical syringes with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin. Pravaz's syringe was made of silver and used a screw mechanism to dispense fluids. Wood's syringe was made of glass, enabling its contents to be seen and measured, and used a plunger to inject them. It is effectively the syringe that is used today.
*1865: [[Charles Hunter (physician)|Charles Hunter]] coined the term "hypodermic", and developed an improvement to the syringe that locked the needle into place so that it would not be ejected from the end of the syringe when the plunger was depressed, and published research indicating that injections of pain relief could be given anywhere in the body, not just in the area of pain, and still be effective.<ref name="Brunton">{{cite journal|last1=Brunton|first1=D.|date=2000|title=A Question of Priority: Alexander Wood, Charles Hunter and the Hypodermic Method|journal=Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|volume=30|issue=4 |pages=349–351|doi=10.1177/147827150003000414 |s2cid=248921807 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*1867: The [[Medical and Chirurgical Society of London]] investigated whether injected narcotics had a general effect (as argued by Hunter) or whether they only worked locally (as argued by Wood). After conducting animal tests and soliciting opinions from the wider medical community, they firmly sided with Hunter.<ref name="Brunton" />
*1899: [[Letitia Mumford Geer]] patented a syringe which could be operated with one hand and which could be used for self-administered rectal injections.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rishavy |first1=Aimee |title=Most Influential Women in Medicine & Health Care - Women's History Month, 2021 |url=https://www.medsourcelabs.com/newsroom/most-influential-women-in-medicine-health-care/ |website=MedSource Labs |access-date=30 May 2022 |date=4 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Geer |first1=L.M. |title=Syringe (US Patent 622,848) |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/14/e0/b8/3217b969902903/US622848.pdf |publisher=United States Patent Office |access-date=30 May 2022 |date=11 April 1899}}</ref>
*1946: [[Chance Brothers]] in [[Smethwick]], West Midlands, England, produced the first all-glass syringe with interchangeable barrel and plunger, thereby allowing mass-sterilisation of components without the need for matching them.
*1949: Australian inventor Charles Rothauser created the world's first plastic, disposable hypodermic syringe at his Adelaide factory.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*1951: Rothauser produced the first injection-moulded syringes made of [[polypropylene]], a plastic that can be heat-sterilised. Millions were made for Australian and export markets.
*1956: New Zealand pharmacist and inventor [[Colin Murdoch]] was granted New Zealand and Australian patents for a disposable plastic syringe.
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*[[Hippy Sippy]]
*[[Jet injector]], injects without a needle, by squirting the injection fluid so fast that it makes a hole in the skin.
*[[Luer
*[[Needle exchange programme]], is a social policy based on the philosophy of harm reduction where injecting drug users (IDUs) can obtain hypodermic needles and associated injection equipment at little or no cost.
*[[Fear of needles|Trypanophobia]], a fairly common extreme fear of hypodermic syringes
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[[Category:Drug delivery devices]]
[[Category:Drug paraphernalia]]
[[Category:New Zealand inventions]]
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