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'''Muthuvel Karunanidhi''' (3 June 1924 – 7 August 2018) was an Indian writer and politician who served as [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for almost two decades over five terms between 1969 and 2011. He is popularly referred to as '''Kalaignar''' (Artist) and '''Mutthamizh Arignar''' (Tamil Scholar) for his contributions to Tamil literature. He had the longest intermittent tenure as [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] with 6,863 days in office. He was also a long-standing leader of the [[Dravidian movement]] and ten-time president of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] political party. Karunanidhi has the record of never losing an election to the Tamil Nadu Assembly, having won 13 times since his first victory in 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chandrashekhar |first1=Anandi |last2=Vaitheesvaran |first2=Bharani |title=Karunanidhi Death: M Karunanidhi dies at 94, an era ends in Dravidian politics |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/m-karunanidhi-dies-aged-94-an-era-ends-in-dravidian-politics/articleshow/65309822.cms |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> Before entering politics, he worked in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] as a screenwriter. He also made contributions to [[Tamil literature]], having written stories, plays, novels, and a multiple-volume memoir.<ref>{{cite news |title=M Karunanidhi: India's 91-year-old politician who is still fighting |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-36253790 |access-date=5 August 2018 |
Karunanidhi was born in the Tamil Nadu village of [[Thirukkuvalai]] on 3 June 1924. His parents were from the
Karunanidhi started his political career in 1957, when he was voted to the Madras state legislature. When the DMK first entered the state legislature the following year, he was named treasurer and deputy leader of the opposition. Karunanidhi ascended quickly through the ranks. After the death of [[C. N. Annadurai|C.N. Annadurai]] in 1969, he became the DMK's leader and Chief minister of Tamil Nadu<ref name="
During his political career, Karunanidhi advocated for increased [[State (polity)|state autonomy]] and [[affirmative action]] to favour lower castes.<ref name="
== Early life and family ==
Karunanidhi was born on 3 June 1924, in the village of [[Thirukkuvalai]] in [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] (currently [[Nagapattinam district]]), [[Madras Presidency]], to Ayyadurai Muthuvel and Anjugam. He had two elder sisters, Periyanayaki and Shanmugasundari.<ref name="
</blockquote>
At the age of 12, he left to [[Thiruvarur]] to start his high school.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=26}} Karunanidhi started to organise school students for the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitations]].{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=29}} The deaths of two anti-Hindi agitators by the police made a profound impact on him.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=31}} At the age of 13, he wrote his first Tamil historical novel titled ''Selvachandira''.<ref name="
== Entry into politics and early writing career ==
Karunanidhi entered politics at the age of 14, inspired by a speech by Alagirisamy of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], and participated in [[Anti-Hindi agitations]].<ref name="
At the age of fifteen, Karunanidhi started his own magazine ''Maanavanesan'' ({{translation|friends of students}}). He along with his friends would make fifty copies of the magazine and circulate it and also sometimes mailed them to the leaders of Self-respect movement.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=33}} A political activist after reading his magazine asked him to lead the forum for peace, liberty equality and justice, he accepted and became its elected secretary. Later, he dissolved the forum after there was a blatant attempt to convert the forum into as a front of the [[Congress party]]. He refunded the subscription money many refused to take the refund.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=34}} Using the rest of ₹75, he started the Tamil Nadu Tamil students association in 1941.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=35}} In 1942, the association held an annual function attended by [[Bharathidasan]] [[K. Anbazhagan|K.A Anbazhagan]] and [[K. A. Mathiazhagan]] and student leaders from [[Annamalai University
As his writings were gaining popularity in Thiruvarur, he started ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]]'' to widen his publishing platform. Its writer and chief editor was Karunanidhi, and its secretary was his friend Thennavan. It had a large print run, was mailed to many Tamil political organisations, and was in the forefront of the fight against [[caste]], social isolation, sophistry, and supremacy.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=35}} He wrote a critical piece in Murasoli titled "''Varnama, Maanama?"'' in 1944 when a conference was organised by conservatives in support of [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna system]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/murasoli-the-first-child-of-karunanidhi/article24548789.ece |title=Murasoli, the first child of Karunanidhi |first=B. |last=Kolappan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 August 2018
He failed three times in his final exams. During the result day, unable to face his family over his third consecutive failure, he left to [[Thopputhurai]] in search of his classmate Asan Abdul Kaathar who consoled him. He then started his passion of writing as a career.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=37}} In Thiruvarur, he started writing and staging plays. These plays served as a channel for the Dravidian movement's ideology to spread. In Thiruvarur, he presented a play named ''Palaniappan'' to raise cash for his student association. The total amount collected was only ₹80, despite the fact that the performance had cost him ₹200 to stage. He had no idea how he was going to repay the debt he owed to the individuals who were now harassing him for it. He travelled with his friend Thennavan for Nagapattinam, keen to take his chances somewhere else and met with R. V Gopal, a local leader of the Dravidar Kazhagam. Gopal sympathised with his situation but was hesitant to lend him the money but Instead bought the play for ₹100. The sale of his first play made his to write more ideological plays.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=37}}{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=38}}<ref name="
His parents didn't approve of his writing career. They advised him to look for a job that would pay him at least ₹50 per month. He was determined on not taking a regular job. Karunanidhi then fell in love with a girl. He was certain that the girl was infatuated with him as well. When he and his family met the girl's parents, they demanded that if a wedding was to take place, it must be performed in the presence of [[Brahmin priest]]s and [[vedic chanting]]. Karunanidhi rejected, citing his belief in the [[Self-Respect Movement
After marriage, he worked as a playwright through the help of R.V Gopal who help his earlier with his play.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=42}} Their first camp for the troupe was at Villupuram where he was joined by his friends Thennavan and C.T Murthy. Their plays failed to bring people even after the attendance of Periyar and Annadurai. The failure was due to their comments against the caste prejudices, the troupe was named "Dravida Theatre group", the term "Dravida" was perceived to be a term for [[Dalit]]s and hence non-Dalits boycotted it.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=43}} The troupe started to play in [[Pondicherry]] which was at the time a hub for social cultural and political change. His plays were an instant success and people started to call him as "Sivaguru", the name of his character.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=43}} During his stay in Pondicherry, Karunanidhi penned "''That Pen!''" a criticism of Gandhi and the Congress centred on a pen which was lost from the [[Sabarmati Ashram]], which infuriated the congress workers. He followed up with a piece titled "''What If Gandhi Became Viceroy?''" Later, members of the congress attacked a public gathering in Pondicherry attended by Periyar, Annadurai, and Pattukottai Azhagirisamy. Karunanidhi was chased down and beaten until he fell unconscious. They dropped his unconscious body into the sewers and departed, thinking he was dead. He was nursed back by an old women and taken to Periyar who applied medicines to him and took him to Erode along with him where he worked as an assistant editor with Periyar's ''[[Kudi Arasu]]'' magazine in [[Erode]] for a year.{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=44}}{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=45}}{{sfn|Panneerselvan|2021|p=46}}<ref name="
== Early political career ==
Karunanidhi along with a group of young band of Tamil enthusiasts led by Annadurai dissented from [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) on 17 September 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070818/karunanidhi-dmks-captain-of-50-years-returns-to-pavilion.html |title=Muthuvel Karunanidhi, DMK's captain of 50 years returns to pavilion |first=M. R. |last=Venkatesh |date=7 August 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
=== Kallakudi demonstration ===
{{
The first major protest that aided Karunanidhi in gaining ground in Tamil politics was his involvement in the [[Kallakudi demonstration]] in [[Kallakudi]] in 1953 when he was 29. The original name of this industrial town was Kallakudi. Kallakudi was renamed as "Dalmiapuram" by the state administration led by [[C. Rajagopalachari|Rajagopalachari]] to commemorate the [[North India]]n business magnate Ram Krishan Dalmia, who owned a cement factory there.<ref name="
=== MLA and deputy leader of opposition ===
At the age of 33, Karunanidhi entered the Tamil Nadu assembly by winning the [[Kulithalai]] seat in Tiruchirapalli during the 1957 election among the 15 DMK legislators elected and were elected as the [[Chief Whip]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karunanidhi-became-mla-13-times-once-1984-he-didnt-contest-86198 |title=Karunanidhi became an MLA 13 times, but once in 1984, he didn't contest |date=8 August 2018 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> During the 1959 elections of the [[Madras Municipal Corporation]], he was managing the party campaigns, the party won 45 out of the 90 contested.<ref name="
During this time, Karunanidhi recognised the necessity for a regular engagement with party cadres. He began sending daily letters to his party members, whom he referred to as ''udan pirappukal'' (blood brothers), a practice he followed for fifty years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/when-karunanidhi-starred-in-the-anti-hindi-agitation/cid/1778161 |title=When Karunanidhi starred in the anti-Hindi agitation |website=
=== 1965 Anti-Hindi Agitations and imprisonment ===
{{Main|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitations in Tamil Nadu]] started when the Union government announced that [[Hindi]] would become the single official language. The DMK, led by CN Annadurai, planned to organise a series of rallies against the action and declared 26 January to be a day of mourning. Chants of 'Hindi Ozhiga, Tamil Vaazhga' (Down with Hindi, long live Tamil) were heard everywhere. Violence continued across the state and several set themselves on fire.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/01/29020437/1060032/An-agitation-to-remember.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615195721/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/01/29020437/1060032/An-agitation-to-remember.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2021 |title=An agitation to remember |date=29 January 2018 |website=dtNext.in}}</ref><ref name="
=== Cabinet Minister of state ===
Annadurai declared Karunnanidhi as a DMK candidate for the February [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]], at the DMK's State-level meeting at [[Virugambakkam]], Chennai. Karunanidhi, as DMK treasurer, raised ₹11 lakh for the party's election campaign.<ref name="
On 14 January 1969, under CN Annadurai's administration, [[Madras State]] was rechristened as Tamil Nadu. Karunanidhi was in control of five ministries at the time: Transportation, Public Works, Highways, Ports, and Minor Irrigation.<ref name="www.moneycontrol.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/newsarticle/news_print.php?autono=11276861&sr_no=0&classic=true |title=Moneycontrol.com |website=
== First term as Chief minister (1969–1971) ==
{{
On 3 February 1969, the existing chief minister Annadurai died of [[cancer]]. On 9 February 1969, the DMK's MLAs chose Karunanidhi to lead the party. He was also chosen as the DMK's legislative assembly leader. Karunanidhi was appointed chief minister on 10 February 1969, the next day and was sworn in by Governor [[Sardar Ujjal Singh]].<ref name="
The six Ministers of Annadurai's Cabinet were kept by Karunanidhi. In addition to his own ministries, Karunanidhi took on the ministries of late Annadurai and [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan|Nedunchezhiyan]], who had refused to join his cabinet.<ref name="
He once found himself in a difficult situation in the state Assembly when members of the Congress party and Rajagopalachari's [[Swatantra Party]] hammered him and his amateur ministers with hard questions. Swatantra Party MP [[H. V. Hande|HV Hande]] described his new government as 'third rate.' Karunanidhi sprang up and exclaimed, 'Sorry, this is not third-rate government', This is a fourth-rate government." The house was startled for a few minutes. Some people believed Karunanidhi had admitted to the government's incompetence. Then Karunanidhi indicated that his government of [[Shudra]]s, the lowest caste in the [[Caste system in India|caste hierarchy]] which enraged the opposition.<ref name="
Karunanidhi started sending letters to his party members in Murasoli, opening with the words "Udan pirappe" (My blood brothers). These letters covered a wide range of themes, including the DMK's philosophy, his justifications for various party actions, and encouragements to party members to work very hard throughout electoral campaigns, among other things. Karunanidhi sent around 7,000 of these letters to party leaders between 1969 and his death in December 2016. They were later published in seven volumes.<ref name="
Karunanidhi sponsored and presided over a State Autonomy Conference in Madras on 12 September 1970, which included Periyar, West Bengal Chief Minister Ajoy Mukherjee, numerous Parliamentarians, and other dignitaries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-karunanidhi-pitched-greater-state-autonomy-1970s-151669 |title=How Karunanidhi pitched for greater state autonomy in the 1970s |date=3 July 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
During his tenure, he granted legal status to [[Self-Respect
== Second term as Chief Minister (1971–1976) ==
{{
In March 1971, Karunanidhi formed an alliance with the Congress headed by Indira Gandhi, on the precondition that her party will not contest in any Assembly seats. In March 1971, the DMK contests for both the Assembly and the Lok Sabha. The DMK-Congress combination beat the Swatantra Party-Congress (Organisation) alliance led by Kamaraj and Rajagopalachari. The DMK won a landslide victory, with its candidates capturing 184 of the 234 seats on the ballot. Karunanidhi is re-elected as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the second time. He was elected from Saidapet.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/02/when-karunanidhi-and-indira-gandhi-defeated-kamaraj--rajaji-1945612.html |title=When Karunanidhi and Indira Gandhi defeated Kamaraj & Rajaji |website=The New Indian Express |date=March 2019
Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi dismissed DMK's Treasurer M.G. Ramachandran from the party. He made this decision in response to a request from 26 of the executive council's 31 members. Karunanidhi later described the decision as "painful" at a public platform.<ref name="
M Karunanidhi in 1970 issued an order that he said would "eliminate the thorn in the heart" of social reformer Periyar. The decree made it possible for people of all castes to become priests in public temples. However, the Supreme Court overturned this decision in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/888558/tamil-nadu-has-appointed-its-first-non-brahmin-priest-finally-fulfilling-karunanidhis-2006-reform |title=Tamil Nadu has appointed its first non-Brahmin priest, finally fulfilling Karunanidhi's 2006 reform |first=Sruthisagar |last=Yamunan |website=Scroll.in |date=30 July 2018
Until 1973, Governors raised the national flag in state capitals on both Republic Day and Independence Day. Karunanidhi protested in February of that year that the Chief Ministers were "ignored" on Independence Day and Republic Day. In view of the Rajamannar Committee's report on Centre-State relations(
Karunanidhi launched the "Beggar rehabitation scheme" on his 48th birthday on 3 June 1971, and begged for funds for the scheme from shopkeepers near his residence, collecting ₹3,000 and said "Begging is not an insult to the person doing the begging. But it is an insult to the country and society that made him a beggar."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jul/30/beggars-rehabilitation-scheme-stalin-to-take-up-fathers-long-fought-cause-2337478.html |title=Beggars Rehabilitation Scheme: Stalin to take up father's long-fought cause? |website=The New Indian Express |date=30 July 2021
=== The Emergency and government dismissal ===
{{Main|The Emergency (India)}}
He resisted to let the Emergency's on Tamil Nadu for approximately seven months, until his administration was ousted on 31 January 1976. Karunanidhi was a supporter of Jayaparakash Narayan's anti-Emergency campaign and was the first one to ally with his [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece |title=An island of democracy |first=R. Vijaya |last=Sankar |website=Frontline |date=17 August 2018
A one-man [[Sarkaria Commission]] was established in February 1976 under Supreme Court judge [[Ranjit Singh Sarkaria]], shortly after the Indira Gandhi government ousted the DMK administration after allegations of corruption were made by opposition leader MGR. DMK tried to make out that the investigation was an act of political vendetta. The Sarkaria commission described the evidence on the claims as "cogent, convincing, and reliable."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/on-scientific-corruption-and-recommendation-letters/article29102489.ece |title=On scientific corruption and 'recommendation letters' |first=D. Suresh |last=Kumar |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 August 2019
== Leader of the opposition (1977–1983) ==
AIADMK led alliance won 34 seats out of 39 seats in the [[1977 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/03/emergency-period-interval-block-for-tamil-nadu-politics-as-admk-enters-fray-1945975.html |title=Emergency period: Interval block for Tamil Nadu politics as ADMK enters fray |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 March 2019
On 29 October 1977, DMK supporters brandished black flags and yelled "Go back, Indira!" as she exited the [[Madras Airport
MGR offered a kind hand to the [[Morarji Desai]] government, while Karunanidhi renewed his alliance with Indira Gandhi. When Indira returned to power following the untimely end of Desai's government, she lost no time in dissolving MGR's cabinet. In the [[1980 Indian general election]] and [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], the state voted in favour of the AIADMK. MGR was re-elected as Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/03/03172742/1278460/The-Road-To-Tamil-Nadu-Elections-2021.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415144658/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/03/03172742/1278460/The-Road-To-Tamil-Nadu-Elections-2021.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2021 |title=The Road To Tamil Nadu Elections 2021 |date=3 March 2021 |website=dtNext.in}}</ref> Karunanidhi was elected from [[Anna Nagar (state assembly constituency)|Anna Nagar consistency]] again.<ref name="
== Leader of the DMK (
Karunanidhi and DMK general secretary [[K. Anbazhagan]] resigned from the State Assembly soon after the [[Black July|1983 anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka]] in protest of the union government and state's failure to defend the [[Eelam tamils
Soon after AIADMK's election win in 1980, Congress abandoned its ally DMK and allied with AIADMK. The 1984 elections took place against the backdrop of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi's assassination]]. In December 1984, contested as allies in both Lok Sabha and the State Assembly which conducted together and were carried to victory by the sympathy generated for Indira Gandhi and MGR who was undergoing a Kidney transplant in New york. After being voted to the legislative council in April 1984, Karunanidhi decided to skip the elections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/28/from-the-archives-when-mgr-sailed-on-sympathy-in1984-polls-2295720.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427232039/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/28/from-the-archives-when-mgr-sailed-on-sympathy-in1984-polls-2295720.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2021 |title=From the archives: When MGR sailed on sympathy in 1984 polls |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dravidian-chronicles-1984-year-karunanidhi-skipped-election-42683 |title=Dravidian Chronicles: 1984- The year Karunanidhi skipped an election |date=4 May 2016 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> In 1986, the MLC was however abolished by the Chief Minister, MG Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/debate-over-reviving-tns-madras-legislative-council-hots-up/ |title=Debate over reviving Tamil Nadu Legislative Council hots up |date=11 April 2021 |website=The Federal}}</ref>
Karunanidhi was instrumental in bringing the seven-party National Front together in Chennai in October 1988. With a plea for social justice, he backed Vishwanath Pratap Singh and his announcement of the Mandal Commission Report.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/karunanidhi-was-the-last-warrior-of-tamil-nadu-s-dravidian-politics/story-NcfkQOBxyngskKwOy3FA2H.html |title=Karunanidhi was the last warrior of Tamil Nadu's Dravidian politics |date=8 August 2018 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Earlier on 17 September 1988, he organised a large rally in Chennai with largely DMK members and a public meeting to commemorate the National Front's formation. It was the largest rally Chennai has ever seen.<ref name="
== Third term as Chief minister (1989–1991) ==
{{
After a 13-year break, the DMK returned to power in 1989. Following MGR's death from a heart attack, the AIADMK split into two. The late Chief Minister MG Ramachandran's wife Janaki Ramachandran led one faction, while J Jayalalithaa led another that helped the DMK. With about 33% of the vote, the DMK was able to secure a solid majority of 151 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/29/from-the-archives-when-dmk-stormed-to-power-in-tn-after-13-years-2296195.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428233608/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/29/from-the-archives-when-dmk-stormed-to-power-in-tn-after-13-years-2296195.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2021 |title=From the archives: When DMK stormed to power in TN after 13 years |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Karunandihi was elected Chief Minister for the third time from Chennai's Harbour constituency.<ref name="
Karunanidhi allowed the LTTE to use Tamil Nadu as a rear base for its battle for Eelam Between 1989 and 1991, even after Prabhakaran took up arms against the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF). Karunanidhi accused the Indian soldiers of rape and massacre of Tamils in Sri Lanka and refused to receive the returning soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/m-karunanidhi-majestic-political-career-dotted-mistakes-86172 |title=M Karunanidhi: A majestic political career dotted by mistakes |date=8 August 2018 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> The Karunanidhi administration is then dismissed and placed under presidents rule by the Chandra Shekhar led union government after only two years of its five-year tenure due to its inability to act against Sri Lankan Tamil militants. Despite Governor S.S. Barnala's unwillingness to report to the Union Cabinet that Tamil Nadu's constitutional apparatus had broken down, the government has been dismissed.<ref name="
He enacted legislations which provided financial assistance to widows and inter-caste weddings.<ref name="
== Leader of the DMK (1991–1996) ==
{{See also|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}
[[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] by the LTTE took place during the electoral campaign for the [[1991 Indian general election]]s. The DMK was accused in the incident and mobs vandalised the properties of DMK members and functionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/08/amid-political-turmoil-jayalalithaa-becomes-tns-1st-woman-cm-in-1991-1948270.html |title=Amid political turmoil, Jayalalithaa becomes TN's first woman CM in 1991 |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 March 2019
Following the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid
== Fourth term as Chief minister (1996–2001) ==
{{
In 1996, he formed an alliance with the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]], led by [[G. K. Moopanar|G.K. Moopanar]], and was elected Chief Minister for the fourth time in the state. At the centre, he joined the Deve Gowda-led United Front government.<ref name="
In 1999, Karunanidhi made his most significant ideological concession. The DMK joined the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance to fight the elections, portraying Vajpayee as a softer ideological character than LK Advani. The National Democratic Alliance won the elections.<ref name="
He had to deal with caste animosity in numerous districts of Tamil Nadu throughout his tenure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkataramanan |first=K. |date=7 August 2018 |title=Karunanidhi
[[File:Anna Centenary Library Exterior.jpg|thumb|The [[Anna Centenary Library]] built by the implementation of Karunanidhi]]
In 1996–97, Karunanidhi introduced the free bus pass system, which exempted [[State school|government school]] and college students from paying for a ticket while giving private school and college students a 50% discount.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-school-students-can-use-old-bus-passes-till-new-ones-are-distributed/articleshow/69621236.cms |title=Tamil Nadu school students can use old bus passes till new ones are distributed |website=The Times of India |date=2 June 2019
He was responsible for almost all of the state's major infrastructure projects which were implemented during this tenure including the [[TIDEL
=== Thiruvalluvar statue ===
{{Main|Thiruvalluvar Statue}}
On 31 December 1975, during a state cabinet meeting led by Karunanidhi, a plan was authorised to erect a [[Thiruvalluvar Statue|statue for Thiruvalluvar]] at Kanyakumari. The DMK administration was dismissed a month later, and the state was placed under President's Rule. During his next term from 1989 to 1991, he resurrected the project. In March 1990, when presenting the Budget, he stated that a 133-foot-tall monument of Thiruvalluvar will be erected in Kanyakumari. He launched the project six months later. The project was restarted once he reclaimed power in May 1996. He unveiled the monument on New Year's Day, 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Monumental-achievements/article16566833.ece |title=Monumental achievements |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 March 2010
=== 2001 state elections ===
Jayalalithaa, who was aligned with the Tamil Maanila Congress, the Congress, the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], the [[Communist Party of India]], and other parties in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections]] received 49.89% of the vote, defeating the ruling DMK-led alliance by a large majority. Karunanidhi assumption that the DMK will be re-elected on the grounds of its government's good performance proved incorrect. His government's performance was praised by voters but it was not transferred into votes.<ref name="
== Leader of the DMK (2001–2006 ) ==
He served as the president of the DMK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karunanidhi writes to PM over Azhagiri's arrest |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/24tn.htm |access-date=28 February 2022 |
=== Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers ===
{{Main|Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers}}
In the midnight 30 June 2001, he was arrested on the orders of [[J. Jayalalithaa]] as an act of Vendetta<ref name="
=== 2004 general elections ===
Karunanidhi, on the other hand, left the BJP coalition in 2004 as the Union government refused to revoke the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Act]]. He stood for the United Progressive Alliance led by the Congress party in the general elections, which won all 39 seats of the Parliament from Tamil Nadu.<ref name="
== Fifth term as Chief minister (2006–2011) ==
{{
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Shri M. Karunanidhi meeting the Deputy Chairman Planning Commission, Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia to finalize plan for the current financial year, in New Delhi on June 6, 2006.jpg|thumb|Karunanidhi meeting the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission to finalise plan for the financial year, in New Delhi on 6 June 2006|220x220px]]On 8 May 2006, Karunanidhi's administration became the first minority administration in Tamil Nadu's history, and soon after declared a price cut for rice and the waiver of cooperative farmer loans, two of the DMK's main electoral promises.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/karunanidhi-takes-over-as-tn-cm-for-fifth-time/384526 |title=Karunanidhi takes over as TN CM for fifth time |website=
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. M Karunanidhi inaugurating the flyover at G N Chetty Road – Thirumalai Road Junction, in Chennai on December 29, 2008.jpg|thumb|Karunanidhi inaugurating the flyover at G N Chetty Road – Thirumalai Road Junction, in Chennai on 29 December 2008]]
Karunanidhi in January 2009 threatened to resign from the ruling alliance if India does not assist in securing a cease-fire in the Sri Lankan civil war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2009 |title=Karunanidhi renews resignation threat over Sri Lanka |language=en |
In 2006, the DMK administration formed 30 special welfare boards entrusted with lobbying for the rights of disadvantaged and marginalised people ranging from transgenders to construction workers who may not have political influence or form voting groups and endure many forms of oppression.<ref name="
== Leader of the DMK (2011–2016) ==
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi meeting the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, in Chennai on January 03, 2011.jpg|thumb|Karunanidhi meeting the then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, in Chennai, 2011|250x250px]]
During the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], the AIADMK alliance won 203 seats and the DMK alliance won 31.<ref>{{Cite journal |
On his 86th birthday, Karunanidhi donated his Gopalapuram home to the Annai Anjugam Trust, which would manage a free hospital for the underprivileged after his and his wife's demise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2010 |title=Karunanidhi donates Gopalapuram residence |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Karunanidhi-donates-Gopalapuram-residence/article16240543.ece |access-date=31 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
During the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections]], which the DMK lost only by 1.5 per cent votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/25/data-story-how-dmk-ended-up-losing-20-16-election.html |title=Data story: How DMK ended up losing 2016 election |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]
In January 2017, Karunanidhi's son M. K. Stalin was made as the working president of the DMK at the general council meet due to his deteriorating health.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/tHFIyhHcjxdB2O6L2Tcm7J/Stalin-named-as-DMK-working-president-amid-the-churn-in-Tami.html |title=Stalin named as DMK working president amid a churn in Tamil Nadu politics |first=Dharani |last=Thangavelu |date=4 January 2017 |website=mint}}</ref>
== Political positions ==
Line 252 ⟶ 261:
=== Sri Lankan Tamil issue ===
{{See also|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Indian Peace Keeping Force|Protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War|K. Muthukumar|2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests|Attacks on Sri Lankans in Tamil Nadu}}
Karunanidhi was known among his supporters as the "Tamil Inaththalaivar" ({{Translation}}leader of the Tamil race) He was close to numerous Sri Lankan Tamil politicians. In 1956, Karunanidhi issued a resolution at the DMK council in Chidambaram denouncing Sri Lanka's 'Sinhala Only policy'. He was acquainted with [[S.J.V. Chelvanayakam]] and was close with [[A. Amirthalingam]], the head of the Tamil United Liberation Front. After [[1977 anti-Tamil pogrom]] and [[Black July|1983 anti-Tamil pogrom]], his administration was at the forefront of organising protest demonstrations in Tamil Nadu. In protest at the 1983 riots, Karunanidhi and DMK general secretary K. Anbazhagan resigned from the State Assembly.<ref name="
The DMK was thought to support the [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization]] (TELO). After the LTTE started a war against its fellow Tamil militant group TELO in May 1986, Karunanidhi was sceptical of the LTTE's strategy.<ref name="
He ordered a special investigation of the conditions in the Tamil refugee camps in 2006, and subsequently provided funds to repair deteriorating dwellings.<ref name="
=== Tamil language ===
Karunanidhi on multiple occasions, expressed his admiration for [[Thiruvalluvar]]. The DMK administration built [[Valluvar Kottam]], a memorial in Chennai dedicated to Valluvar in the mid-1970s. However, the government was removed from power in 1976, just weeks before the memorial was to be opened. Karunanidhi awaited 13 years to visit the memorial, and when the DMK regained power in January 1989, he held the swearing-in ceremony there. Karunanidhi built the Silappadikaram Art Gallery in Poompuhar and a special department for Tamil development as Chief Minister. His administration passed an order making Tamil obligatory in all schools until Class X a few weeks after he became Chief Minister in May 2006. Karunanidhi, a supporter of the two-language formula, had stressed the need of retaining English as the sole additional language in educational institutions.<ref name="
==== World Tamil Conference ====
[[File:RRK 9493 copy.jpg|thumb|Karunanidhi in Paavendhar Tamil Literature & Research library]]
He delivered the special address on the inaugural day of 3rd World Tamil Conference held in Paris in 1970, and also on the inaugural day of 6th World Tamil Conference held in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) in 1987. He penned the song "[[Semmozhiyaana Tamizh Mozhiyaam]]", the official theme song for the [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]], that was set to tune by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite news |last=T. |first=Ramakrishnan |date=16 May 2010 |title=Front Page: Theme song launched for world classical Tamil meet |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051660120100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519120624/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051660120100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref>
In June 2010,
== Screenwriting ==
[[File:Kalaimamani Award.jpg|left|thumb|Karunanidhi awarding Kalaimamani]]
{{See also|Parasakthi (1952 film)|Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics}}
Karunanidhi began his career as a screenwriter in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=817&StoryStyle=FullStory |title=The Last Lear – The Long Profile of Karunanidhi in The Caravan |
Around late 1949, [[T. R. Sundaram]] of [[Modern Theatres]] Studio in Salem engaged Karunanidhi as scriptwriter for the film [[Manthiri Kumari]] starring [[M. G. Ramachandran]] which would become be a blockbuster hit. Later [[T. R. Sundaram]] had Karunanidhi on permanent rolls at Modern Studio.
Karunanidhi chose to pen a script for a TV series based on the Vaishnavite philosopher-sage Ramanuja. He claimed that his party opposed Hindu fundamentalism, not Hindus.<ref name="
=== ''Parasakthi'' ===
His most notable movie was ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'',<ref name="
Two other movies that contained such messages were ''[[Panam (film)|Panam]]'' (1952) directed by famous comedian and political activist [[N. S. Krishnan]] and ''[[Thangarathinam]]'' (1960) produced and acted by [[S. S. Rajendran]] another popular actor and DMK activist.<ref name="
=== Writing and narration style ===
Through his wit and oratorical skills he rapidly rose as a popular politician. As his movies and plays with strong social messages became popular, they suffered from increased censorship; two of his plays in the 1950s were banned.<ref name="Hardgrave 1973" /> He was famous for writing historical and social (reformist) stories which propagated the socialist and [[rationalism|rationalist]] ideals of the [[Dravidian movement]] to which he belonged. Alongside [[C. N. Annadurai]] he began using [[Tamil cinema]] to propagate his political ideals through his movies.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} His compositions, which often chastised upper castes while it making heroes out of the poor and advocating secularism, were seen as revolutionary.<ref name="
=== Filmography ===
At the age of 20, Karunanidhi went to work for Jupiter Pictures as a scriptwriter. His first film, ''[[Rajakumaari]]'', gained him much popularity. It was here that his skills as a scriptwriter were honed, which extended to several films. He was active in screenwriting even during his later political career until 2011 when he last wrote for historic movie [[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]].
==== As a scriptwriter ====
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ilaignan]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Pen Singam]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Uliyin Osai]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Pasa Kiligal]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Mannin Maindhan]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Puthiya Parasakthi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Madurai Meenakshi (film)|Madurai Meenakshi]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Kavalukku Kettikaran]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Paasa Mazhai]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Nyaya Tharasu]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Thendral Sudum]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Poruthadhu Pothum]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Ithu Engal Neethi]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Paasa Paravaigal (1988 film)|Paasa Paravaigal]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Paadatha Thenikkal]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Makkal Aanaiyittal]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Ore Raththam]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Veeran Veluthambi]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Sattam Oru Vilayaattu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Puyal Paadum Paattu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Palaivana Rojakkal]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kaaval Kaithigal]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Thooku Medai]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Maadi Veettu Ezhai]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Kaalam Pathil Sollum]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Aadu Paambe]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Nenjukku Needhi]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Vandikaran Magan]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Pillaiyo Pillai (film)|Pillaiyo Pillai]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Thanga Thambi]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Valiba Virundhu]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Avan Pithana?]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Marakka Mudiyumaa]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Mani Magudam]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Poomalai]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Kaanchi Thalaivan]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Iruvar Ullam (1963 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Thayilla Pillai (1961 film)|Thayilla Pillai]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Arasilangkumari]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Kuravanji]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Ellorum Innaattu Mannar]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1957 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Pudhaiyal]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Raja Rani (1956 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Rangoon Radha]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Manohara (film)|Manohara]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Ammaiyappan (film)|Ammaiyappan]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Thirumbi Paar (1953 film)|Thirumbi Paar]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Naam (1953 film)|Naam]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Panam (1952 film)|Panam]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Manamagal]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Devaki (1951 film)|Devaki]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Manthiri Kumari]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Abhimanyu (1948 film)|Abimanyu]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Rajakumaari]]'' (1947)
{{div col end|4}}
==== Television ====
* ''Romapuri Pandian'' (Kalaignar TV)
* ''Ramanujar'' (Kalaignar TV)
==== Lyrics ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer
|-
| 1980||''[[Thooku Medai]]'' ||"Kodi Uyara", "Aayiram Piraigal", "Kurinji malar"||Shankar Ganesh
|-
| 1987||''[[Ore Raththam]]'' ||"Ore Ratham", "Oru Poraliyin" ||Devendran
|-
| 1987||''[[Veeran Veluthambi]]'' ||"Surulu Meesai" ||S. A. Rajkumar
|-
| 1988 ||''[[Makkal Aanaiyittal]]'' ||"Aara Amara Konjam" ||S. A. Rajkumar
|-
| 1993||''[[Madurai Meenakshi (film)|Madurai Meenakshi]]'' || "Neethi mandram" ||Deva
|-
| 2005 ||''[[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]]'' || "Ilaignane", "Iru Vizhi" ||S. A. Rajkumar
|-
| 2005 ||''[[Mannin Maindhan]]'' || "Kannin Manipola" ||Bharathwaj
|-
| 2006 ||''[[Pasa Kiligal]]'' || "Thendral ennum" ||Vidyasagar
|-▼
|2010||''[[Pen Singam]]'' || "Aaha Veenaiyil" ||Deva▼
|-
▲| 2010||''[[Pen Singam]]'' || "Aaha Veenaiyil" ||Deva
|}
== Literature ==
[[File:Sivaji Kalingar Sakthi .jpg|thumb|right|Karunanidhi (middle) with actor Sivaji Ganesan (left)]]Karunanidhi is known for his contributions to [[Tamil literature]]. His contributions cover a wide range: poems, letters, screenplays, novels, biographies, historical novels, stage-plays, dialogues and movie songs. He has written ''Kuraloviam'' for [[Thirukural]], Tholkaappiya Poonga, Poombukar, as well as many poems, essays and books. Apart from literature, Karunanidhi has also contributed to the [[Tamil language]] through art and architecture. Like the Kuraloviyam, in which Kalaignar wrote about Thirukkural, through the construction of [[Valluvar Kottam]] he gave an architectural presence to [[Thiruvalluvar]], in Chennai. At [[Kanyakumari]], Karunanidhi constructed a 133-foot-high statue of Thiruvalluvar in honour of the scholar.
=== Books ===
The books written by Karunanidhi include ''Sanga Thamizh'', ''Thirukkural Urai'', ''Ponnar Sankar'', ''Romapuri Pandian'', ''[[Thenpandi Singam]]'', ''Vellikizhamai'', ''Nenjukku Needhi'', ''Iniyavai Irubathu'' and ''Kuraloviam''.<ref name="
=== Stage plays ===
Karunanidhi's stage plays<ref
== Personal life ==
Karunanidhi married three times. Karunanidhi's parents were eager to marry him off to Padma, the sister of C. S. Jayaraman. He made one condition that the bride side must accept a reformist wedding. He hoped they would call off the marriage as he was not earning and the bride's father was religious but their family agreed to their marriage also held the marriage of their son C.S Jayaraman the same day. He married Padmavathi Ammal on 13 September 1944, under the Dravidian movement's Self-Respect form of marriage where the bride and groom exchanged garlands, without a thaali (mangalsutra), and specifically without Brahmin priests presiding.<ref name="
Karunanidhi's left eye got critically injured in 1953 when the vehicle in which he was travelling got involved in an accident near Tirupattur. An eye surgery was performed and doctors recommended him to wear sunglasses to protect his eyes from the sun. Karunanidhi used regular spectacles. However, after following American ophthalmologists recommendation for his ongoing discomfort in his left eye, which he had been suffering from since the mid-1950s, he switched to his trade-mark dark glasses in 1971. Doctors determined that the dark glass frames were too hefty for him in November 2017 and advised a lighter frame.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/this-is-the-real-reason-behind-late-m-karunanidhis-style-statement-of-wearing-black-glasses |title=This is the real reason behind late M Karunanidhi's 'style statement' of wearing black glasses |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/07/when-kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-bid-adieu-to-his-black-glasses-after-46-years-1854609.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807215150/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/aug/07/when-kalaignar-m-karunanidhi-bid-adieu-to-his-black-glasses-after-46-years-1854609.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 August 2018 |title=When Kalaignar M Karunanidhi bid adieu to his black glasses after 46 years}}</ref><ref name="
Since 2004, he has had to deal with his deteriorating health and struggled to stand when a spinal operation went wrong and became wheelchair-dependent. After a few years, he upgraded to a [[Motorized wheelchair|motorised wheelchair]] and a customised van with a hydraulic system to raise the chair into or out of the vehicle easily.<ref name="
== Illness, death and reactions ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi pays tributes at the mortal remains of Kalaignar Karunanidhi, in Chennai on August 08, 2018.JPG|thumb|right| Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] paying tribute to Karunanidhi in [[Rajaji Hall]]]]
Due to a drug-induced allergy, Karunanidhi became unwell in October 2016. He was hospitalised in the first week of December 2016 for "optimization of nutrition and hydration" and subsequently for a throat and lung infections. He went through a [[Tracheotomy|tracheostomy]] surgery to improve his breathing. He has stayed out of politics since then, making just a few public appearances. His last public appearance was on 3 June 2018, when he turned 94.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=29 July 2018 |title=Karunanidhi's vital signs normalising after transient setback, says hospital |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karunanidhis-vital-signs-normalising-says-hospital/article24547486.ece |access-date=31 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
On 28 July 2018, Karunanidhi's health deteriorated and became "extremely critical and unstable", and he was admitted at [[Kauvery Hospital]] in Chennai for treatment.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45002229 |title=Crowds amass for ailing Indian politician |date=30 July 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> He died there at 18:10 on 7 August 2018 due to age-related illness, which led to multiple organ failure.<ref name="
The government of Tamil Nadu declared a public holiday on 8 August 2018 and a seven-day mourning after Karunanidhi's death.<ref>{{cite news |title=TN govt announces 7-day mourning over Karunanidhi's death |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tn-govt-announces-7-day-mourning-over-karunanidhis-death/article24625906.ece/#stateGovt |access-date=8 August 2018 |
On 18 August 2018, the DMK said that as many as 248 party workers died, 'shocked' by Karunanidhi's demise, and announced a solatium of ₹2 lakh to their families.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=28 August 2018 |title=Shocked by the death of M Karunanidhi, 248 party workers died: DMK |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/shocked-by-the-death-of-m-karunanidhi-248-party-workers-died-dmk-118082800599_1.html |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
== Awards and titles ==
* [[Annamalai University]] awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1971.<ref name="
* He was awarded "Raja Rajan Award" by Tamil University, [[Thanjavur]] for his book ''Thenpandi Singam''.<ref name="
* On 15 December 2006, the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the Chancellor of Madurai Kamaraj University, Surjit Singh Barnala conferred an honorary doctorate on the Chief Minister on the occasion of the 40th annual convocation.<ref>{{cite web |
* In June 2007, the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi announced that it would confer the title "Friend of the Muslim Community" (''Yaaran-E-Millath'') upon M. Karunanidhi.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/06/03/tmmk-to-confer-karunanidhi-with-friend-of-the-community-title-1180859680.html |title=MK awarded 'Friend of the Community' title |access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
== Elections contested and positions held ==
Karunanidhi contested and won in all Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections (then Madras) since 1957 except 1984 when he didn't contest the election. He resigned immediately after being elected in 1991, due to the routing of his party (only 2 seats out of 234).
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
||[[1957 Madras legislative assembly election|1957]]||[[Kulithalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Kulithalai]]||{{Won}}|| || K.A. Dharmalingam||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||
|- ▼
|- ▼
| |[[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967]]||[[Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)|Saidapet]]||{{Won}}|| || S.G. Vinayagamurthy||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||▼
|- ▼
|- ▼
| |[[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]||[[Anna Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Anna Nagar]]||{{Won}}|| 50.1|| G. Krishnamurthy||[[AIADMK]]||31.0<ref name="Anna Nagar">{{cite web|title=Party wise comparison since 1977 in Anna Nagar constituency|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp08.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>▼
|-
| |[[
|-
▲| |[[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967]]||[[Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)|Saidapet]]||{{Won}}|| || S.G. Vinayagamurthy|
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]▼
| colspan="6" | {{Center|Not Contested}} ▼
|- ▼
| |[[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]||[[Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)|Harbour]]||{{Won}}||59.8||K.A. Wahab ||Muslim League ||13.8<ref name="Harbour">{{cite web|title=Party wise comparison since 1977 in Harbour constituency|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp02.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>▼
|- ▼
| |[[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]||[[Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)|Harbour]]||{{Won}}||48.7||K. Suppu ||[[AIADMK]]||47.3<ref name="Harbour" />▼
|- ▼
|- ▼
| |[[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]||[[Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)|Chepauk]]||{{Won}}||51.9||R. Damodharan||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||43.5<ref name="Chepauk" />▼
| |[[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]||[[Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)|Chepauk]]||{{Won}}||51.0||Dawood Miah Khan||Independent ||38.3<ref name="Chepauk" />▼
|-
|
|-
| |[[
▲|-
| |[[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]||Anna Nagar||{{Won}}||49.0||[[H. V. Hande]] ||AIADMK||48.3<ref name="ECoI 1977a" />
▲| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
▲| |[[
▲| |[[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]||
▲| |[[
▲| |[[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]||
▲| |[[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]||
| |[[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]||[[Thiruvarur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvarur]]||{{Won}}||62.9 || M. Rajendran||AIADMK||33.9<ref>[[#thirteenth|Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011]], p. 191</ref>
| |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||Thiruvarur||{{Won}}||61.73 || R. Pannerselvam||AIADMK||26.99<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2016 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3473-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2016/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 February 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}
=== Posts in Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Assembly !! From !! To !! Position !! Party – Number of seats<br />/Seats contested
|-
| [[Third Assembly of Madras State|Third Assembly]] ||1962 || 1967 || Deputy Leader of the Opposition||50/143<ref>[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–70 1967], pp. 6–7</ref>
|-
| [[Fourth Assembly of Madras State|Fourth Assembly]] || 1967 || 1969 || State Minister for Public Works ||138/233<ref>[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70 1971], p. 7</ref>
|-
| [[Fourth Assembly of Madras State|Fourth Assembly]]||10 February 1969 || 5 January 1971|| Chief Minister (1)<ref name="
|-
| [[Fifth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Fifth Assembly]]|| 15 March 1971 || 31 January 1976|| Chief Minister (2)<ref name="
|-
| [[Sixth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Sixth Assembly]]|| 25 July 1977 || 17 February 1980 || Leader of the Opposition (1)<ref name="
|-
| [[Seventh Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Seventh Assembly]]||27 June 1980 || 18 August 1983 || Leader of the Opposition (2)<ref name="
|-
| [[Ninth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Ninth Assembly]]||27 January 1989 || 30 January 1991|| Chief Minister (3)<ref name="
|-
| [[Eleventh Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Eleventh Assembly]] || 13 May 1996 || 14 May 2001|| Chief Minister (4)<ref name="
|-
| [[Twelfth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Twelfth Assembly]] || 14 May 2001 || 16 May 2006|| Member of Legislative Assembly
|-
| [[Thirteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Thirteenth Assembly]] || 13 May 2006 || 14 May 2011|| Chief Minister (5)<ref name="
|-
| [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Fourteenth Assembly]] || 16 May 2011 || 19 May 2016|| Member of Legislative Assembly ||23/124
|-
| [[Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Fifteenth Assembly]] || 19 May 2016 || 7 August 2018 (died)|| Member of Legislative Assembly ||89/176
|}
== Controversies ==
=== Ram Setu remarks ===
In September 2007, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) opposed [[Sethusamudram Canal]] project stating that it will demolish [[limestone]] shoals the party claimed to be remains of a bridge built by [[Rama]] to get to Lanka to save his wife [[Sita]]. He replied, "It is said that there was a God thousands of years ago called Ram. Do not touch the bridge built by him. I ask who is this Ram? Which engineering college did he graduate from?"<ref name="Sannith 2021" /> [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] accused Karunanidhi of religious discrimination when noting "We would like to know from Karunanidhi if he would make a similar statement against the head of any other religion."<ref name="Outlook-Eng">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/will-karunanidhi-dare-to-ask-for-engineering-certificates-from-other-religions/505081 |title=Will Karunanidhi dare to ask for engineering certificates from other religions? |website=
Suspected [[Sangh Parivar]] activists attacked the house of Karunanidhi's daughter Selvi in Bangalore with [[Petrol Bombs
=== Connections with LTTE ===
In an April 2009 interview to [[NDTV]], Karunanidhi made a controversial remark stating that "[[Prabhakaran]] is my good friend" and also said, "India could not forgive the LTTE for assassinating Rajiv Gandhi".<ref>{{cite web |title=Karunanidhi flip flops, says can't forgive LTTE |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karunanidhi-flip-flops-says-cant-forgive-ltte/90663-37.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421163353/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karunanidhi-flip-flops-says-cant-forgive-ltte/90663-37.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2009 |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=TamilNet |date=21 April 2012 |title=Karunanidhi: "Tamil Eelam Still Around the Corner" |url=http://www.tamilnet.tv/tn/2012/04/karunanidhi-tamil-eelam-still-around-the-corner/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234628/http://www.tamilnet.tv/tn/2012/04/karunanidhi-tamil-eelam-still-around-the-corner/ |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=Tamilnet.tv}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=S |first1=Rajanayagam |title=Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth |date=12 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge, 2015 |isbn=978-1-317-58772-9}}</ref> An interim report of Justice [[Jain Commission]], which oversaw the investigation into [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s assassination, had indicted Karunanidhi for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers, who belonged to the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=India Today Cover Story Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK] |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |url-status=dead |magazine=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034354/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> but the final report contained no such allegations.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 February 2004 |title=No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040228033749/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref>
=== Allegations of nepotism ===
Karunanidhi has been accused by opponents, by some members of his party, and by other political observers of trying to promote [[nepotism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=S |first1=Rajanayagam |title=Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth |date=12 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge, 2015 |isbn=978-
== Books ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Sanga Tamizh''<ref name="
* ''Nenjukku needhi''<ref name="
* ''Thenpandi singam''<ref name="
* ''Thirukkural Urai''<ref name="
* ''Payum puli pandara vanniyan''<ref name="
* ''Sindhanaiyum seiyalum''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v1AnQEACAAJ |title=சிந்தனையும் செயலும் |date=2006 |publisher=தமிழ்க்கனி பதிப்பகம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Nerukkadi neruppuaru''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kceGOwAACAAJ |title=நெருக்கடி நெருப்பாறு |date=2006 |publisher=திருமகள் நிலையம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Pesum kalai Valarpom''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0O6SOwAACAAJ |title=பேசும் கலை வளர்ப்போம் |date=1999 |publisher=பாரதி பதிப்பகம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Anaiya Vizhakku Anna<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ue3XwAACAAJ |title=அணையா விளக்கு அண்ணா |date=2010 |publisher=தி. மு. க. தலைமைக்கழகம் |language=ta}}</ref>''
* ''Yaaral? Yaaral? Yaaral?<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9_pOwAACAAJ |title=யாரால்? யாரால்? யாரால்? |date=1995 |publisher=பாரதி பதிப்பகம் |language=ta}}</ref>''
* Sanga Tamil<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jm1HPwAACAAJ |title=சங்கத் தமிழ் |date=2007 |publisher=திருமகள் நிலையம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Oru thalai kadhal''
* ''Pongi Varum Puthu Vellam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i5-XwAACAAJ |title=பொங்கி வரும் புது வெள்ளம் |date=2000 |publisher=திருமகள் நிலையம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Kaala Pethayum Kavithai Saaviyum''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxNInQEACAAJ |title=காலப் பேழையும் கவிதைச் சாவியும் |date=2006 |publisher=தமிழ்க்கனி பதிப்பகம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Ilaya Samuthayam Elugave''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcVlPQAACAAJ |title=இளைய சமுதாயம் எழுகவே! |date=1996 |publisher=திருமகள் நிலையம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Kuraloviyam''<ref name="
* ''Kalaignarin kavithai mazhai''<ref>{{Cite web |last=மு.கருணாநிதி |first=Kalaingar M. Karunanidhi [கலைஞர் |title=Kalaignarin Kavithai Mazhai [கலைஞரின் கவிதை மழை] |url=https://routemybook.com/products_details/kalaignarin-kavithai-mazhai-1706 |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=Routemybook |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Vaanpugazh konda valluvam''
* ''Romapuri Pandiyan''<ref name="
* ''Iniyvai Irubadhu''<ref name="
* ''Mani Magudam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-8HPAAACAAJ |title=மணி மகுடம் |date=2001 |publisher=பாரதி பதிப்பகம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Valimael Vizhivanthu''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_u8MwEACAAJ |title=வழிமேல் விழிவைத்து |date=1997 |publisher=திருமகள் நிலையம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Vellikizhamai''<ref name="
* ''Marakka Mudiyuma''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F06sXwAACAAJ |title=மறக்கமுடியுமா? |date=2004 |publisher=திராவிட முன்னேற்றக் கழகம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Kalaignar sonna kathaigal''<ref>{{Cite book |last=கருணாநிதி |first=கலைஞர் மு |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrvPOwAACAAJ |title=கலைஞர் சொன்ன கதைகள் |date=2004 |publisher=பாரதி பதிப்பகம் |language=ta}}</ref>
* ''Ponnar sankar''<ref name="
{{div col end}}
== See also ==
* [[List of political families]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Karunanidhi family]]
* [[First Karunanidhi ministry]]
* [[Second Karunanidhi ministry]]
* [[Third Karunanidhi ministry]]
* [[Fourth Karunanidhi ministry]]
* [[Fifth Karunanidhi ministry]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Guneratne |ref=Guneratne |first=Anthony R. |author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]] |author3=Sumita S. Chakravarty |title=Rethinking Third Cinema |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2IFR0oHGHKUC |isbn=0-415-21354-1}}
* {{cite book |
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXEhEAAAQBAJ |title=Karunanidhi: A Life |last=Panneerselvan |first=A. S. |date=15 March 2021 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-90914-54-8 |language=en}}▼
▲* {{cite book | first=Sumathy| last=Ramaswamy|ref=Ramaswamy| year=1997| title= Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970 | publisher=University of California Press| url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&chunk.id=s2.2.10&toc.depth=1&toc.id=s1.2.8&brand=ucpress| isbn=0-520-20805-6}}
▲*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXEhEAAAQBAJ|title=Karunanidhi: A Life|last=Panneerselvan|first=A. S.|date=15 March 2021|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-90914-54-8|language=en}}
== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326130359/http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=817&StoryStyle=FullStory The Last Lear: A Long Profile of Muthuvel Karunanidhi by Vinod K Jose in The Caravan magazine]
* [http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/karunanidhi.htm Muthuvel Karunanidhi: One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century]{{dead link|date=July 2014}}
{{s-start}}
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{{s-bef|before = [[C. N. Annadurai]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />First & Second Tenure|years=1969–1976}}
{{s-vac|next=[[M. G. Ramachandran]] | reason=[[President's Rule]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]] | reason=[[President's Rule]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />Third Tenure|years=1989–1990}}
{{s-vac|next=[[J. Jayalalithaa]] | reason=[[President's Rule]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[J. Jayalalithaa]] | rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />Fourth Tenure|years=1996–2001}}
{{s-aft|after = [[J. Jayalalithaa]] | rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />Fifth Tenure|years=2006–2011}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Karunanidhi, M.}}
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