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{{Short description|Physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse of one sibling by another}}
'''Sibling abuse''' includes the [[Physical abuse|physical]], [[Psychological abuse|psychological]], or [[sexual abuse]] of one [[sibling]] by another. More often than not, the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Sibling abuse : hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma|last=R.|first=Wiehe, Vernon|date=1997|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=9780761910091|edition=2nd|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif.|oclc=811563767}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment|last=Caspi|first=Jonathan|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|year=2012|isbn=9780826124159|location=eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost)}}</ref> Sibling abuse is the most common of [[Domestic violence|family violence]] in the [[United States|US]], but the least reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greydanus|first1=Donald E.|last2=Greydanus-Rutgers|first2=Suzanne M.|last3=Merrick|first3=Joav|date=2018-04-01|title=Sibling abuse: a Cadmean victory for societal indifference!|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijamh-2016-0129/html|journal=International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health|language=en|volume=30|issue=2|doi=10.1515/ijamh-2016-0129|pmid=27977402|s2cid=4702308|issn=2191-0278|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223022629/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijamh-2016-0129/html|url-status=live}}</ref> As opposed to [[sibling rivalry]], sibling abuse is characterized by the one-sided treatment of one sibling to another.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sibling Bullying and Abuse: The Hidden Epidemic |author=Darlene Lancer |work=Psychology Today|date=Feb 3, 2020 |access-date=26 July 2022 |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/toxic-relationships/202002/sibling-bullying-and-abuse-the-hidden-epidemic |quote=Often labeled rivalry and ignored, sibling bullying and abuse cause real trauma.}}</ref>▼
▲'''Sibling abuse''' includes the [[Physical abuse|physical]], [[Psychological abuse|psychological]], or [[sexual abuse]] of one [[sibling]] by another. More often than not, the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Sibling abuse : hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma|last=R.|first=Wiehe, Vernon|date=1997|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=9780761910091|edition=2nd|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif.|oclc=811563767}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment|last=Caspi|first=Jonathan|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|year=2012|isbn=9780826124159|location=eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost)}}</ref> Sibling abuse is the most common of [[Domestic violence|family violence]] in the US, but the least reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greydanus|first1=Donald E.|last2=Greydanus-Rutgers|first2=Suzanne M.|last3=Merrick|first3=Joav|date=2018-04-01|title=Sibling abuse: a Cadmean victory for societal indifference!|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijamh-2016-0129/html|journal=International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health|language=en|volume=30|issue=2|doi=10.1515/ijamh-2016-0129|pmid=27977402|s2cid=4702308|issn=2191-0278}}</ref> As opposed to [[sibling rivalry]], sibling abuse is characterized by the one-sided treatment of one sibling to another.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sibling Bullying and Abuse: The Hidden Epidemic |author=Darlene Lancer |work=Psychology Today|date=Feb 3, 2020 |access-date=26 July 2022 |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/toxic-relationships/202002/sibling-bullying-and-abuse-the-hidden-epidemic |quote=Often labeled rivalry and ignored, sibling bullying and abuse cause real trauma.}}</ref>
Sibling abuse has been found to most commonly occur in [[Dysfunctional family|dysfunctional families]] where [[Child abuse|abuse from parents]] is present. In the US, 40% of children have engaged in physical aggression towards a sibling, and as many as 85% of children have engaged in verbal abuse towards their sibling.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last1=Morrill |first1=Mandy |last2=Bachman |first2=Curt |date=2013 |title=Confronting the Gender Myth: An Exploration of Variance in Male Versus Female Experience With Sibling Abuse |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260512468324 |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1693–1708 |doi=10.1177/0886260512468324 |pmid=23262823 |s2cid=45717967 |issn=0886-2605 |access-date=2022-02-23 |archive-date=2024-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601141117/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260512468324 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Types and prevalence==
===Physical abuse===
Sibling physical abuse is defined as a sibling deliberately causing [[violence]] to another sibling.<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|last1=Kiselica|first1=Mark S.|last2=Morrill-Richards|first2=Mandy|date=2007|title=Sibling Maltreatment: The Forgotten Abuse|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x|journal=Journal of Counseling & Development|language=en|volume=85|issue=2|pages=148–160|doi=10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223022630/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x|url-status=live}}</ref> The abuse can be inflicted with shoving, hitting, slapping, kicking, biting, pinching, scratching, and hair-pulling. Sibling physical abuse is more common than peer [[bullying]] and other forms of family abuse, such as [[Spousal Abuse|spousal]] or [[child abuse]],<ref name=":02" /> though for a multitude of reasons, it is very difficult to calculate exact prevalence rates. Even when sibling abuse is recognized it remains heavily under-reported, due to the lack of resources provided to families, such as [[child protective services]] and [[Mandatory reporter|mandatory reporters]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stutey|first1=Diane|last2=Clemens|first2=Elysia V.|date=2014|title=Hidden Abuse Within the Home: Recognizing and Responding to Sibling Abuse|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2156759X0001800119|journal=Professional School Counseling|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|pages=2156759X0001800|doi=10.1177/2156759X0001800119|s2cid=219962584|issn=1096-2409|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223051245/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2156759X0001800119|url-status=live}}</ref> Professional childcare providers have considerably different definitions of the term, and lack a system to track reports. Sibling physical abuse persists from childhood through adulthood, with prevalence rates varying across studies, though its intensity and frequency declines as the victim and/or perpetrator grow up.<ref name=":02" />
Sibling aggression is somewhat common even in families that could not be classified as pervasively abusive, with 37% of 498 children committing at least one act of serious abuse during the previous year; in abusive families, 100% of children committed at least one act of serious abuse.<ref>Hotaling, G. T., Straus, M. A., & Lincoln, A. J. (1990). Intrafamily violence and crime and violence outside the family. In M. A. Straus and R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical Violence in American Families (pp. 431–470). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books</ref> In [[Pakistanis in the United Kingdom|Pakistani immigrant families in the UK]], siblings have the highest proportion of physical abuse compared to other family members, with 35% being done by siblings, compared to 33% by mothers and 19% by fathers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shura.shu.ac.uk/602/1/fulltext.pdf|title=Disciplining, Chastisement and Physical Child Abuse: Perceptions and Attitudes of the British Pakistani Community|access-date=2010-04-10|archive-date=2011-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320232734/http://shura.shu.ac.uk/602/1/fulltext.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
Several studies show that sisters are more likely to be victimized by brothers than vice versa.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | last1 = Graham-Bermann | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Cutler | first2 = S. E. | year = 1994 | title = The Brother-Sister Questionnaire: Psychometric assessment and discrimination of well-functioning from dysfunctional relationships | journal = Journal of Family Psychology | volume = 8 | issue = 2| pages = 224–238 | doi = 10.1037/0893-3200.8.2.224 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Finkelhor | first1 = D. | last2 = Baron | first2 = L. | year = 1986 | title = Risk factors for child sexual abuse | journal = Journal of Interpersonal Violence | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 43–71 | doi = 10.1177/088626086001001004 | s2cid = 145646774 }}</ref> Additionally, age is also a contributing factor to sibling abuse, where older siblings are more likely to abuse the younger siblings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meyers|first=Amy|date=2017|title=Lifting the veil: The lived experience of sibling abuse|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1473325015612143|journal=Qualitative Social Work|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=333–350|doi=10.1177/1473325015612143|s2cid=146886153|issn=1473-3250|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223051250/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1473325015612143|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Psychological abuse ===
[[Psychological abuse]] among siblings is even more difficult to identify. Psychological abuse in siblings can be identified by both the frequency and intensity of harmful interaction.<ref name=":25"/> These interactions can include [[Mockery|ridicule]] to express contempt, as well as degradation towards the other's [[self-esteem]]. Adults, such as the parents or professional care providers have difficulty differentiating between psychological aggression and abuse because it is difficult to identify when the balance of power is not evenly distributed. Hence, the consequences of the aggression are not only injury, but also control or domination of one sibling over the other.<ref name=":02" />
Although it has been found to be the most prevalent type of abuse in sibling conflict, prevalence rates are difficult to calculate, due to the difficulty in differentiating aggression from abuse.<ref name=":02" /> Whipple and Finton<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Whipple | first1 = E. | last2 = Finton | first2 = S. | year = 1995 | title = Psychological maltreatment by siblings: An unrecognized form of abuse | url = https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01876209 | journal = Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–146 | doi = 10.1007/BF01876209 | s2cid = 144194464 | access-date = 2020-02-13 | archive-date = 2024-06-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240601141120/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01876209 | url-status = live }}</ref>{{Who|date=October 2024}} report that "Psychological maltreatment between siblings is one of the most common, yet often under-recognized forms of child abuse." ===Sexual abuse===
{{further|Child-on-child sexual abuse}}
Sexual sibling abuse is defined as sexual behavior "that is not age appropriate, not transitory, and not motivated by developmentally appropriate curiosity."<ref name=":25"/> To identify sexual abuse, there needs to be [[coercion]] and domination over one sibling.<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last=Kiselica |first=Mark |date=2007 |title=Sibling Maltreatment: The Forgotten Abuse |journal=Journal of Counseling & Development |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=148–160 |doi=10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x |via=EBSCO}}</ref>
As with other forms of abuse among siblings, there is a large lack of reporting in sibling sexual abuse, as parents either do not recognize it as being abuse or try to cover the abuse.<ref name=":26" /> An increased risk of [[sibling sexual abuse]] may be found in a heightened sexual climate in a family, or in a rigidly, [[Sexual repression|sexually repressed]] family environments.<ref name=":25" /> Sexual abuse in siblings may have long-term affects on the victims. Many victims have been diagnosed with a variety of psychological problems.<ref name=":2" /> Victims have been recorded to correlate pain and fear with sex, leading to long term issues with [[intimacy]].<ref name=":24" />
Rudd and Herzberger report that brothers who committed [[incest]] were more likely to use force than fathers who commit incest (64% vs. 53%).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rudd | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Herzberger | first2 = S. D. | year = 1999 | title = Brother-sister incest/father-daughter incest: A comparison of characteristics and consequences | journal = Child Abuse and Neglect | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 915–928 | doi = 10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00058-7 | pmid = 10505905 }}</ref>
==Identification==
[[Sibling rivalry]], competition, and disagreements are considered normal components of childhood and adolescence. To identify physical, psychological, and relational sibling abuse, practitioners and parents need to observe behavior and ask questions about the sibling's relationships that will help them understand if there are characteristics that differentiate aggression from abuse. Sexual sibling abuse requires additional considerations.<ref name=":02" /> Victims may initially deny the existence of any type of abuse but this may be because they have not realized it yet. Different questions about the prevalence of types of aggression, frequency, the intention of harm, the magnitude of the aggression, and unidirectional dominance help assess the existence of abuse.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /> Regarding sexual abuse, individuals are less likely to openly talk about it, unlike other forms of abuse such as physical or psychological. For this reason, in addition to asking direct questions about sibling sexual abuse, practitioners and parents must look out for behaviors that may indicate the presence of sexual abuse. Another challenge comes when differentiating between sexual abuse and adequate sexual behavior.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /> The biggest difference relies on how [[incest]] happens with the consensus of both siblings while sexual abuse does not. A victim may not be aware that
Weihe
==Risk factors==
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=== Family system ===
This category of risk factors associated with sibling abuse looks at the family system as a whole. It includes negative and conflictual parent-child relationships,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman, Kiecolt, & Edwards|date=2005|title=Physical violence between siblings: a theoretical and empirical analysis|journal=Journal of Family Issues|volume=2698)|pages=185–200}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> parental hostility toward a child,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams, Conger, & Blozis|date=2007|title=The development of interpersonal aggression during adolescence: the importance of parents, siblings, and family economics|journal=Child Development|volume=78(50|issue=5|pages=1526–1542|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01081.x|pmid=17883446}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[spousal abuse]], partner conflict, marital conflict,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haj-Yahia & Dawud-Noursi|date=1998|title=Predicting the use of different conflict tactics among Arab siblings in Israel: a study based on social learning theory|journal=Journal of Family Violence|volume=13|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1022864801027|s2cid=37677091}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Intrafamily violence and crime and violence outside the family in Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families|last=Hotaling, Straus, & Lincoln (Straus & Gelles Eds.)|year=1990|pages=431–470}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stocker & Youngblade|date=1999|title=Marital conflict and parental hostility: links with children's sibling and peer relationships|journal=Journal of Family Psychology|volume=13 |issue=4|pages=598–609|doi=10.1037/0893-3200.13.4.598}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> mother's marital dissatisfaction and negative emotional expressiveness,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stocker, Ahmed, & Stall|date=1997|title=Marital satisfaction and maternal emotional expressiveness: links with children's sibling relationships|journal=Social Development|volume=6 |issue=3|pages=373–385|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00112.x}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> maternal self-criticism,<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Garcia, Shaw, Winslow, & Yaggi|date=2000|title=Destructive sibling conflict and the development of conduct problems in young boys|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=36 |issue=1|pages=44–53|pmid=10645743|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=MacKinnon-Lewis, Starnes, Volling & Johnson|date=1997|title=Perceptions of parenting as predictors of boys' sibling and peer relations|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=33|issue=6|pages=1024–1031|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1024|pmid=9383624|s2cid=13286268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Volling & Belsky|date=1992|title=The contribution of mother-child and father-child relationships to the quality of sibling interaction: a longitudinal study|journal=Child Development|volume=63 |issue=5|pages=1209–1222|doi=10.2307/1131528|jstor=1131528|pmid=1446550}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> financial stress,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hardy|date=2001|title=Physical aggression and sexual behavior among siblings: a retrospective study|journal=Journal of Family Violence|volume=16 |issue=3|pages=255–268|doi=10.1023/A:1011186215874|s2cid=19966643}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Williams, Conger, & Blozis|date=2007|title=The development of interpersonal aggression during adolescence: the importance of parents, siblings, and family economics|journal=Child Development|volume=78 |issue=5|pages=1526–1542|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01081.x|pmid=17883446}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> low family cohesion, family disorganization and household chaos,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brody, Stoneman, & McCoy|date=1994|title=Forecasting sibling relationships in early adolescence from child temperaments and family processes in middle childhood|journal=Child Development|volume=65|issue=3|pages=771–784|doi=10.2307/1131417|jstor=1131417|pmid=8045166}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Eriksen & Jensen|date=2006|title=All in the family? Family environment factors in sibling violence|journal=Journal of Family Violence|volume=21 |issue=8|pages=497–507|doi=10.1007/s10896-006-9048-9|s2cid=34382270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kretschmer & Pike|date=2009|title=Young children's sibling relationship quality: distal and proximal correlates|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|volume=50 |issue=5|pages=581–589|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02016.x|pmid=19236529}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> husband's losses of temper,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> low maternal education,<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Ensor, Marks, Jacobs, & Hughes|date=2010|title=Trajectories of antisocial behaviour towards siblings predict antisocial behaviour towards peers|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|volume=51 |issue=11|pages=1208–1216|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02276.x|pmid=20584100|s2cid=31755375}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and family [[Triangulation (psychology)|triangulation]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Haskins|date=2003|title=Treating sibling incest using a family systems approach|journal=Journal of Mental Health Counseling|volume=25 |issue=4|pages=337–350|doi=10.17744/mehc.25.4.r0vm1whayctmlmww}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kerig|date=1995|title=Triangles in the family circle: effects of family structure on marriage, parenting, and child adjustment|journal=Journal of Family Psychology|volume=9 |issue=1|pages=28–43|doi=10.1037/0893-3200.9.1.28}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Kiselica & Morrill-Richards|date=2007|title=Sibling maltreatment: the forgotten abuse|journal=Journal of Counseling & Development|volume=85 |issue=2|pages=148–160|doi=10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x|s2cid=144831012}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
=== Parenting behavior ===
This category of risk factors associated with sibling abuse examines the parenting behavior of adult caregivers. It includes parental differential treatment of children,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The developmental importance of differences in siblings experiences within the family in Parent-child relations throughout life|last=Dunn (Pillimer & McCartney Eds.)|year=1991}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> fathers favoring later-born sisters,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Updegraff, Thayer, Whiteman, Denning, & McHale|date=2005|title=Relational aggression in adolescents' sibling relationships: links to sibling and parent-adolescent relationship quality|journal=Family Relations|volume=54 |issue=3|pages=373–385|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3729.2005.00324.x}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> active and direct judgmental comparison,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feinberg & Hetherington|date=2001|title=Differential parenting as a within-family variable|journal=Journal of Family Psychology|volume=15 |issue=1|pages=22–37|pmid=11322082|doi=10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.22}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> parents labeling their children "bad-good" and "easy-difficult",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schachter|date=1985|title=Sibling deidentification in the clinic: devil v. angel|journal=Family Process|volume=24 |issue=3|pages=415–427|doi=10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00415.x|pmid=4043356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schachter & Stone|date=1995|title=Difficult sibling, easy sibling: temperament and the within-family environment|journal=Child Development|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1335–1344|doi=10.2307/1130248|jstor=1130248|s2cid=21744097}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> low parental involvement, particularly by fathers,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> ineffective parenting,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bank, Burraston, & Snyder|date=2004|title=Sibling conflict and ineffective parenting as predictors of adolescent boys' antisocial behavior and peer difficulties: additive and interactional effects|journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence|volume=14 |issue=1|pages=99–125|doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01401005.x}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> inconsistent discipline,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Negative sibling interaction patterns as predictors of later adjustment problems in adolescent and young adult males in Sibling relationships: their causes and consequences|last=Bank, Patterson, & Reid (Brody, Ed.)|year=1996|pages=197–229}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> coercive parenting,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Means-Burleson|date=2002|title=Aggression: family and sibling correlates|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering|volume=63(6-B)|pages=3015}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> maternal coercive, rejecting, and over-controlling behaviors,<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yu|date=2008|title=Reexamining aggression and social affordance in sibling relationships: taking a closer look at neglected characteristics|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering|volume=68(11-B)|pages=7693}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> parental abuse of children,<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Button & Gealt|date=2010|title=High risk behaviors among victims of sibling violence|journal=Journal of Family Violence|volume=25 |issue=2|pages=131–140|doi=10.1007/s10896-009-9276-x|s2cid=25607443}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> parent's use of violence to resolve parent-child conflict,<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Graham-Burmann, Cutler, Litzenberger, & Schwartz|date=1994|title=Perceived conflict and violence in childhood sibling relationships and later emotional adjustment|journal=Journal of Family Psychology|volume=8 |issue=1|pages=85–97|doi=10.1037/0893-3200.8.1.85}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> parental neglect and approval of aggression,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenthal & Doherty|date=1984|title=Serious sibling abuse by preschool children|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry|volume=23 |issue=2|pages=186–190|doi=10.1097/00004583-198403000-00010|pmid=6715740|s2cid=40834376}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> corporal punishment,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> not providing supervision,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whipple & Finton|date=1995|title=Psychological maltreatment by siblings: an unrecognized form of abuse|journal=Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal|volume=12 |issue=2|pages=135–146|doi=10.1007/BF01876209|s2cid=144194464}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> not intervening in sibling conflict,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bennett|date=1990|title=Nonintervention into siblings' fighting as a catalyst for learned helplessness|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=66 |issue=1|pages=139–145|doi=10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.139|pmid=2183255|s2cid=27922535}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> not acknowledging child-voiced claims of maltreatment,<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|title=Sibling abuse: hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma|last=Wiehe|publisher=Sage Publications|year=1997}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> not reinforcing [[Prosocial behavior|pro-social behaviors]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bryant & Crockenberg|date=1980|title=Correlates and dimensions of prosocial behavior: a study of female siblings with their mothers|journal=Child Development|volume=51 |issue=2|pages=529–544|doi=10.2307/1129288|jstor=1129288|pmid=7398455}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and restricting children's efforts to diversify interests and specialization.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Born to rebel: birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives|last=Sulloway|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1996|location=New York}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
=== Individual ===
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=== Other risk factors ===
Several other risk factors are associated with sibling abuse. One is birth order and age spacing.
Another risk factor is gender. The presence of a male child within the sibling group<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lockwood|date=2002|title=Examination of siblings' aggression styles: do sisters show more relational aggression than brothers?|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering|volume=63(5-B)|pages=2621}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Randall|date=1992|title=Adolescents may experience home, school abuse; their future draws researchers' concern|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=267 |issue=23|pages=3127–3128|doi=10.1001/jama.1992.03480230019004|pmid=1593722|s2cid=27719876}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and older brother-younger sister pairs<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buhrmester & Furman|date=1990|title=Perceptions of sibling relationships during middle childhood and adolescence|journal=Child Development|volume=61|issue=5|pages=1387–1398|doi=10.2307/1130750|jstor=1130750|pmid=2245732}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":0" /> are associated with the occurrence of sibling abuse and being female<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atwood|date=2001|title=Gender bias in families and its clinical implication for women|journal=Social Work|volume=46 |issue=1|pages=23–36|pmid=11217491|doi=10.1093/sw/46.1.23}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> is associated with the experience of victimization by a sibling.
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Sociocultural background also factors into sibling abuse. Some known sociocultural background risk factors include cultural practices such as primogeniture and patriarchy,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman & Edwards|date=2004|title=An integrated theoretical model of sibling violence and abuse|journal=Journal of Family Violence|volume=19 |issue=3|pages=185–200|doi=10.1023/B:JOFV.0000028078.71745.a2|s2cid=44771531}}</ref><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":0" /> disability of a sibling,<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Linares|date=2006|title=An understudied form of intra-family violence: sibling-to-sibling aggression among foster children|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=11|pages=95–109|doi=10.1016/j.avb.2005.07.001}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> family economic pressure,<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":0" /> excessive sibling caregiving,<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":0" /> and ethnic/cultural background in which sibling aggression is widely condoned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rapoza, Cook, Zaveri, & Malley-Morrison|date=2010|title=Ethnic perspectives on sibling abuse in the United States|journal=Journal of Family Issues|volume=31 |issue=6|pages=808–829|doi=10.1177/0192513X09359158|s2cid=145708763}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
Parental [[alcoholism]],<ref name=":0" /> parental support of child aggression,<ref name=":0" /> and social glorification of violence in the media<ref name=":0" /> have also been associated with sibling abuse.
== Potential effects ==
The effects of sibling abuse closely parallel those of other forms of [[child abuse]].<ref name=":202">{{Cite book |last=Caffaro |first=John |title=Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |pages=78–84, 123–126}}</ref> Potential effects of sibling abuse include difficulty separating pleasure from pain and fear from desire in a sexual relationship,<ref name=":192">{{Cite book |last=Wiehe |title=Sibling abuse: hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma |publisher=Sage Publications |year=1997}}</ref> re-victimization in adulthood,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Briere & Runtz |title=Post sexual abuse trauma in Lasting effects of child sexual abuse |year=1988 |pages=85–99}}</ref> difficulty in developing and sustaining intimate relationships,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis, & Smith |date=1989 |title=Sexual abuse and its relationship to later sexual satisfaction, marital status, religion, and attitudes |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=279–399 |doi=10.1177/088626089004004001 |s2cid=144307047}}</ref> trouble negotiating boundaries, intimacy issues, and interdependency in relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caffaro |date=2011 |title=Introduction to the special issue: siblings and groups |journal=
It is possible that there may be significant problems following sibling abuse such as [[affect regulation]] and accompanying [[Affect disorder|affect disorders]], [[impulse control]], [[somatization]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[Eating disorder|eating disorders]] such as [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia]] or [[bulimia nervosa]], [[substance abuse]] issues, [[Major depressive disorder|major depression]] and problems with socialization.<ref name=":222">{{Cite journal |last=Putnam |date=2003 |title=Ten-year research update review: child sexual abuse |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=269–278 |doi=10.1097/00004583-200303000-00006 |pmid=12595779 |s2cid=17567105}}</ref> Siblings may exhibit [[Internalization (psychology)|internalizing]] or [[Externalization (psychology)|externalizing]] behaviors that can be disruptive to the family unit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tremblay, Hébert, & Piché |date=1999 |title=Coping strategies and social support as mediators of consequences in child sexual abuse victims |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=929–945 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00056-3 |pmid=10505906}}</ref> Such behaviors problems may escalate into other behavior problems such as aggression and delinquency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=Monica M. |last2=Shaw |first2=Daniel S. |last3=Winslow |first3=Emily B. |last4=Yaggi |first4=Kirsten E. |date=2000 |title=Destructive sibling conflict and the development of conduct problems in young boys. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.44 |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44–53 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.44 |pmid=10645743 |issn=1939-0599 |access-date=2023-04-17 |archive-date=2024-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601141127/https://psycnet.apa.org/api/request/browsePA.getJournals |url-status=live }}</ref> Siblings that have been affected by sibling abuse may be more susceptible to developing conduct disorder and having more mental health distress caused by sibling abuse. [[Siblicide]] may be an effect of sibling abuse in which a sibling commits homicide against another sibling; typically seen as a male sibling entering life as an adult against a younger brother.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Waid |first1=Jeffrey D. |last2=Tanana |first2=Michael J. |last3=Vanderloo |first3=Mindy J. |last4=Voit |first4=Rachel |last5=Kothari |first5=Brianne H. |date=2020-08-07 |title=The role of siblings in the development of externalizing behaviors during childhood and adolescence: a scoping review |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2020.1799893 |journal=Journal of Family Social Work |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=318–337 |doi=10.1080/10522158.2020.1799893 |s2cid=222315218 |issn=1052-2158 |access-date=2023-04-17 |archive-date=2024-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601141122/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10522158.2020.1799893 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Prevention ==
{{Undue weight|date=October 2024|section|reason=Is Caspi's book especially notable?}}
Jonathan Caspi identified several prevention methods for children and families, educators and practitioners, researchers, and the culture at large in ''Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment'' (2012).<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|title=Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment|last=Caspi|first=Jonathan|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|year=2012|pages=213–217}}</ref> For children and families, pro-social skill development to increase social-emotional competencies with siblings<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kennedy & Kramer|date=2008|title=Improving emotion regulation and sibling relationship quality: The More Fun with Sisters and Brothers Program|journal=Family Relations|volume=57|issue=5|pages=568–579|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00523.x|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kramer & Radey|date=1997|title=Improving sibling relationships among young children: a social skills training model|journal=Family Relations|volume=46|issue=3|pages=237–246|doi=10.2307/585121|jstor=585121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tiedemann & Johnston|date=1992|title=Evaluation of a parent training program to promote sharing between young siblings|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=23|issue=2|pages=299–318|doi=10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80387-9}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> and parental training can be used to prevent sibling abuse.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Youth violence: a report of the Surgeon General|last=U.S. Surgeon General|publisher=Department of Health and Human Services|year=2001|location=Washington, DC}}</ref>
== Treatment ==
{{Undue weight|date=October 2024|section|reason=Is Caspi's book especially notable?}}
John V. Caffaro outlines clinical best practices for treatment of sibling abuse in ''Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults'' (2014).
== Notable examples ==
[[Cheyenne Brando]], the daughter of the legendary actor [[Marlon Brando]], confessed that her brother [[Christian Brando|Christian]] seemed to be in love with her, and that he was jealous of her boyfriend [[Dag Drollet]]; that is why Christian killed him in 1990, according to Cheyenne. Christian stated during his trial that Cheyenne told him that Dag was abusive to her, and that he wanted to protect her, and that he never meant to kill Dag; it was a "terrible accident". Christian was sentenced to ten years in jail in 1991, and Cheyenne committed [[suicide]] in 1995. Cheyenne was abusive toward her two sisters, Maimiti and Raiatua, as well as towards Marlon Brando and Tarita, her parents, particularly her mother. [[Tarita Teriipaia]] wrote a book in 2005, which revealed Cheyenne terrorized her own family, as a result of her suffering from [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilcinema.canalblog.com/archives/2012/11/30/25703882.html|title=1990-2004: "Brando's Affair", Family drama and Death of Marlon. Part 1|date=2013-02-20|access-date=2013-05-26|archive-date=2013-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607031446/http://ilcinema.canalblog.com/archives/2012/11/30/25703882.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The French serial killer [[Guy Georges]] physically abused his [[Adoption|adoptive]] elder sisters when he was 14, nearly killing them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grands.criminels.free.fr/guygeorges.html|title=guy_georges|website=grands.criminels.free.fr|access-date=2013-05-25|archive-date=2013-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517113907/http://grands.criminels.free.fr/guygeorges.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2013, the Australian actor [[Hugh Jackman]] opened up about the physical and verbal abuse by his older brother. He said the abuse helped his acting in ''[[Wolverine (film)|Wolverine]],'' and that when his brother apologized, Jackman felt released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hughjackmanteam.com/publ/hugh_jackman_interviews/hugh_jackman_quot_my_wife_and_my_kids_are_the_real_centre_of_my_world_quot/3-1-0-158|title=Hugh Jackman: "My wife and my kids are the real centre of my world"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207054138/http://hughjackmanteam.com/publ/hugh_jackman_interviews/hugh_jackman_quot_my_wife_and_my_kids_are_the_real_centre_of_my_world_quot/3-1-0-158|archive-date=2012-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.purepeople.com/article/hugh-jackman-fils-abandonne-et-frere-tyrannise-il-est-devenu-wolverine_a124634/1|title=Hugh Jackman : Fils abandonné et frère tyrannisé, il est devenu Wolverine !|website=www.purepeople.com|date=15 July 2013 |access-date=2023-03-22|archive-date=2023-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322193828/https://www.purepeople.com/article/hugh-jackman-fils-abandonne-et-frere-tyrannise-il-est-devenu-wolverine_a124634/1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/oct/06/hugh-jackman-interview-real-steel|title=Hugh Jackman: 'What are ya – a poof?'|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2011-10-06|last1=Gilbey|first1=Ryan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2009/04/06/bullied-jackman-wanted-to-kill-brother-7392/#ixzz20IPvDuPH|title=Bullied Jackman wanted to 'kill' brother|date=2009-04-06|access-date=2013-08-06|archive-date=2015-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216103239/http://metro.co.uk/2009/04/06/bullied-jackman-wanted-to-kill-brother-7392/#ixzz20IPvDuPH|url-status=live}}</ref>
== References ==
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==External links==
* University of New Hampshire, Crimes Against Children Research Center,
==Further reading==
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{{Domestic violence}}
{{Psychological manipulation}}
{{Family}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sibling Abuse}}
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