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{{Short description|Physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse of one sibling by another}}
'''Sibling abuse''' includes the [[Physical abuse|physical]], [[Psychological abuse|psychological]], or [[sexual abuse]] of one [[sibling]] by another. More often than not, the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling
Sibling abuse has been found to most commonly occur in [[Dysfunctional family|dysfunctional families]] where [[Child abuse|abuse from parents]] is present. In the US, 40% of children have engaged in physical aggression towards a sibling, and as many as 85% of children have engaged in verbal abuse towards their sibling.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last1=Morrill |first1=Mandy |last2=Bachman |first2=Curt |date=2013 |title=Confronting the Gender Myth: An Exploration of Variance in Male Versus Female Experience With Sibling Abuse |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260512468324 |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1693–1708 |doi=10.1177/0886260512468324 |pmid=23262823 |s2cid=45717967 |issn=0886-2605 |access-date=2022-02-23 |archive-date=2024-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601141117/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260512468324 |url-status=live }}</ref>▼
▲'''Sibling abuse''' includes the [[Physical abuse|physical]], [[Psychological abuse|psychological]], or [[sexual abuse]] of one [[sibling]] by another. More often than not, the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Sibling abuse : hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma|last=R.|first=Wiehe, Vernon|date=1997|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=9780761910091|edition=2nd|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif.|oclc=811563767}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment|last=Caspi|first=Jonathan|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|year=2012|isbn=9780826124159|location=eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost)}}</ref> however this is not always the case. Sibling abuse is the most common of [[Domestic violence|family violence]] in the US, but the least reported.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Greydanus|first1=Donald E.|last2=Greydanus-Rutgers|first2=Suzanne M.|last3=Merrick|first3=Joav|date=2018-04-01|title=Sibling abuse: a Cadmean victory for societal indifference!|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijamh-2016-0129/html|journal=International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health|language=en|volume=30|issue=2|doi=10.1515/ijamh-2016-0129|pmid=27977402|s2cid=4702308|issn=2191-0278}}</ref> As opposed to [[sibling rivalry]], sibling abuse is characterized by the one-sided treatment of one sibling to another.<ref>{{Cite web
▲Sibling abuse has been found to most commonly occur in [[Dysfunctional family|dysfunctional families]] where abuse from parents is present. In the US, 40% of children have engaged in physical aggression towards a sibling, and as many as 85% of children have engaged in verbal abuse towards their sibling.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal|last1=Morrill|first1=Mandy|last2=Bachman|first2=Curt|date=2013|title=Confronting the Gender Myth: An Exploration of Variance in Male Versus Female Experience With Sibling Abuse|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260512468324|journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence|language=en|volume=28|issue=8|pages=1693–1708|doi=10.1177/0886260512468324|pmid=23262823|s2cid=45717967|issn=0886-2605}}</ref>
==Types and prevalence==
===Physical abuse===
Sibling physical abuse is defined as a sibling deliberately causing [[violence]] to another sibling.<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|last1=Kiselica|first1=Mark S.|last2=Morrill-Richards|first2=Mandy|date=2007|title=Sibling Maltreatment: The Forgotten Abuse|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x|journal=Journal of Counseling & Development|language=en|volume=85|issue=2|pages=148–160|doi=10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223022630/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x|url-status=live}}</ref> The abuse can be inflicted with shoving, hitting, slapping, kicking, biting, pinching, scratching, and hair-pulling. Sibling physical abuse is more common than peer [[bullying]] and other forms of family abuse, such as [[Spousal Abuse|spousal]] or [[child abuse]],<ref name=":02" /> though for a multitude of reasons, it is very difficult to calculate exact prevalence rates. Even when sibling abuse is recognized it remains heavily under-reported, due to the lack of resources provided to families, such as [[child protective services]] and [[Mandatory reporter|mandatory reporters]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stutey|first1=Diane|last2=Clemens|first2=Elysia V.|date=2014|title=Hidden Abuse Within the Home: Recognizing and Responding to Sibling Abuse|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2156759X0001800119|journal=Professional School Counseling|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|pages=2156759X0001800|doi=10.1177/2156759X0001800119|s2cid=219962584|issn=1096-2409|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223051245/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2156759X0001800119|url-status=live}}</ref> Professional childcare providers have considerably different definitions of the term, and lack a system to track reports. Sibling physical abuse persists from childhood through adulthood, with prevalence rates varying across studies, though its intensity and frequency declines as the victim and/or perpetrator grow up.<ref name=":02" />
Sibling aggression is somewhat common even in families that could not be classified as pervasively abusive, with 37% of 498 children committing at least one act of serious abuse during the previous year; in abusive families, 100% of children committed at least one act of serious abuse.<ref>Hotaling, G. T., Straus, M. A., & Lincoln, A. J. (1990). Intrafamily violence and crime and violence outside the family. In M. A. Straus and R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical Violence in American Families (
Several studies show that sisters are more likely to be victimized by brothers than vice versa.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | last1 = Graham-Bermann | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Cutler | first2 = S. E. | year = 1994 | title = The Brother-Sister Questionnaire: Psychometric assessment and discrimination of well-functioning from dysfunctional relationships | journal = Journal of Family Psychology | volume = 8 | issue = 2| pages = 224–238 | doi = 10.1037/0893-3200.8.2.224 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Finkelhor | first1 = D. | last2 = Baron | first2 = L. | year = 1986 | title = Risk factors for child sexual abuse | journal = Journal of Interpersonal Violence | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 43–71 | doi = 10.1177/088626086001001004 | s2cid = 145646774 }}</ref> Additionally, age is also a contributing factor to sibling abuse, where older siblings are more likely to abuse the younger siblings.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meyers|first=Amy|date=2017|title=Lifting the veil: The lived experience of sibling abuse|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1473325015612143|journal=Qualitative Social Work|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=333–350|doi=10.1177/1473325015612143|s2cid=146886153|issn=1473-3250|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2022-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223051250/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1473325015612143|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Psychological abuse ===
[[Psychological abuse]] among siblings is even more difficult to identify. Psychological abuse in siblings can be identified by both the frequency and intensity of harmful interaction.<ref
Although it has been found to be the most prevalent type of abuse in sibling conflict, prevalence rates are difficult to calculate, due to the difficulty in differentiating aggression from abuse.<ref name=":02" /> Whipple and Finton<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Whipple | first1 = E. | last2 = Finton | first2 = S. | year = 1995 | title = Psychological maltreatment by siblings: An unrecognized form of abuse | url = https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01876209 | journal = Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–146 | doi = 10.1007/BF01876209 | s2cid = 144194464 | access-date = 2020-02-13 | archive-date = 2024-06-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240601141120/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01876209 | url-status = live }}</ref>{{Who|date=October 2024}} report that "Psychological maltreatment between siblings is one of the most common, yet often under-recognized forms of child abuse." ===Sexual abuse===
As with other forms of abuse among siblings,
Rudd and Herzberger report that brothers who committed [[incest]] were more likely to use force than fathers who commit incest (64% vs. 53%).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rudd | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Herzberger | first2 = S. D. | year = 1999 | title = Brother-sister incest/father-daughter incest: A comparison of characteristics and consequences | journal = Child Abuse and Neglect | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 915–928 | doi = 10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00058-7 | pmid = 10505905 }}</ref>
==Identification==
[[Sibling rivalry]], competition, and disagreements are considered normal components of childhood and adolescence. To identify physical, psychological, and relational sibling abuse, practitioners and parents need to observe behavior and ask questions about the sibling's relationships that will help them understand if there are characteristics that differentiate aggression from abuse. Sexual sibling abuse requires additional considerations.<ref name=":02" /> Victims may initially deny the existence of any type of abuse but this may be because they
Weihe
▲[[Sibling rivalry]], competition, and disagreements are considered normal components of childhood and adolescence. To identify physical, psychological, and relational sibling abuse, practitioners and parents need to observe behavior and ask questions about the sibling's relationships that will help them understand if there are characteristics that differentiate aggression from abuse. Sexual sibling abuse requires additional considerations.<ref name=":02" /> Victims may initially deny the existence of any type of abuse but this may be because they haven't realized it yet. Different questions about the prevalence of types of aggression, frequency, the intention of harm, the magnitude of the aggression, and unidirectional dominance help assess the existence of abuse.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /> Regarding sexual abuse, individuals are less likely to openly talk about it, unlike other forms of abuse such as physical or psychological. For this reason, in addition to asking direct questions about sibling sexual abuse, practitioners and parents must look out for behaviors that may indicate the presence of sexual abuse. Another challenge comes when differentiating between sexual abuse and adequate sexual behavior.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /> The biggest difference relies on how incest happens with the consensus of both siblings while sexual abuse does not. A victim may not be aware that he/she did not consent because of innocence or lack of understanding of what was happening. The latter generally happens to children who are too young to understand sexual implications and boundaries.
▲Weihe<ref name=":1" /> suggests that four criteria should be used to determine if questionable behavior is rivalry or abusive. First, one must determine if the questionable behavior is age-appropriate, since children use different conflict-resolution tactics during various developmental stages. Second, one must determine if the behavior is an isolated incident or part of an enduring pattern: abuse is, by definition, a long-term pattern rather than occasional disagreements. Third, one must determine if there is an "aspect of [[victimization]]" to the behavior: rivalry tends to be incident-specific, reciprocal, and obvious to others, while abuse is characterized by secrecy and an imbalance of power. Fourth, one must determine the goal of the questionable behavior: the goal of abuse tends to be embarrassment or domination of the victim.
==Risk factors==
There are several important risk factors associated with sibling abuse.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment|last=Caspi|first=Jonathan|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|year=2012|pages=14–19, 223–226}}</ref> They can be categorized into family system, parenting behavior, individual, and other risk factors.<ref name=":0" />
=== Family system ===
This category of risk factors associated with sibling abuse looks at the family system as a whole. It includes negative and conflictual parent-child relationships,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman, Kiecolt, & Edwards|date=2005|title=Physical violence between siblings: a theoretical and empirical analysis|journal=Journal of Family Issues|volume=2698)|pages=185–200}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> parental hostility toward a child,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams, Conger, & Blozis|date=2007|title=The development of interpersonal aggression during adolescence: the importance of parents, siblings, and family economics|journal=Child Development|volume=78(50|issue=5|pages=1526–1542|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01081.x|pmid=17883446}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[spousal abuse]], partner conflict, marital conflict,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haj-Yahia & Dawud-Noursi|date=1998|title=Predicting the use of different conflict tactics among Arab siblings in Israel: a study based on social learning theory
=== Parenting behavior ===
This category of risk factors associated with sibling abuse examines the parenting behavior of adult caregivers. It includes parental differential treatment of children,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The developmental importance of differences in siblings experiences within the family in Parent-child relations throughout life|last=Dunn (Pillimer & McCartney Eds.)|year=1991}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> fathers favoring later-born sisters,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Updegraff, Thayer, Whiteman, Denning, & McHale|date=2005|title=Relational aggression in adolescents' sibling relationships: links to sibling and parent-adolescent relationship quality|journal=Family Relations|volume=54 |issue=3|pages=373–385|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3729.2005.00324.x}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> active and direct judgmental comparison,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feinberg & Hetherington|date=2001|title=Differential parenting as a within-family variable|journal=Journal of Family Psychology|volume=15 |issue=1|pages=22–37|pmid=11322082|doi=10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.22}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> parents labeling their children "bad-good" and "easy-difficult",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schachter|date=1985|title=Sibling deidentification in the clinic: devil v. angel|journal=Family Process|volume=24 |issue=3|pages=415–427|doi=10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00415.x|pmid=4043356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schachter & Stone|date=1995|title=Difficult sibling, easy sibling: temperament and the within-family environment
=== Individual ===
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=== Other risk factors ===
Several other risk factors are associated with sibling abuse. One is birth order and age spacing.
Another risk factor is gender. The presence of a male child within the sibling group<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lockwood|date=2002|title=Examination of siblings' aggression styles: do sisters show more relational aggression than brothers?|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering|volume=63(5-B)|pages=2621}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Randall|date=1992|title=Adolescents may experience home, school abuse; their future draws researchers' concern
Sociocultural background also factors into sibling abuse. Some known sociocultural background risk factors include cultural practices such as primogeniture and patriarchy,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoffman & Edwards|date=2004|title=An integrated theoretical model of sibling violence and abuse
Parental [[alcoholism]],<ref name=":0" /> parental support of child aggression,<ref name=":0" /> and social glorification of violence in the media<ref name=":0" /> have also been associated with sibling abuse.
== Potential effects ==
The effects of sibling abuse closely parallel those of other forms of [[child abuse]].<ref name=":202">{{Cite book |last=Caffaro |first=John |title=Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |pages=78–84, 123–126}}</ref> Potential effects of sibling abuse include difficulty separating pleasure from pain and fear from desire in a sexual relationship,<ref name=":192">{{Cite book |last=Wiehe |title=Sibling abuse: hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma |publisher=Sage Publications |year=1997}}</ref> re-victimization in adulthood,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Briere & Runtz |title=Post sexual abuse trauma in Lasting effects of child sexual abuse |year=1988 |pages=85–99}}</ref> difficulty in developing and sustaining intimate relationships,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis, & Smith |date=1989 |title=Sexual abuse and its relationship to later sexual satisfaction, marital status, religion, and attitudes |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=279–399 |doi=10.1177/088626089004004001 |s2cid=144307047}}</ref> trouble negotiating boundaries, intimacy issues, and interdependency in relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caffaro |date=2011 |title=Introduction to the special issue: siblings and groups |journal=Group |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=273–277|doi=10.1353/grp.2011.a844816 |s2cid=247624658 }}</ref>
▲{{Excessive citations|date=February 2022}}
It is possible that there may be significant problems following sibling abuse such as [[affect regulation]] and accompanying [[Affect disorder|affect disorders]], [[impulse control]], [[somatization]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[Eating disorder|eating disorders]] such as [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia]] or [[bulimia nervosa]], [[substance abuse]] issues, [[Major depressive disorder|major depression]] and problems with socialization.<ref name=":222">{{Cite journal |last=Putnam |date=2003 |title=Ten-year research update review: child sexual abuse |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=269–278 |doi=10.1097/00004583-200303000-00006 |pmid=12595779 |s2cid=17567105}}</ref> Siblings may exhibit [[Internalization (psychology)|internalizing]] or [[Externalization (psychology)|externalizing]] behaviors that can be disruptive to the family unit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tremblay, Hébert, & Piché |date=1999 |title=Coping strategies and social support as mediators of consequences in child sexual abuse victims |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=929–945 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00056-3 |pmid=10505906}}</ref> Such behaviors problems may escalate into other behavior problems such as aggression and delinquency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=Monica M. |last2=Shaw |first2=Daniel S. |last3=Winslow |first3=Emily B. |last4=Yaggi |first4=Kirsten E. |date=2000 |title=Destructive sibling conflict and the development of conduct problems in young boys. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.44 |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44–53 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.44 |pmid=10645743 |issn=1939-0599 |access-date=2023-04-17 |archive-date=2024-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601141127/https://psycnet.apa.org/api/request/browsePA.getJournals |url-status=live }}</ref> Siblings that have been affected by sibling abuse may be more susceptible to developing conduct disorder and having more mental health distress caused by sibling abuse. [[Siblicide]] may be an effect of sibling abuse in which a sibling commits homicide against another sibling; typically seen as a male sibling entering life as an adult against a younger brother.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Waid |first1=Jeffrey D. |last2=Tanana |first2=Michael J. |last3=Vanderloo |first3=Mindy J. |last4=Voit |first4=Rachel |last5=Kothari |first5=Brianne H. |date=2020-08-07 |title=The role of siblings in the development of externalizing behaviors during childhood and adolescence: a scoping review |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2020.1799893 |journal=Journal of Family Social Work |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=318–337 |doi=10.1080/10522158.2020.1799893 |s2cid=222315218 |issn=1052-2158 |access-date=2023-04-17 |archive-date=2024-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601141122/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10522158.2020.1799893 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Prevention ==
{{Undue weight|date=October 2024|section|reason=Is Caspi's book especially notable?}}
Jonathan Caspi identified several prevention methods for children and families, educators and practitioners, researchers, and the culture at large in ''Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment'' (2012).<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|title=Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment|last=Caspi|first=Jonathan|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|year=2012|pages=213–217}}</ref> For children and families, pro-social skill development to increase social-emotional competencies with siblings<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kennedy & Kramer|date=2008|title=Improving emotion regulation and sibling relationship quality: The More Fun with Sisters and Brothers Program|journal=Family Relations|volume=57|issue=5|pages=568–579|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00523.x|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kramer & Radey|date=1997|title=Improving sibling relationships among young children: a social skills training model|journal=Family Relations|volume=46|issue=3|pages=237–246|doi=10.2307/585121|jstor=585121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tiedemann & Johnston|date=1992|title=Evaluation of a parent training program to promote sharing between young siblings|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=23|issue=2|pages=299–318|doi=10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80387-9}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> and parental training can be used to prevent sibling abuse.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Youth violence: a report of the Surgeon General|last=U.S. Surgeon General|publisher=Department of Health and Human Services|year=2001|location=Washington, DC}}</ref>
== Treatment ==
{{Undue weight|date=October 2024|section|reason=Is Caspi's book especially notable?}}
John V. Caffaro outlines clinical best practices for treatment of sibling abuse in ''Sibling Abuse Trauma: Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults'' (2014).
== Notable examples ==
[[Cheyenne Brando]], the daughter of the legendary actor [[Marlon Brando]], confessed that her brother [[Christian Brando|Christian]] seemed to be in love with her, and that he was jealous of her boyfriend [[Dag Drollet]]; that is why Christian killed him in 1990, according to Cheyenne. Christian stated during his trial that Cheyenne told him that Dag was abusive to her, and that he wanted to protect her, and that he never meant to kill Dag; it was a "terrible accident". Christian was sentenced to ten years in jail in 1991, and Cheyenne committed [[suicide]] in 1995. Cheyenne was abusive toward her two sisters, Maimiti and Raiatua, as well as towards
The French serial killer [[Guy Georges]] physically abused his adoptive elder sisters when he was 14, nearly killing them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grands.criminels.free.fr/guygeorges.html|title=Guy Georges}}</ref>▼
▲The French serial killer [[Guy Georges]] physically abused his [[Adoption|adoptive]] elder sisters when he was 14, nearly killing them.<ref>{{
In 2013, the Australian actor [[Hugh Jackman]] opened up about the physical and verbal abuse by his older brother. He said the abuse helped his acting in ''[[Wolverine (film)|Wolverine]],'' and that when his brother apologized, Jackman felt released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hughjackmanteam.com/publ/hugh_jackman_interviews/hugh_jackman_quot_my_wife_and_my_kids_are_the_real_centre_of_my_world_quot/3-1-0-158|title=Hugh Jackman: "My wife and my kids are the real centre of my world"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207054138/http://hughjackmanteam.com/publ/hugh_jackman_interviews/hugh_jackman_quot_my_wife_and_my_kids_are_the_real_centre_of_my_world_quot/3-1-0-158|archive-date=2012-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.purepeople.com/article/hugh-jackman-fils-abandonne-et-frere-tyrannise-il-est-devenu-wolverine_a124634/1|title=Hugh Jackman : Fils abandonné et frère tyrannisé, il est devenu Wolverine !}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/oct/06/hugh-jackman-interview-real-steel|title=Hugh Jackman: 'What are ya – a poof?'|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2011-10-06|last1=Gilbey|first1=Ryan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2009/04/06/bullied-jackman-wanted-to-kill-brother-7392/#ixzz20IPvDuPH|title=Bullied Jackman wanted to 'kill' brother|date=2009-04-06}}</ref>▼
▲In 2013, the Australian actor [[Hugh Jackman]] opened up about the physical and verbal abuse by his older brother. He said the abuse helped his acting in ''[[Wolverine (film)|Wolverine]],'' and that when his brother apologized, Jackman felt released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hughjackmanteam.com/publ/hugh_jackman_interviews/hugh_jackman_quot_my_wife_and_my_kids_are_the_real_centre_of_my_world_quot/3-1-0-158|title=Hugh Jackman: "My wife and my kids are the real centre of my world"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207054138/http://hughjackmanteam.com/publ/hugh_jackman_interviews/hugh_jackman_quot_my_wife_and_my_kids_are_the_real_centre_of_my_world_quot/3-1-0-158|archive-date=2012-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{
▲*[[Child-on-child sexual abuse]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External
* University of New Hampshire, Crimes Against Children Research Center,
==Further reading==
* Wiehe, Vernon R. ''What Parents Need to Know About Sibling Abuse: Breaking the Cycle of Violence '' (2002)
* Caffaro., J. & Conn-Caffaro, A. (1998). ''Sibling Abuse Trauma'', NY: Routledge.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Caffaro | first1 = J. | last2 = Conn-Caffaro | first2 = A. | year = 2005 | title = Treating Sibling Abuse Families | journal = Aggression and Violent Behavior | volume = 10 | issue = 5| pages = 604–623 | doi = 10.1016/j.avb.2004.12.001 }}
* Caffaro, J. (2013). ''Sibling abuse trauma''. 2nd Edition. NY: Routledge.
* Caspi, J. (2012). ''Sibling Aggression: Assessment and Treatment.'' NY: Springer Publishing
{{abuse}}
{{Domestic violence}}
{{Psychological manipulation}}
{{Family}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sibling Abuse}}
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