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{{short description|Theory of karate}}
{{more footnotes|date=May 2015}}
'''''{{Nihongo|Kaisai no genri|解裁の原理}}'''''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-31|title=Kaisai no genri|url=http://www.shinkitaikarate.ca/Scona/Glossary/K/kaisai%20no%20genri/kaisai%20no%20genri.html|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831064834/http://www.shinkitaikarate.ca/Scona/Glossary/K/kaisai%20no%20genri/kaisai%20no%20genri.html|archive-date=2014-08-31}}</ref> is a theory and set of rules of thumb which were used by [[Gōjū-ryū]] karate masters ([[Chōjun Miyagi]], [[Seikichi Toguchi]]) to extract the primary fighting applications (Oyo) encoded into [[karate kata]] by the creators.<ref name="Toguchisecret">{{cite book |last = Toguchi |first = Seikichi |title = Okinawan Goju-Ryu II: Advanced Techniques of Shorei-Kan Karate|page=47}}</ref> These rules were historically kept secret and passed on to the most senior students of a school only near the death of the head of the organisation.<ref name="kanewilder">{{citeCite book |last1last=Kane |last2first=WilderLawrence A. |title=The Wayway of Katakata: Aa Comprehensivecomprehensive Guideguide forto Decipheringdeciphering Martialmartial applications Applications.|pageslast2=109–110Wilder |first2=Kris |date=2005 |publisher=YMAA Publication Center |isbn=978-1-59439-058-6 |edition=1st |location=Boston, Mass}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Toguchi |first = Seikichi |title = Okinawan Goju-Ryu II: Advanced Techniques of Shorei-Kan Karate|page=44}}</ref><ref name=ashrafian>{{cite book |last = Ashrafian |first = Hutan |title = Warrior Origins: The Historical and Legendary Links Between Bodhidharma, Shaolin Kung-Fu, Karate and Ninjutsu|date = 2014 |isbn = 9780750957472 | publisher = The History Press}}</ref> Without such a rule set describing how kata are constructed, the likelihood of deciphering the original combative meaning of the movements in the kata is very low.<ref name="Toguchisecret" />
 
==Theory==
 
The theory behind ''Kaisai no genri'' is that originally [[kata]] began as sets of paired drills or "sparring sets" practised by ancient martial artists.<ref name="Toguchikaisai" /> Over time large numbers of these drills became difficult to remember and so the defensive portion of the drills were assembled together into units and became the first kata.<ref name="Toguchikaisai">{{cite book |last = Toguchi |first = Seikichi |title = Okinawan Goju-Ryu II: Advanced Techniques of Shorei-Kan Karate|page=48}}</ref> It is worth noting that these would probably have been [[Chinese martial arts#Forms in Traditional Chinese Martial Arts|Chinese martial art forms]].{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} By the time kata were created [[Okinawan martial arts|in Okinawa]], the concept would have been well established.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
 
The attacking methods were not recorded in the forms and are therefore unknown.<ref name="Toguchikaisai" /> However, they may be inferred from limb and body positioning and preceding and following movements through the process of [[bunkai]] or in [[Gōjū-ryū]] karate the process of ''Kaisai''.<ref name="Toguchisecret" /> It has been theorised by Patrick McCarthy that the drills and defensive routines recorded were responses to Habitual Acts of Physical Violence (HAPV Theory).<ref>{{cite book |last = McCarthy |first = Patrick |title = Ancient Okinawan Martial Arts, Vol. 2|page=14}}</ref>
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==The rule set==
 
The rule set is broken down in tointo three basic rules and ninetwo advancedsupplementary rulesclauses.
 
===''Shuyo san gensoko'' - Three basic rules<ref name="kanewilder" /><ref name="ashrafian" /><ref name="Toguchikaisai" />===
Sources:<ref name="kanewilder" /><ref name="ashrafian" /><ref name="Toguchikaisai" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tamano |first=Toshio |title=Miyagi Chōjun no Okinawa karate ni karate wo manabu |publisher=BAB Japan |year=2013 |isbn=978-4-86220-763-0 |edition=1st |location=Tokyo |pages=117 |language=ja}}</ref>
 
# Don't be deceived by the shape ([[embusen]]) of the kata.
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#: Turning to face a new direction while performing the kata ''does not'' mean you are turning to face a new opponent.
 
===''Hosoku joko'' - AdvancedSupplementary rules<ref name="kanewilder" />clauses===
Source:<ref name=":0" />
 
# The clause of implication,
# Every movement in kata is significant and is to be used in application.
# The clause of substitution.
#: There are no "salutation", religious or empty movements in kata. ''All'' movements in the kata have meaning.
# A closed pulling hand returning to chamber usually has some part of the opponent in it.
#: When pulling a hand to the chamber position, particularly if it is closed, it should be considered to have some part of the opponent in its grip. e.g. an arm, wrist or even head.
# Utilize the shortest distance to your opponent.
#: The kata will typically attack the opponent with the closest part of your body.
# If you control an opponent’s head you control the opponent.
#: Kata techniques often target [[Kyusho]] (vital or weak points of the body), many of the most important of these are in the head. e.g. eyes or throat.
# There are no blocks.
#: Uke are not blocks, they are "defences", however in kata they may not even represent defences, but simply be the movements of the limbs required to execute a more complex technique like a throw.
# Angles in kata are very important.
#: The angle to which you turn represents the angle which you must take relative to the opponent for the technique to work. It ''does not'' represent turning to face a new opponent.
# Touching your own body in kata indicates that you are touching part of your opponent.
#: In the absence of a partner to practice with, where the kata touches your own body, you would be touching or holding part of the opponent's body.
# Don't attack hard parts of your opponent with hard parts of your body.
#: The kata typically strikes hard parts of the opponent with soft parts of your body and soft parts with hard parts of your body.
# There are no pauses in the application.
#: The rhythm of the performance of kata has no bearing on the performance of the techniques extracted from it.
 
==Rule sets used by other karate masters==
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===Kenwa Mabuni===
In his book ''Kobo Kenpo Karatedo Nyumon'', [[Shitō-ryū]] karate master [[Kenwa Mabuni]] wrote that when kata change direction, the angle turned to does not indicate turning to face additional attackers, but instead indicates the angle taken with respect to a single opponent attacking from the front.<ref name=nyumon>{{cite book | last = Mabuni | first = Kenwa | title = Kobo Kenpo Karatedo Nyumon| date = 1938| pages=139–140}}</ref><ref name=joeswift>{{cite web |url=http://seinenkai.com/articles/swift/swift-tidbits1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321155831/http://seinenkai.com/articles/swift/swift-tidbits1.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 21, 2004 |title=Wisdom from the Past: Tidbits on Kata Applications from Pre-War Karate Books. Part One |author=Joe Swift |website=http://seinenkai.com/ |accessdateaccess-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>
 
== References ==
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* <!-- secondary -->{{cite book|last1=Kane|first1=Lawrence|last2=Wilder|first2=Kris|title=The Way of Kata: A Comprehensive Guide for Deciphering Martial Applications|year=2005|publisher=Ymaa Publication Center|isbn=978-1594390586}}
* <!-- primary --> {{cite book |last = Toguchi |first = Seikichi |title = Okinawan Goju-Ryu II: Advanced Techniques of Shorei-Kan Karate |date = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-89750-140-8 | publisher = Black Belt Communications }}
* {{cite book |last = McCarthy |first = Patrick |title = Ancient Okinawan Martial Arts, Vol. 2 |date = 1999 |isbn = 978-0804831475 | publisher = Tuttle Publishing |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780804831475 }}
* <!-- secondary -->{{cite book |last = Ashrafian |first = Hutan |title = Warrior Origins: The Historical and Legendary Links Between Bodhidharma, Shaolin Kung-Fu, Karate and Ninjutsu|date = 2014 |isbn = 9780750957472 | publisher = The History Press}}
* Tamano, Toshio (2013). ''Miyagi Chōjun no Okinawa Karate ni karate wo manabu'' (in Japanese) (1st ed.). Tokyo: BAB Japan. ISBN 978-4-86220-763-0.
*{{cite book | last = Mabuni | first = Kenwa | title = Kobo Kenpo Karatedo Nyumon| date = 1938}}
 
== Journals ==
* <!-- secondary -->{{cite journal|last = Lenzi |first = Scott |title = The Tensho kata the Smilling form of Goju-Ryu karate|date = 1995 |issn = 0277-3066 | publisher = [[Active Interest Media]], Inc|pages=99| journal=[[Black Belt Magazine]]| volume=33| issue=10}}
* <!-- secondary -->{{cite journal|last = Lenzi |first = Scott |title = Seikichi Toguchi - Goju-ryu Master left a lasting Legacy|date = 1999 |issn = 0277-3066 | publisher = Active Interest Media, Inc|pages=133| journal=Black Belt| volume=37| issue=9}}
* <!-- secondary -->{{cite journal|last = Lenzi |first = Scott |title = Concealed techniques of Saifa kata of Okinawan Goju-ryu|date = 2001 |issn = 0277-3066 | publisher = Active Interest Media, Inc|pages=89| journal=Black Belt| volume=39| issue=11}}
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== External links ==
* [http://kriswilder.com/resources/introduction-to-the-theory-of-kaisai/ Lawrence Kane and Kris Wilder - Introduction to the theory of Kaisai]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140831064834/http://www.shinkitaikarate.ca/Scona/Glossary/K/kaisai%20no%20genri/kaisai%20no%20genri.html Shin Ki Tai Karate Glossary: Kaisai no genri]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140531043520/http://www.kowakan.com/seikichi-toguchi-kaisai-no-genri/ Mario McKenna: Seikichi Toguchi & Kaisai no Genri]
* [http://www.koryu-uchinadi.org/KU_HAPV.pdf Koryu Uchinadi HAPV Theory]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040321155831/http://seinenkai.com/articles/swift/swift-tidbits1.html Wisdom from the Past: Tidbits on Kata Part One]}}
* [http://www.iainabernethy.com/Applied_Karate.pdf Iain Abernethy: An Introduction to Applied Karate]
 
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