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{{short description|Video game genre}}
{{about|the video game genre||Business simulation (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Openttd interface.png|thumb|upright=1.35|''[[OpenTTD]]'' (2004) is a business simulation game in which the player tries to earn money by transporting passengers and freight via road, rail, water and air.]]
{{Simulation VG}}
'''Business simulation games''',<ref name="capitalism2review">[https://web.archive.org/web/20020607112125/http://pc.ign.com/articles/167/167372p1.html Review – IGN: Trevor Chan's Capitalism II]</ref><ref name="Rollings">{{cite book|last=Rollings|first=Andrew|author2=Ernest Adams|title=Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design|publisher=New Riders Publishing|year=2003|pages=417–441|url=http://safari.adobepress.com/1592730019/ch14|isbn=1-59273-001-9|access-date=2008-05-23|archive-date=2008-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915150839/http://safari.adobepress.com/1592730019/ch14|url-status=dead}}</ref> also known as '''tycoon games''' or '''economic simulation games''',<ref name="airbucks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040428124104/http://pc.ign.com/objects/573/573181.html IGN: Air Bucks],</ref><ref name="bigbiz">[https://web.archive.org/web/20020612103626/http://pc.ign.com/articles/361/361101p1.html News -– IGN: Big Biz Tycoon Ships]</ref> orare '''tycoon games''', arevideo games that focus on the management of [[economy|economic]] processes,<ref name="fundamentals">{{cite book|last=Rollings|first=Andrew|authorlink=|author2=Ernest Adams|title=Fundamentals of Game Design|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2006|location=|url=http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_gamedev_1/54/14053/3597646.cw/index.html}}</ref> usually in the form of a [[business]]. Pure business simulations have been described as [[construction and management simulation]]s without a construction element,<ref name="Rollings"/> and can thus be called '''management simulations'''.<ref name="Rollings"/> Indeed, [[Micromanagement (gameplay)|micromanagementMicromanagement]] is often emphasized in these kinds of games. They are essentially numeric, but try to hold the player's attention by using creative graphics.<ref name="Rollings"/> The interest in these games lies in accurate simulation of real-world events using algorithms,<ref name=gdp_fdl/> as well as the close tying of players' actions to expected or plausible consequences and outcomes.<ref name=gdp_fdl>{{cite book | last = Laramee | first = Francois Dominic | title = Game Design Perspectives: Advances in Computer Graphics and Game Development | publisher = [[Charles River Media]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-58450-090-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9kS82J5LG0C&printsec=frontcover&dqq=game+design+perspectives | page = 117}}</ref><ref name=ewc_bms>{{cite book | last = Slator | first = Brian M. |author2=Richard T. Beckwith |author3=Harold Chaput | title = Electric Worlds in the Classroom: Teaching and Learning with Role-Based Computer Classes | publisher = [[Teachers College Press]] | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CoBW2rJO7mkC&pg=PA61&dqq=%22economic+simulation%22+game&pg=PA61 | isbn = 0-8077-4675-4 | page = 61}}</ref> An important facet of economic simulations is the [[emergence]] of artificial systems, gameplay and structures.<ref name=vgim_sn>{{cite book | last = Natkin | first = Stéphane | title = Video Games and Interactive Media: A Glimpse at New Digital Entertainment | publisher = [[A K Peters, Ltd.]] | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Huph6EeDVggC&pg=PA97&dqq=%22economic+simulation%22+game&pg=PA97 | isbn = 1-56881-297-3 | page = 97}}</ref>▼
'''Business simulation games''',<ref name="capitalism2review">[http://pc.ign.com/articles/167/167372p1.html Review - IGN: Trevor Chan's Capitalism II]</ref><ref name="Rollings">{{cite book|last=Rollings|first=Andrew|authorlink=|author2=Ernest Adams|title=Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design|publisher=New Riders Publishing|year=2003|location=|pages=417–441|url=http://safari.adobepress.com/1592730019/ch14|doi=|id=|isbn=1-59273-001-9}}
▲</ref> also known as '''economic simulation games'''<ref name="airbucks">[http://pc.ign.com/objects/573/573181.html IGN: Air Bucks],</ref><ref name="bigbiz">[http://pc.ign.com/articles/361/361101p1.html News - IGN: Big Biz Tycoon Ships]</ref> or '''tycoon games''', are games that focus on the management of [[economy|economic]] processes,<ref name="fundamentals">{{cite book|last=Rollings|first=Andrew|authorlink=|author2=Ernest Adams|title=Fundamentals of Game Design|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2006|location=|url=http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_gamedev_1/54/14053/3597646.cw/index.html}}</ref> usually in the form of a [[business]]. Pure business simulations have been described as [[construction and management simulation]]s without a construction element,<ref name="Rollings"/> and can thus be called '''management simulations'''.<ref name="Rollings"/> Indeed, [[Micromanagement (gameplay)|micromanagement]] is often emphasized in these kinds of games. They are essentially numeric, but try to hold the player's attention by using creative graphics.<ref name="Rollings"/> The interest in these games lies in accurate simulation of real-world events using algorithms,<ref name=gdp_fdl/> as well as the close tying of players' actions to expected or plausible consequences and outcomes.<ref name=gdp_fdl>{{cite book | last = Laramee | first = Francois Dominic | title = Game Design Perspectives: Advances in Computer Graphics and Game Development | publisher = [[Charles River Media]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-58450-090-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9kS82J5LG0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=game+design+perspectives | page = 117}}</ref><ref name=ewc_bms>{{cite book | last = Slator | first = Brian M. |author2=Richard T. Beckwith |author3=Harold Chaput | title = Electric Worlds in the Classroom: Teaching and Learning with Role-Based Computer Classes | publisher = [[Teachers College Press]] | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CoBW2rJO7mkC&pg=PA61&dq=%22economic+simulation%22+game | isbn = 0-8077-4675-4 | page = 61}}</ref> An important facet of economic simulations is the [[emergence]] of artificial systems, gameplay and structures.<ref name=vgim_sn>{{cite book | last = Natkin | first = Stéphane | title = Video Games and Interactive Media: A Glimpse at New Digital Entertainment | publisher = [[A K Peters, Ltd.]] | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Huph6EeDVggC&pg=PA97&dq=%22economic+simulation%22+game | isbn = 1-56881-297-3 | page = 97}}</ref>
 
There are many games in this genre whichthat have been designed around numerous different enterprises and different simulations. ''[[Theme Park (video game)|Theme Park]]'' can be called a business simulation because the goal of the game is to attract customers and make profits, but; the game also involves a building aspect that makes it a [[construction and management simulation]].<ref name="Rollings"/> This genre also includes many of the "tycoon" games such as ''[[Railroad Tycoon]]'' and ''[[Transport Tycoon]]''. Another similar example of a business simulation (that models a startup business) is "[[SimVenture Classic]]".▼
[[File:OpenTTD-1.1.0-en.jpg|thumb|275px|left|''[[OpenTTD]]'' (2014) is a business simulation game]]
 
[[Trevor Chan]] is a notable developer of business simulation games,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030629180115/http://pc.ign.com/articles/425/425910p1.html IGN: Joan of Arc Interview]</ref> having developed the 1995 game ''[[Capitalism (video game)|Capitalism]]'', which has been described as the "best business simulation game".<ref name="capitalism2review"/> A sequel, entitled ''[[Capitalism II]]'', was released in 2001. An expanded version of ''Capitalism II'', called ''Capitalism Lab'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capitalismlab.com |title = Capitalism Lab – Taking Business Simulation to a New Frontier}}</ref> was released in 2012 and continues to be updated regularly with new features and improvements.▼
 
Active development of Internet technologies and the growth of the Internet audience in recent years gave a powerful impetus to the development of the industry of online games, and in particular, online business simulations.<ref name="bizsims" /> There are many varieties of online business simulations -– browser-based and downloadable, single-player and multiplayer, and real-time and turn-based. Some online simulations are aimed primarily at the leisure market while others have real world applications in training, education and modelling.▼
▲There are many games in this genre which have been designed around numerous different enterprises and different simulations. ''[[Theme Park (video game)|Theme Park]]'' can be called a business simulation because the goal of the game is to attract customers and make profits, but the game also involves a building aspect that makes it a [[construction and management simulation]].<ref name="Rollings"/> This genre also includes many of the "tycoon" games such as ''[[Railroad Tycoon]]'' and ''[[Transport Tycoon]]''. Another similar example of a business simulation (that models a startup business) is "[[SimVenture Classic]]".
 
▲[[Trevor Chan]] is a notable developer of business simulation games,<ref>[http://pc.ign.com/articles/425/425910p1.html IGN: Joan of Arc Interview]</ref> having developed the 1995 game ''[[Capitalism (video game)|Capitalism]]'' which has been described as the "best business simulation game".<ref name="capitalism2review"/>
 
▲Active development of Internet technologies and the growth of the Internet audience in recent years gave a powerful impetus to the development of the industry of online games, and in particular, online business simulations.<ref name="bizsims" /> There are many varieties of online business simulations - browser-based and downloadable, single-player and multiplayer, real-time and turn-based. Some online simulations are aimed primarily at the leisure market while others have real world applications in training, education and modelling.
 
== Real-world applications ==
Because [[business simulation]]s simulate real-world systems, they are often used in management, marketing, [[Simulations and games in economics education|economics]] and hospitality education.<ref name="bizsims">[http://www.bizsims.edu.au/ Online Business Simulations]</ref><ref name=ssl>{{cite book | last = Farkas | first = Meredith | title = Social Software in Libraries: Building Collaboration, Communication, and Community Online | publisher = [[Information Today, Inc.]] | year = 2007 | accessdateaccess-date = 2008-06-18 | isbn =978-1-57387-275-X1|url=https://booksarchive.google.comorg/books?id=AlARogbZHqcC&pg=PA216&dqdetails/socialsoftwarein0000fark | url-access =%22economic+simulation%22+game registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/socialsoftwarein0000fark/page/216 216]}}</ref> Some benefits of business simulations are that they permit students to experience and test themselves in situations before encountering them in real life,<ref name=dyn_ss/> they permit students to experiment and test hypotheses,<ref name=dyn_ss/><ref name=dkskrht>{{cite journal | last = Thole | first = Heinz-Jürgen |author2=Claus Möbus |author3=Olaf Schröder | title = Domain Knowledge Structure, Knowledge Representation and Hypotheses Testing | journal = Artificial Intelligence in Education: Knowledge and Media in Learning | pages = 410 | publisher = [[IOS Press]] | year = 1997 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9L4reNbo7MQC&pg=PA410&dqq=%22economic+simulation%22+game&pg=PA410 | isbn = 978-90-5199-353-0}}</ref> and that subjects seem more real to them than when taught passively from the blackboard.<ref name=dyn_ss>{{cite book | last = Schurr | first = Sandra | title = Dynamite in the Classroom: A How-to Handbook for Teachers | publisher = [[National Middle School Association]] | year = 1994 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HK_uqW_oS7EC&pg=PA73&dqq=economic+simulation+game&pg=PA73| isbn = 1-56090-041-5 | page = 73}}</ref> They are also used extensively in the professional world to train workers in the [[financial industries]],<ref name=udg>{{cite book | last = Rutter | first = Jason |author2=Jo Bryce | title = Understanding Digital Games | publisher = [[Sage Publications, Inc.]] | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-4129-0033-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji3baoCZL8gC&pg=PA227&dqq=%22economic+simulation%22+game&pg=PA227|page=227}}</ref><ref name=iscsml_sjf/> [[hospitality]] and management,<ref name=iscsml_sjf>{{cite book | last = Fallows | first = Stephen J. |author2=Kemal Ahmet | title = Inspiring Students: Case Studies in Motivating the Learner | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 1999 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nk49AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63&dqq=%22business+simulation%22+game&pg=PA63 | isbn = 0-7494-2872-4 | page = 63}}</ref> and to study [[economic models<ref name=ims_ddg/> (an association of professionals, [http://www.absel.org ABSELmodel]]s, exists for the sole purpose of promoting their use<ref name=udgims_ddg/>), with some simulations having in excess of 10,000 variables.<ref name=ims_ddg>{{cite book | last = Gatti | first = Domenico Delli | title = Interaction and Market Structure: Essays on Heterogeneity in Economics | publisher = Springer | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5D4V5DwKeKgC&pg=PA37&dqq=%22economic+simulation%22+game&pg=PA37 | isbn = 3-540-66979-5 | page = 37}}</ref> Economic<!--http://www.absel.org-->ABSEL, an association of professionals, exists for the sole purpose of promoting their use,<ref name=udg/> and economic simulations have even been used in experiments, such as those done by [[Donald Broadbent]] on learning and cognition that revealed how people often have an aptitude for mastering systems without necessarily comprehending the underlying principles.<ref name=eu_rh>{{cite book | last = Hogarth | first = Robin M. | title = Educating Intuition | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | year = 2001 | url = https://booksarchive.google.comorg/books?iddetails/educatingintuiti00hoga | url-access =fsffJGkpwVIC&pg=PA184&dq=%22economic+simulation%22+game registration | isbn = 0-226-34860-1 | page = [https://archive.org/details/educatingintuiti00hoga/page/184 184]}}</ref> Other games are used to study the behavior[[consumer of consumersbehavior]].<ref name=vetl_lcj>{{cite book | last = Jain | first = L. C. |author2=R. J. Howlett |author3=N. S. Ichalkaranje |author4=G. Tonfoni | title = virtual environments for teaching & learning | publisher = [[World Scientific]] | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gDPbGslq1LoC&pg=PA20&dqq=%22economic+simulation%22+game&pg=PA20 | isbn = 981-238-167-8 | page = 20}}</ref>
 
== History ==
{{see also|List of business simulation video games}}▼
 
{{Expand section|date=January 2017}}
▲{{see also|List of business simulation video games}}
 
''[[The Sumerian Game]]'' (1964), a text-based [[early mainframe game]] designed by [[Mabel Addis]], based on the ancient [[Sumer]]ian city-state of [[Lagash]], was the first economic simulation game.<ref name="Rollinger">{{cite book |last1=Rollinger |first1=Christian |title=Classical Antiquity in Video Games: Playing with the Ancient World |date=9 January 2020 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-350-06664-9 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLS9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29}}</ref> An early economic sim by [[Danielle Bunten Berry|Dan Bunten]], titled ''[[M.U.L.E.]]'', and released in [[1983 in video gaming|1983]], foreshadowed events that would transpire later in video gaming history, especially in the [[MMOGmassively multiplayer online game]] market, with regard to [[Cooperative gameplayvideo game|player cooperation]] and simulated economies.<ref name="1up_mule">{{cite web | last = Sharkey | first = Scott | title = The Essential 50 Archives | publisher = [[1UP.com]] | date = January 22, 2004 – January 12, 2005 | url = http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3133886 | accessdateaccess-date = 2008-06-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090306122222/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3133886 | archive-date = 2009-03-06 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The game was [[Electronic Arts]]' most highly awarded game, despite selling only 30,000 copies.<ref name="hs_mule">{{cite book | last = DeMaria | first = Rusel |author2=Johnny L. Wilson | title = High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games | publisher = [[McGraw-Hill Professional]] | year = 2004 | pages = 174–175 | isbn = 0-07-223172-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJNvZLvpCEQC&pg=PA174&dqq=%22economic+simulation%22+game&pg=PA174}}</ref> That same year, [[Epyx]] released the business sim ''[[Oil Barons]]''.<ref>http://www.mobygames.com/game/oil-barons MobyGames. "Oil Barons," (retrieved on January 25th, 2009).</ref>
 
== See also ==
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== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
 
{{VideoGameGenre}}
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