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{{short description|Conflict in Europe
{{
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Second Northern War
| partof = the [[Northern Wars]]
| image = Second Northern War.jpg
| image_size = 300
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| place = [[Denmark–Norway]], [[Swedish Empire]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], [[New Sweden]] and [[New Netherland]].
| territory = * Denmark–Norway cedes [[Scania]], [[Halland]], [[Blekinge]], [[Bohuslän]] and [[Ven (Sweden)|Ven]] to Sweden.
* Poland–Lithuania recognizes Swedish sovereignty in [[Swedish Livonia|Livonia]] and Swedish ownership of [[Estonia under Swedish rule|Estonia]] and [[Saaremaa|Ösel]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hhogman.se/swe_wars-1600s.htm | title=Swedish Military - Hans Högman }}</ref>
* Poland–Lithuania grants the [[Duchy of Prussia]] sovereign status.
* Dutch Republic acquires [[New Sweden]].
| result = ''See {{slink||Peace}}''
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Swedish Empire}} [[Swedish Empire]]<br>{{flagicon|Brandenburg}} [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] (1656–57)<br>{{flagicon|Transylvania}} [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]]<br>
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<br>{{flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Denmark–Norway]] (from 1657)<br>{{flag|Habsburg Monarchy}}<br>{{flagicon|Tsardom of Russia}} [[Tsardom of Russia]] (1656–58)<br>[[File:Gerae-tamga.svg|22px]] [[Crimean Khanate]]<br>{{flagicon|Brandenburg}} [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] (1655–56, 1657–60)<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Courland (state).svg}} [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia|Duchy of Courland]] (1656–58)<br>{{flag|Dutch Republic}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Swedish Empire}} [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] <br>{{flagicon|Swedish Empire}} [[Arvid Wittenberg]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[John II Casimir
▲| commander2 = {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[John II Casimir]] <br>{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki|Stanisław Rewera Potocki]] <br>{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[Stanisław Lanckoroński (hetman)|Stanisław Lanckoroński]] <br>{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski]] <br> {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[Stefan Czarniecki]] <br>{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[Paweł Jan Sapieha]] <br>{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1586}} [[Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski]] <br>{{flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III]]<br>{{flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve]] <br> {{flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Anders Bille]]{{KIA}} <br> {{flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Iver Krabbe]]<br> {{flagicon|Denmark-Norway}} [[Jørgen Bjelke]] <br>{{flagicon|Tsardom of Russia}} [[Alexis of Russia]] <br>{{flagicon|Tsardom of Russia}} [[Matvey Sheremetev]]{{KIA}} <br>{{flagicon|Brandenburg}} [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] <br>{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Raimondo Montecuccoli]] <br>{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches]] <br>{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam]] <br>{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Michiel de Ruyter]] <br>{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Peter Stuyvesant]]
| casualties1 = 70,000 Swedes died<ref>Claes-Göran Isacson, ''Karl X Gustavs Krig'' (2002) Lund, Historiska Media. p. 265. {{ISBN|91-89442-57-1}}</ref>{{efn|Mercenaries not included.}}
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Polish–Swedish Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Dano-Swedish Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Second Northern War}}
The '''
In 1655, [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] invaded and occupied western Poland–Lithuania, the eastern half of which was [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|already occupied by Russia]]. The rapid Swedish advance became known in Poland as the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish Deluge]]. The [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] [[Union of Kėdainiai|became]] a [[Swedish Lithuania|Swedish protectorate]], the Polish–Lithuanian regular armies surrendered and the Polish king [[John II Casimir Vasa]] fled to the [[Habsburgs]]. [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]] and [[Duchy of Prussia|Duke of Prussia]] initially supported the [[Prussian estates|estates]] in [[Royal Prussia]], but [[Treaty of Königsberg (1656)|allied with Sweden]] in return for receiving the Duchy of Prussia as a Swedish fief. Exploiting the hurt religious feelings of the [[Roman Catholic]] population under [[Protestantism|Protestant]] occupation and organizing Polish–Lithuanian military leaders in the [[Tyszowce Confederation]], John II Casimir Vasa managed to regain ground in 1656. Russia took advantage of the Swedish setback, [[Russo-Swedish War (1656–58)|declared war on Sweden]] and pushed into Lithuania and [[Swedish Livonia]].
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In the [[Treaty of Labiau]] on 20 November, Charles X Gustav of Sweden granted Frederick William of Brandenburg full sovereignty in the Duchy of Prussia in return for a more active participation in the war.<ref name=Frost178/><ref name=Press403>Press (1991), p. 403</ref> In the [[Treaty of Radnot]] on 6 December, Charles X Gustav promised to accept [[George II Rákóczi]] of [[Transylvania]] as king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in return for his entrance into the war.<ref name=Frost178/> Rákóczi entered the war in January 1657,<ref name=Frost178/><ref name=Press403/> crossing into the commonwealth with a force of 25,000 Transylvanian-Wallachian-Moldavian men and 20,000 Cossacks who reinforced Kraków before they met with Charles X Gustav, who had led a Swedish-Brandenburgian army southwards. The following month saw the Swedish-Brandenburg-Transylvanian-Romanian-Cossack forces play cat and mouse with the Polish–Lithuanian forces, moving about all of the commonwealth without any major engagements, except the capture of [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] by Charles X Gustav in May, and the capture of [[Warsaw]] by Rákóczi and [[Gustaf Otto Stenbock]] on 17 June.<ref name=Frost178/>
Due to internal conflicts within the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Cossacks]] there was practically no participation of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] in that war. Worn out from previous campaigns and requesting [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] to break with Sweden, Alexis of Russia eventually signed the [[Truce of Vilna]] or Niemież with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and did not engage the Swedish army in any major battle throughout 1657 even though he still reinforced his armies in Livonia. On 18 June, a Swedish force defeated a Russian army of 8,000 men commanded by Matvey V. Sheremetev in the [[Battle of Walk]], however, a month later it was defeated by the Russians [[Battle of Gdov|near Gdov]], after that the actions were in the nature of mutual raids. In early 1658, Sweden and Russia agreed on a truce,<ref name=Frost177/> resulting in the [[Treaty of Valiesar]] (Vallisaare, 1658) and the [[Treaty of Kardis]] (Kärde, 1661). The [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|Russian war with Poland–Lithuania]] on the other hand resumed in 1658.<ref name=Frost183>Frost (2000), p. 183</ref>
==Austro–Brandenburgian–Polish alliance, Danish campaigns in Sweden==
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In 1659, the war was characterized by Swedish forces defending their strongholds on the southern Baltic coast against allied assaults. A combined force of 17,000 Austrians and 13,000 Brandenburgers<ref name=Frost182/> led by general Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches invaded [[Swedish Pomerania]], took and burned [[Gryfino|Greifenhagen]], took [[Wollin]] island and [[Dąbie (neighborhood of Szczecin)|Damm]], besieged [[Stettin]] and [[Greifswald]] without success, but took [[Demmin]] on 9 November. Counterattacks were mounted by general [[Müller von der Lühnen]], who lifted the siege laid on Greifswald by the Brandenburgian prince-elector, and major general [[Paul Wirtz (Swedish Pomerania)|Paul Wirtz]], who from besieged Stettin managed to capture the Brandenburgian ammunition depot at Curau and took it to [[Stralsund]]. The Brandenburgians withdrew ravaging the countryside while retreating.<ref name=Buchholz273ff/>
In the occupied and annexed Danish provinces, guerilla movements pressed Swedish garrisons. After an uprising, [[Second Northern War and Norway|Norwegians took Trondheim]] in late 1658. In [[Scania]] and [[Zealand (Denmark)|Zealand]], the "''[[snaphaner]]''" led by [[Lorenz Tuxen]] and [[Svend Poulsen]] ("''[[Gøngehøvdingen]]''") ambushed Swedish forces. The Swedish garrison of [[Bornholm]] was [[Bornholm uprising|forced to surrender to Danish insurgents]], with the commander killed.<ref name=Lockhart238>Lockhart (2007), p. 238</ref>
In Royal Prussia (Eastern Pomerania in contemporary Poland), [[Toruń|Thorn]] had fallen already in December 1658, but [[Elbląg, Poland|Elbing]] and [[Marienwerder]] withstood. On 24 November, Sweden had to abandon [[Funen]] and [[Langeland]] after the defeat in the [[Battle of Nyborg]]. In January 1660, Sweden lost the [[Livonia]]n fortress [[Mitau]].<ref name=Frost182/>
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On 15 September, while the bulk of the Dutch garrison was still in New Sweden, 500 [[Munsee]] occupied New Amsterdam in what in known as the [[Peach War]]. No bloodshed occurred until the Dutch opened fire as the Munsee were preparing to depart. In response the Munsee attacked [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]] and [[Staten Island]]. Stuyvesant later reported 40 deaths and 100 captives taken. Many Dutch settlers from outlying farms took refuge at [[Fort Amsterdam]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruttenber |first1=Edward Manning |title=The History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River |date=1872 |publisher=J. Munsell |location=Albany, New York |url=https://archive.org/details/ruttenberindians00ruttrich}}</ref><ref name="Trelease">{{cite book |last1=Trelease |first1=Allan W. |title=Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century |date=1960 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |url=https://archive.org/details/indianaffairsinc0000alle |url-access=registration}}</ref>
The cause of the Peach War has been the subject of debate. The armed protest and raids may have been triggered by the murder of a Munsee woman who was stealing peaches from the orchard of a Dutch colonist. Many historians, however, have speculated that the Peach War was orchestrated by the Susquehannock in response to the Dutch attack on New Sweden.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Zandt |first1=Cynthia Jean |title=Brothers among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America,
After renegotiating land rights and securing the release of the hostages, the Dutch resettled most of their abandoned territory and constructed several additional fortifications. Stuyvesant decreed that "like our neighbors of [[New England Colonies|New England]]," the New Netherland colonists must now "concentrate themselves... in the form of towns, villages and hamlets, so that they may be the more effectually protected" against future attacks.<ref>{{cite web | title = Old Bergen | publisher = GetNJ.com | url = http://www.cityofjerseycity.org/oldberg/chapter12.shtml | access-date = 2021-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland, 1638–1674|url=https://archive.org/details/lawsandordinanc00calgoog|year=1868|publisher=Weed, Parsons and Company, printers|pages=196–197, 206–207}}</ref> Notably, the [[Staten Island]] colony was not reoccupied for several years. Its [[patroon]] was [[Cornelis Melyn]], former chairman of the [[Eight Men|Council of Eight Men]] and a political rival of Stuyvesant; he had been imprisoned without trial earlier in the year. Melyn and his family defected to [[New Haven Colony|English New Haven]] soon after his release.
==Peace==
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=250|image1=<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: Treaty of Oliwa.jpg -->|image2=
Charles X Gustav fell ill in early 1660 and died on 23 February of that year. With his death, one of the major obstacles to peace was gone and the [[Treaty of Oliva]] was signed on 23 April. Sweden was accepted as sovereign in [[Swedish Livonia]], Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in [[Ducal Prussia]], and John II Casimir withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne, though he was to retain the title for life. All occupied territories were restored to their pre-war sovereigns.<ref name=Frost183>Frost (2000), p. 183</ref>
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{{notelist}}
==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Anisimov|first=Evgeniĭ Viktorovich|title=The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Russia|translator=John Alexander|publisher=Sharpe|location=New York|year=1993|series=The New Russian history|isbn=1-56324-048-3}}
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Northern Wars]]
[[Category:17th-century conflicts]]
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[[Category:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Polish-Swedish war]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]]
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