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{{short description|Type of honey}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Manuka honey in a bowl.jpg|thumb|A bowl of visibly [[viscous]] mānuka honey]]
'''Mānuka honey''' ({{IPA-mi|maːnʉka}}) is a [[monofloral honey]] produced from the nectar of the [[Leptospermum|mānuka]] tree, ''[[Leptospermum scoparium]]''.
The mānuka tree is indigenous to [[New Zealand]] and some parts of coastal [[Australia]], but mānuka honey is today produced globally. Used as a [[sugar substitute]], it has a strong, earthy aroma and flavour. ==Identification==
Mānuka honey is produced by [[Western honey bee|European honey bees (''Apis mellifera'')]] foraging on the mānuka (''[[Leptospermum scoparium]]''),<ref>{{Cite dictionary|url=http://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/3596|title=mānuka|dictionary=Te Aka Māori Dictionary|date=2003|first=John C.|last=Moorfield|access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref> which evidence suggests originated in
Mānuka honey is markedly [[Viscosity|viscous]]. This property is due to the presence of a protein or colloid and is its main visually defining
The mānuka tree flowers at the same time as ''[[Kunzea ericoides]]'', another Myrtaceae species also called kānuka, which often shares the same growing areas. Some [[apiarist]]s cannot readily differentiate these species, as both flowers have similar morphology and pollen differentiation between the two species is difficult.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
Mānuka honey for export from New Zealand must be independently tested. The country's [[Ministry for Primary Industries (New Zealand)|Ministry for Primary Industries]] has developed a government standard called the Mānuka Honey Science Definition test to identify that all mānuka honey is pure when it leaves the country. The test comprises five attributes, four of which are chemical, and one of which is DNA of ''Leptospermum scoparium''.<ref name=reid/><ref name="Stuff-Deavoll1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/92636284/new-tests-confirm-new-zealand-manuka-honey-is-for-real |title=New tests confirm New Zealand manuka honey is for real |last=Deavoll |first=Pat |date=17 May 2017 |work=stuff.co.nz |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref> The honey must pass all five tests to be labeled as pure New Zealand mānuka. This testing came into effect on 5 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/growing-and-harvesting/honey-and-bees/manuka-honey/|title=Mānuka honey|publisher=Ministry of Primary Industry|date=5 February 2018}}</ref> Independent quality and rating organisation, the UMF Honey Association then certifies four quality factors for honey harvested, packed, and sealed in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Industries |first1=Ministry for Primary |title=Labelling and composition of honey and bee products |url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/food-business/labelling-composition-food-drinks/specific-product-labelling/labelling-and-composition-of-honey-and-bee-products/|work=www.mpi.govt.nz}}</ref>
The UMF Honey Association was originally known as the Active Manuka Honey Association (AMHA), and was formed in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Certificate of Incorporation |url=https://www.umf.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/UMFHA-Certificate-of-Incorporation.pdf}}</ref> In 2011, the AMHA became The Unique Manuka Factor Honey Association (UMFHA). The Australian Manuka Honey Association (AMHA) was established in 2017 following the discontinuation of the New Zealand Manuka Honey industry's change of the use of the acronym AMHA.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lucio |first1=Remedios |title=Aussies create Australian Manuka Honey Association |url=https://insidefmcg.com.au/2017/10/27/aussies-create-australian-manuka-honey-association/ |work=Inside FMCG |date=26 October 2017 |language=en-AU}}</ref> They established a set of standards for authentic Australian Manuka honey. Honey that carries the AMHA's Mark of Authenticity must be pure, natural Manuka honey, produced entirely in Australia, and be tested by an independent, approved laboratory to ensure it meets minimum standards of naturally occurring [[methylglyoxal]], [[dihydroxyacetone]], and [[leptosperin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manukaaustralia.org.au/quality-standards/criteria/|title=Australian Manuka Honey Association – Our Quality Standards|website=Australian Manuka Honey Association|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref>
[[File:Manuka flowers and native bee.jpg|thumb|alt=Five-petaled white flowers and round buds on twigs bearing short spiky leaves. A dark bee is in the centre of one of the flowers.|A {{citation needed span|text=native bee|reason=This is an unsupported declarative claim.|date=April 2024}} visits a mānuka flower (''Leptospermum
==
=== Food ===▼
Mānuka honey has a strong flavour,<ref name="dominionpost"/> characterised as "earthy, oily, herbaceous",<ref>Julie Biuso, ''Sizzle: Sensational Barbecue Food'', Monterey, Cal.: Julie Biuso Publications, 2008, p. 154</ref> and "florid, rich and complex".<ref>Crescent Dragonwagon, ''Passionate Vegetarian'', New York: Workman Publishing Co., 2002, p. 958</ref> It is described by the New Zealand honey industry as having a "damp earth, heather, aromatic" aroma and a "mineral, slightly bitter" flavour.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017 |title=Industry reacts as guidelines issued for manuka honey labelling|url=https://www.healthfoodbusiness.co.uk/industry-reacts-as-guidelines-issued-for-manuka-honey-labelling/|publisher=Health Food Business}}</ref>
==Controversy==
===Grading, counterfeit, and adulteration===
As a result of the high premium paid for mānuka honey, an increasing number of products now labeled as such worldwide are [[adulterated]] or [[counterfeit]]. According to research by the Unique Mānuka Factor Honey Association (UMFHA), the main trade association of New Zealand mānuka honey producers (New Zealand being the main producer of mānuka honey in the world), while only {{convert|1,700|t|e6lb|abbr=off}} of mānuka honey are produced in New Zealand every year, six times as much are marketed internationally as mānuka honey, of which {{convert|1,800|t|e6lb|abbr=off}} are in the UK alone.<ref name="Foodfraudbuzz">{{cite news |author=Jonathan Leake |title=Food fraud buzz over fake manuka honey |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/food-fraud-buzz-over-fake-manuka-honey/story-fnb64oi6-1226704038619# |newspaper=[[The Times (London)]] |date=26 August 2013 |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915094346/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/food-fraud-buzz-over-fake-manuka-honey/story-fnb64oi6-1226704038619 |archive-date=2013-09-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In governmental agency tests in the UK between 2011 and 2013, a majority of mānuka-labeled honeys sampled lacked the non-peroxide anti-microbial activity of mānuka honey. Likewise, of 73 samples tested by UMFHA in Britain, China, and Singapore in 2012–13, 43 tested negative. Separate UMFHA tests in Hong Kong found that 14 out of 56 mānuka honeys sampled had been adulterated with syrup. In 2013, the UK Food Standards Agency asked trading standards authorities to alert mānuka honey vendors to the need for legal compliance.<ref name="Foodfraudbuzz"/> The UMFHA trademarked a honey rating system called ''Unique Mānuka Factor'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unique Mānuka Factor (UMF) Grading System Explained |url=https://www.umf.org.nz/unique-manuka-factor/ |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=Unique Mānuka Factor Honey Association |language=en}}</ref> but there is a confusing range of competing rating systems for mānuka honeys. In one UK chain in 2013, two products were labeled "12+ active" and "30+ total activity" respectively for "naturally occurring peroxide activity", and another "active 12+" for "total phenol activity", yet none of the three were labeled for the strength of the non-peroxide antimicrobial activity specific to mānuka honey.<ref name="Foodfraudbuzz"/>
There have been increasing turf disputes between producers operating close to large mānuka tree clumps
==See also==
{{portal|Australia|Food|New Zealand}}
*[[Eucalyptus honey]]
*[[Apitherapy]]
*[[Beekeeping in New Zealand]]▼
*[[Beekeeping in Australia]]
▲*[[Beekeeping in New Zealand]]
==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Manuka Honey}}
[[Category:Australian cuisine]]▼
[[Category:New Zealand cuisine]]▼
[[Category:Honey]]
▲[[Category:New Zealand cuisine]]
[[Category:Food and drink in New Zealand]]
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