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{{Short description|1711–15 conflict between European settlers and indigenous people in colonial North Carolina}}
{{morepage citationsnumbers needed|date=September 20162022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Tuscarora War
| partof = the [[American Indian Wars]]
| image = Christoph von Graffenried (1661-1743) and John Lawson (1674-1711) as prisoners of the Tuscarora, 1711.jpg
|date= September 22, 1711- February 11, 1715
| image_size = 300px
|place=[[Eastern North Carolina]]▼
| caption = The execution of [[John Lawson (explorer)|John Lawson]] on September 16, 1711.
|result=Colonial government victory
| date = September 10, 1711 – February 11, 1715 <br /> ({{Age in years and days|September 10, 1711|February 11, 1715|sep=and}})
* Power of Tuscaroras broken
▲| place = [[Eastern North Carolina]]
* Tuscaroras retreat from the coast
| result = British colonial victory <br />
* Southern Tuscaroras migrate to [[Province of New York|New York]]
|territory=
| combatant1 =Colonial militia{{flagicon ofimage|Red Carolina<br>[[Provincialensign troopsof inGreat theBritain French(1707–1800, andsquare Indiancanton).svg}} Wars|Provincial[[Province garrisonof troopsNorth andCarolina|North rangers]]<br>[[YamaseeCarolina]] <br />Northern {{flagicon image|Red ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[TuscaroraProvince peopleof South Carolina|TuscaroraSouth Carolina]] <br /> [[Apalachee]] <br /> [[Catawba (tribe)people|Catawba]] <br /> [[Cherokee]] <br /> [[Yamasee]]
| combatant2 =Southern [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] <br /> [[PamlicoCoree]] <br /> [[Cothechney]] <br /> [[CoreeMachapunga]] <br /> [[Mattamuskeet]] <br /> [[Neusiok]] <br /> [[MattamuskeetPamlico]] <br /> [[Seneca people|MattamuskeetSeneca]] <br /> [[Machapunga|MatchepungoWeetock]]
| commander1 = {{unbulleted list|{{flagicon image|Red ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[Edward Hyde (c. 1650–1712)|Edward Hyde]]|{{flagicon image|Red ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[John Barnwell (colonist)|John Barnwell]]|{{flagicon image|Red ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[James Moore Jr.|James Moore]]|{{flagicon image|Red ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg|Baron of Bernberg]]{{Surrendered}}|{{flagicon image|Red ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg}} [[John Lawson (explorer)|John Lawson]]{{Executed}}|[[Chief Tom Blount]]}}
|commander1=[[Edward Hyde (c. 1650–1712)|Edward Hyde]] <br>Col. [[John Barnwell (colonist)|John Barnwell]] <br>Col. James Moore<br>Chief [[Tom Blunt]]
| commander2 = [[Chief Hancock]]{{Executed}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indian Wars of the Southern English Colonies in North America}}<br>{{Campaignbox Tuscarora War}}▼
|strength1=
}} ▼
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
▲}}
▲{{Campaignbox Indian Wars of the Southern English Colonies in North America}}
{{Campaignbox Tuscarora War}}
 
The '''Tuscarora War''' was fought in [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] from September 2210, 1711, until February 11, 1715, between the [[Tuscarora people]] and their allies on one side and [[European colonization of the Americas|European American settlers]], the [[Yamassee|Yamasee]], and other allies on the other. This was considered the bloodiest colonial war in North Carolina.<ref name="vere:2">David{{Cite book|last=La Vere., ''David.|title=The Tuscarora War : Indians, Settlerssettlers, and the Fightfight for the Carolina Colonies.'' Chapel Hill, NC:colonies|date=2013|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press,|isbn=978-1-4696-1257-7|edition=1st|location=Chapel 2013;Hill pg.[North ???Carolina]|oclc=856017210}}{{page needed|date=September 2022}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2022}} The Tuscarora signed a treaty with colonial officials in 1718 and settled on a reserved tract of land in [[Bertie County, North Carolina]]. The war incited further conflict on the part of the Tuscarora and led to changes in the [[Slavery in the United States#Slavery in British colonies|slave trade]] of North and [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]].
 
The first successful English settlement of North Carolina beganhad begun in 1653. The Tuscarora lived in peace with the settlers for more than 50 years, while nearly every other colony in America was involved in some conflict with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. MostAfter the early 18th century war, most of the Tuscarora migrated north to [[Province of New York|New afterYork]]. the war, where theyThey joined the [[Iroquois|Five Nations]] of the [[IroquoisHaudenosaunee Confederacy]], all Iroquoian-speaking peoples, as the sixth nation.
 
==History==
h
The Tuscarora are an [[Iroquoian people]] who are believed to have migrated from the [[Great Lakes]] area into the Piedmont centuries before European colonization.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} The other Iroqoian-speaking peoples were based largely in what became New York and Pennsylvania.
 
=== Dont ban meTensions ===
As the English settled Carolina, the Tuscarora benefited from trade with the colonists. By acquiring weapons and metal goods from the English, they were able to develop commercial dominance over other tribes in the region. These benefits were experienced to a greater degree by Northern Tuscarora than their Southern counterparts, who became cut off from the prosperous Northern Tuscarora by increasing numbers of European settlers. Over time colonists continued to push into territory held by the Tuscarora.
 
As the settlers moved closer to the Tuscarora and the two began interacting more frequently, conflict arose over competition for resources, shared hunting grounds and cultural differences.<ref name=":2" /> The Tuscarora held [[John Lawson (explorer)|John Lawson]] accountable for his role in the settlers' expansion into their territory. Lawson's writings emphasized the potential that the lands held for European settlement, and he was resented for his perceived role in the founding of [[New Bern, North Carolina|New Bern]], a settlement that encroached on Tuscarora territory.<ref name=":3">{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Esterline |first=Matthew Cameron |date=2014 |title=For the Men on the Ground : an examination of the Tuscaroras-colonial relations in North Carolina before and during the Tuscarora War |publisher=East Carolina University |url=https://thescholarship.ecu.edu/handle/10342/4553 |pages=55, 62–63}}</ref> Settlers found eastern North Carolina to be swampy and difficult to farm, so they pushed westward, attracted by the more fertile uplands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=La Vere |first=David |title=The Tuscarora War : Indians, Settlers, and the Fight for the Carolina Colonies |date=2013 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-1257-7 |page=4}}</ref> As settlement expanded, their demand for workers increased demand for the Indian slave trade in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=La Vere |first=David |title=The Tuscarora War : Indians, Settlers, and the Fight for the Carolina Colonies |date=2013 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-1257-7 |page=16}}</ref> These factors all led to tension between the Tuscarora and the growing population of Anglo colonists.
It was my freind
 
==== Outbreak of War ====
There were two groups of Tuscarora in North Carolina in the early 18th century, a northern group led by [[Chief Tom Blount]] and a southern group was led by Chief Hancock. Blount occupied the area around [[Bertie County]] on the [[Roanoke River]]; Hancock was closer to [[New Bern, North Carolina|New Bern]], occupying the area south of the [[Pamlico River]]. Blount became close friends with the influential Blount family of the Bertie region, but Hancock's people had suffered raids and kidnappings by slave traders.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
 
Hancock's tribe began to attack the settlers, but Blount's tribe did not become involved in the war at this point. Some historians including Richard White and Rebecca Seaman have suggested that the war grew out of misunderstandings between the colonists and the Tuscaroras.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140425000621/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/53895931/john-lawson-outbreak-tuscarora-wars-and-middle-ground-theory Seaman, Rebecca M. "John Lawson, the Outbreak of the Tuscarora Wars, and "Middle Ground" Theory"], ''Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians;'' April 2010, Vol. 18, p. 9</ref> The Southern Tuscaroras led by Hancock allied with the Bear River tribe, [[Coree]], Cothechney, [[Machapunga]], Mattamuskeet, [[Neusiok|Neuse]], [[Pamlico]], [[Seneca people|Senequa]], and Weetock to attack the settlers in a wide range within a short time period. They attacked homesteads along the Roanoke, [[Neuse River|Neuse]], and [[Trent River (North Carolina)|Trent]] rivers and in the city of [[Bath, North Carolina|Bath]] beginning on September 22, 1711, and killed hundreds of settlers, including several key colonial political figures, such as John Lawson of Bath, while driving off others. [[Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg|The Baron of Bernberg]] was a prisoner of the Tuscarora during the raids, and he recounted stories of women impaled on stakes, more than 80 infants slaughtered, and more than 130 settlers killed in the New Bern settlement.<ref>Von Graffenried and Todd, ''Christoph Von Graffenried's Account of the Founding of New Bern'', p. 238.{{ISBN?}}</ref>
 
== Barnwell's expedition ==
In 1711, the North Carolina colony had been weakened by [[Cary's Rebellion]], and Governor [[Edward Hyde (c. 1650–1712)|Edward Hyde]] asked [[South Carolina]] for assistance. South Carolina sent Colonel [[John Barnwell (colonist)|John Barnwell]] with a force of 30 white officers and about 500 Native Americans from South Carolina, including [[Yamasee]], [[Wateree people|Wateree]], [[Congaree people|Congaree]], [[Waxhaw people|Waxhaw]], [[Pee Dee people|Pee Dee]], and [[Apalachee]]. Barnwell's expedition traveled over 300 miles and arrived in January 1712. There the force was supplemented by 50 local militiamen and attacked the Tuscarora, who retreated to [[Fort Neoheroka]] in Greene County. The Tuscarora negotiated a truce and released their prisoners.<ref name=Shamlin>Shamlin, Jim. "[https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/tuscarora-war The Tuscarora War]." ''North Carolina Literary Review'', Volume 1, Number 1, Summer 1992.</ref>
 
Barnwell's expedition did not win the war. Barnwell left for South Carolina, displeasing the North Carolina settlers who wished for a total victory over the Tuscarora. The South Carolinians were unhappy that there was no payment for their help. Additionally, some South Carolina officers retained Tuscarora to sell as [[Indian slave trade|slaves]], which incited the Tuscarora into a new wave of attacks. These attacks came amid a [[yellow fever]] outbreak that weakened the North Carolina colony; the combined pressure caused many settlers to flee. Governor Thomas Pollack requested the aid of South Carolina.<ref name=Shamlin/>
 
== Chief Blount and the Moore Expedition ==
South Carolina dispatched Colonel [[James Moore Jr.|James Moore]] with a force of 33 colonists and nearly 1,000 Native Americans, which arrived in December 1712.<ref name=Shamlin/> The settlers offered Blount control of the entire Tuscarora tribe if he assisted them in defeating Hancock. Blount captured Hancock, and the settlers executed him in 1712.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
 
In 1713, the Southern Tuscarora lost their [[Fort Neoheroka]] in [[Greene County, North Carolina|Greene County]].<ref>[http://www.arch.dcr.state.nc.us/amonth/neheroka.htm North Carolina Archaeology: Fort Neoheroka], Arcaheology, Department of Cultural Resources</ref> Neoheroka was one of several Tuscarora forts of that time. Others include Torhunta, Innennits, and Catechna. These forts were all destroyed during the Tuscarora War by North Carolina colonists.<ref name=":13">Harris, Ron L. “The Tuscarora War: Culture Clash in North Carolina.” ''Central States Archaeological Journal'', vol. 63, no. 4, 2016, pp. 201–203. {{JSTOR|44715267}}. Accessed 30 Mar. 2020.</ref> An archaeological analysis of Fort Neoheroka indicates that the Tuscarora were adapting to modern methods of warfare in North America, specifically the advent of firearms, explosives and artillery. Ultimately, it was not the defensive limitations of the Tuscarora that cost them at Fort Neoheroka, which was in fact "...equal to, if not superior to, comparable Euro-American frontier fortifications of the same era."<ref name=":02">Heath, Charles L & Phelps, David S. "Architecture of a Tuscarora Fortress: The Neoheroka Fort and the Tuscarora War (1711–1715)." Coastal Carolina Indian Center. 14 December 2011. Accessed 30 March 2020. https://www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/architecture-of-a-tuscarora-fortress-the-neoheroka-fort-and-the-tuscarora-war-1711-1715/</ref> However, the Tuscarora's arsenal lacked a large supply of the sophisticated artillery and explosives employed by their opponents.<ref name=":02" /> About 950 people were killed or captured and sold into slavery in the Caribbean or New England by Colonel Moore and his South Carolina troops.<ref>''A People and A Nation'', 7th Ed., 2005 {{page?|date=September 2023}}</ref>
 
== Aftermath ==
Following the decisive defeat, many Tuscarora began a migration to [[New York (state)|New York]]. There they joined the Five Nations of the [[Haudenosaunee Confederacy]] and were accepted as the Sixth Nation in 1722. Some Tuscarora bands remained in North Carolina with Blount for decades, with the last leaving for New York in 1802.<ref name="Shamlin" />
 
=== Further conflict ===
The Tuscarora War did not ensure lasting peace in the region. On Good Friday, April 15, 1715, a group of Native Americans attacked South Carolina. Among them were Apalachees, Savannahs, Lower Creeks, Cherokees, and Yamasees, as well as others. These were all allies of Colonels Barnwell and Moore during the Tuscarora War. This attack began what is known as the [[Yamasee War]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=La Vere, David.|title=The Tuscarora War : Indians, settlers, and the fight for the Carolina colonies|date=2013|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-1257-7|edition=1st|location=Chapel Hill [North Carolina]|oclc=856017210}}{{page needed|date=September 2022}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2022}} The Yamasee and other tribes in South Carolina learned from the Tuscarora War that colonial settlers were heavily invested in the slave trade of Native Americans. Furthermore, the Tuscarora War had drastically cut down the number of Native Americans in the area who could be enslaved. With this in mind, the tribes of South Carolina decided on a preemptive attack. As one historian put it, "[b]etter to stand together as Indians, hit the colony now before it became any stronger, kill the traders, destroy the plantations, burn Charles Town, and put an end to the slave buyers."<ref name=":22" /> During the Yamasee War, Col. Maurice Moore, the brother of Colonel James Moore, led a regiment in the battle against the Yamasee. Among his regiment were some seventy Tuscarora warriors who were keen to fight against the Yamasee, a tribe who had fought against them during the Tuscarora War. Following the Yamasee War, these Tuscarora were asked by South Carolina officials to remain in South Carolina as their allies and to protect the colony from Spain and its Native American allies. As part of the arrangement, South Carolina would return to the Tuscarora one slave taken during the Tuscarora War for each Tuscarora killed in the line of duty and for each enemy Native American they captured. During this time, the Tuscarora came to be so well respected by the South Carolina government that they were given land in the colony.<ref name=":22" /> The Yamasee War and other conflicts between the remaining Tuscarora and other Native American groups in the region are examples of how the Tuscarora War destabilized relationships among southern Native Americans.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
 
=== Effect on slavery ===
The Tuscarora War and the Yamasee War were turning points in the Carolinas' slave trade. By 1717, South Carolina began to regulate its slave trade. Additionally, after two wars between colonists and Native Americans, the number of Native Americans available to be enslaved had fallen considerably. The most valuable role of Native Americans also shifted during this time from slave to ally because of the ongoing power struggle between the French and English to control North America. Because colonists sought to ally themselves with Native Americans, the enslavement of Black Americans began to proliferate.<ref name=":22" />
 
=== Legacy ===
Nearly 300 years after the Tuscarora were defeated at Fort Neoheroka, the fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 2009. A monument was constructed and commemorated there in March 2013. The ceremony was attended by Tuscarora descendants, some from New York and others from North Carolina.<ref name=":13"/>
 
==See also==
* [[Wars of the indigenous peoples of North America]]
* [[List of Indian massacres|Indian massacre]]
* [[List of conflicts in British America]] and North America prior to 1783▼
* [[American Indian Wars]]
▲* [[List of conflicts in British America]] and North America prior to 1783
 
==References==
{{Library resourceresources box|onlinebooks=noyes}}
{{reflist|12}}
 
==Further reading==
 
* David La Vere. ''The Tuscarora War: Indians, Settlers, and the Fight for the Carolina Colonies.'' Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013 {{ISBN?}}
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* Wayne E. Lee, "Fortify, Fight, or Flee: Tuscarora and Cherokee Defensive Warfare and Military Culture Adaptation." ''Journal of Military History'' 68 (2004): 713–770.
* Rebecca M. Seaman "John Lawson, the Outbreak of the Tuscarora Wars, and "Middle Ground" Theory", ''Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians;'' April 2010, Vol. 18, p.&nbsp;9
 
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041013010902/http://statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us/nc/ncsites/Tusca1.htm NC Historic Sites: Historic Bath: The Tuscarora War, 1711-17151711–1715]
* [http://www.waywelivednc.com/before-1770/tuscarora-war.htm "Tuscarora War"], The Way We Lived {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421080128/http://www.waywelivednc.com/before-1770/tuscarora-war.htm |date=2013-04-21 }}
* [http://blog.ecu.edu/sites/nooherooka/ Nooherooka 300th Commemoration], www.neyuheruke.org
 
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Portal bar|British Empire|Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{coord missing|North Carolina}}
 
[[Category:1710s conflicts]]
[[Category:1710s in theNorth Thirteen ColoniesCarolina]]
[[Category:1711 in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1713 in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1714 in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1715 in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1711 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1712 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1713 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1714 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1715 in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:18th centuryConflicts in North Carolina1711]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1712]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1713]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1714]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1715]]
[[Category:Colonial American and Indian wars]]
[[Category:MassacresColonial ofNorth Native AmericansCarolina]]
[[Category:Military history of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Native American history]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Tuscarora]]
[[Category:1710sBattles in North Carolina]]
[[Category:1711Wars ininvolving the Indigenous peoples of North CarolinaAmerica]]
[[Category:1715 in North CarolinaChowanoc]]
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