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{{short description|Sultan of Egypt (
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Aybeg|the Mongol envoy|Aïbeg and Serkis}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Izz al-Din Aybak
| title =
| image = Silver dirham of Aybak.jpg
| caption = Silver [[dirham]] of Aybak minted in [[Cairo]] in 1256
| succession = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt]]
| reign-type = First reign
| reign = July 1250 (five days)
| predecessor = [[Shajar al-Durr]]
| successor = [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt|Al-Ashraf Musa]]
|
| reign1 = 1254–1257
| predecessor1 = [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Sultan of Egypt|Al-Ashraf Musa]]
| successor1 = [[Al-Mansur Ali]]
| full name = al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jawshangir al-Turkmani al-
| era name = [[Bahri Mamluks]]
| era dates = 1250, 1254–1382, 1389
| father =
| spouse = [[Shajar al-Durr]]
| issue = [[Al-Mansur Ali]]
| birth_date = unknown
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1257
| death_place =
| place of burial = [[Cairo]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Izz al-Din Aybak'''<ref group=dn>The name Aybeg or Aibak or Aybak is a combination of two Turkic words, "Ay" = Moon and "Beg" or variant "Bak" = Emir in Arabic. -(Al-Maqrizi, Note p.463/vol.1 )</ref> ({{
==Origin and early career==
[[File:Ayyubid Dynasty 1171 - 1246(AD).PNG|thumb|250px|Ayyubid dominion before Mamluks took power in Egypt.]]
Aybak (''
After the death of [[as-Salih Ayyub]] during the Frankish invasion of [[Damietta]] in 1249 and the murder of his heir and son [[al-Muazzam Turanshah|Turanshah]] in 1250, [[Shajar al-Durr]], the widow of as-Salih Ayyub, with the help and support of the Mamluks of her late husband, seized the throne and became the Sultana of Egypt. The Ayyubids lost control over Egypt.
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Aybak, from the end of July 1250 the new sultan of Egypt, was given the royal name al-Malik al-Muizz. Until then, Aybak relied foremost on four Mamluks: [[Faris ad-Din Aktai]], [[Baibars|Baibars al-Bunduqdari]], [[Qutuz]] and Bilban al-Rashidi.<ref>Al-Maqrizi, p.472/vol.1</ref><ref>Ibn Taghri, pp.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.</ref>
Aybak's formal rule ended after just five days.<ref name=Holt>{{cite book |title=The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 |series=A History of the Near East |author=P. M. Holt |year=1986 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=84 |isbn=9780582493025 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqasAgAAQBAJ&q=abdicated&pg=PA86 |
==Ayyubid challenge==
An-Nasir Yusuf sent his forces to [[Gaza City|Gaza]] to conquer Egypt and overthrow Aybak but his forces were defeated by Emir [[Faris ad-Din Aktai]] in October 1250. Then{{when|date=September 2015}} he led a huge army and clashed with Aybak's army near Al-Salihiyya, not far from Cairo, but at the end of the battle he was forced to flee to Damascus while his son Turanshah,<ref group=dn>Not to be confused with his namesake [[Al-Muazzam Turanshah|Sultan Turanshah]] the son of as-Salih Ayyub.</ref> his brother Nosrat ad-Din and al-Malik al-Ashraf the Emir of Aleppo were among the prisoners caught by Aybak's army.<ref name="Ibn Taghri PP.103-273">Ibn Taghri, PP.103-273/ The Sultanate of al-Muizz Aybak al-Turkumani.</ref> Aybak's triumphs over the Ayyobids of Syria consolidated his position as a ruler of Egypt.<ref name="Ibn Taghri PP.103-273"/> Through negotiation and mediation of the Abbasid Caliph, Aybak freed the Ayyubid prisoners and gained control over southern Palestine including Gaza and [[Jerusalem]] and the Syrian coast.<ref>Shayal, p.116/ vol.2</ref> Feeling secure by his victories and his agreement with the Ayyubids, Aybak imprisoned the young Ayyubid co-sultan Musa and appointed [[Qutuz]] as vice-sultan in 1252.
==Rebellion==
In 1253, a serious rebellion led by Hisn al-Din Thalab in Upper and Middle Egypt was crushed by Aktai, the leader of the Bahri Mamluks. By defeating the Ayyubid forces of
==Crackdown on Mamluks (1254–55)==
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Being in need to form an alliance with an ally who could help him against the threat of the Mamluks who had fled to Syria,<ref>Shayal, p.119/ vol.2</ref> Aybak decided in 1257 to marry the daughter of [[Badr ad-Din Lu'lu']], the emir of Mosul. Shajar al-Durr, who already had disputes with Aybak<ref group=dn>Aybak's conflict with the Mamluks and his attempt to increase his supremacy over political matters had its effect on his relation with Shajar Al-Durr. According to Al-Maqrizi, Aybak decided to liquidate Shajar Al-Durr after he was warned that she contacted An-Nasir Yusuf and promised him to make him the Sultan of Egypt. Al-Maqrizi, pp.493-494/vol.1</ref> felt betrayed by the man who she made sultan, and had him murdered after he had ruled Egypt seven years. On the day of his death he was about 60 years old and had a few sons, among them Nasir ad-Din Khan and [[al-Mansur Ali]].<ref name="Ibn Taghri PP.103-273"/>
Aybak's 11-year-old son Ali was installed by his loyal Mamluks (Mu'iziyya Mamluks), who were led by Qutuz.<ref>Qasim, p.44</ref> The new sultan took the royal name al-Malik [[al-Mansur Nour ad-Din Ali]] with Qutuz as a vice-sultan.
==Impact==
Aybak was not liked nor respected by the Egyptians though he was remembered by the historian as a courageous and generous Sultan.<ref name="Ibn Taghri PP.103-273"/><ref group=dn>In Sirat al-Zahir Baibars, which is a fiction mixed with reality and a product of folklore, Aybak appears as a wicked and a feeble man. See [[Sirat al-Zahir Baibars]].</ref>
Aybak ruled in a turbulent time. In addition to his conflicts with an-Nasir Yusuf in Syria and Emir Aktai and his Mamluks in Egypt, there were threats from external forces, namely the [[Crusaders]] and [[Louis IX of France]] who were in [[Acre (city)|Acre]] waiting for a chance to score a success against the Muslims after their humiliating defeat in Egypt in 1250,<ref group=dn>See [[Battle of Mansurah (1250)|Battle of Al Mansurah]] and [[Battle of Fariskur (1250)|Battle of Fariskur]]</ref> and the Mongols led by [[Hulagu]] who were starting to raid the eastern borders of the Islamic world.<ref group=dn>In 1252 during Aybak reign Mongols raided towns and territories on the eastern border of the Islamic world. – Al-Maqrizi, p.477/vol.1</ref>
Before their deaths, Aybak and Shajar al-Durr firmly established the [[
Aibak built a [[Madrasah]] in Cairo known by the name al-Madrasah al-Mu'izzyah.<ref name="Ibn Taghri PP.103-273"/>
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* [[Al-Maqrizi]], Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
* Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
* Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996, {{ISBN|977-241-175-X}}.
* Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte, Paris 1895
* [[Ibn Taghri]], al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
* History of Egypt, 1382–1469 A.D. by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954
* Mahdi, Dr. Shafik, Mamalik Misr wa Alsham ( Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant), Aldar Alarabiya, Beirut 2008
* Qasim, Abdu Qasim Dr., Asr Salatin AlMamlik ( era of the Mamluk Sultans ), Eye for human and social studies, Cairo 2007
* Sadawi, H., Al-Mamalik, Maroof Ikhwan, Alexandria.
* Shayal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H8vRwQEACAAJ Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah] (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266, {{ISBN|977-02-5975-6}}
* The New [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Macropædia, H.H. Berton Publisher, 1973–1974
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[[Category:1257 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Regents of Egypt]]
[[Category:13th-century regents]]
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