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{{Short description|Capital of Jiangsu, China}}
{{About|text=For other uses, see [[Nanjing (disambiguation)]] or [[Jiangning (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Distinguish|||text=[[Nanning]] in Guangxi or [[Nanping]] in Fujian}} {{
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
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|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 50
|population_total =
|population_as_of = 2020 census
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_urban =
|population_urban_footnotes =
|population_metro =
|population_metro_footnotes =
|population_density_metro_km2 = auto
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}}
'''Nanjing'''{{efn|{{Bulleted list|English: {{IPAc-en|n|ae|n|ˈ|dʒ|I|N}}
Situated in the [[Yangtze River Delta]]
As of 2021, Nanjing has 68 [[List of universities and colleges in Jiangsu|institutions]] of higher learning,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619182535/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the [[Historical capitals of China|Four Great Ancient Capitals of China]]. It has been one of the [[List of largest cities throughout history|world's largest cities]], enjoying peace and prosperity despite various wars and disasters.<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:走马南京都市圈 |url=http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper1631/10837/984363.html |script-work=zh:中国经济快讯周刊 |via=people.com.cn |year=2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103190506/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper1631/10837/984363.html |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="xinhua01">{{cite web |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:南京介绍 |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2012-10/09/c_123799207.htm |publisher=[[Xinhua News]] |date=October 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119060012/http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2012-10/09/c_123799207.htm |archive-date=November 19, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:江苏省行政区划介绍 |url=http://www.jiangsu.gov.cn/touzizhe/tzhj/xzqh |publisher=Jiangsu People's Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104174802/http://www.jiangsu.gov.cn/touzizhe/tzhj/xzqh/ |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="questia.com">Rita Yi Man Li, [https://archive.today/20140510192332/http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-219656778 "A Study on the Impact of Culture, Economic, History and Legal Systems Which Affect the Provisions of Fittings by Residential Developers in Boston, Hong Kong and Nanjing"], ''Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal''. '''1''':3–4. 2009.</ref> Nanjing served as the capital of [[Eastern Wu]] (229–280), one of the three major states in the [[Three Kingdoms]] period; the [[Eastern Jin dynasty|Eastern Jin]] and each of the [[Southern and Northern dynasties|Southern dynasties]] ([[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]], [[Southern Qi]], [[Liang dynasty|Liang]] and [[Chen dynasty|Chen]]), which successively ruled southern China from 317 to 589; the [[Southern Tang]] (937–75), one of the [[Ten Kingdoms]]; the [[Ming dynasty]] when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368–1421);<ref name="Crespigny 2004 loc=3">{{Harvnb|Crespigny|2004|loc=3}} {{Citation not found|date=January 2018}}</ref> and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] under the nationalist [[Kuomintang]] (1927–37, 1946–49) before its flight to [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]] by [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] during the [[Chinese Civil War]].<ref name="capital-nanking">{{cite web |language=zh-hant |url=http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%ABn%A8%CA%A5%AB&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&serial=1&recNo=0&op=&imgFont=1 |script-title=zh:南京市 |script-work=zh:重編囯語辭典修訂本 |publisher=Ministry of Education, ROC |access-date=September 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121222043041/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%ABn%A8%CA%A5%AB&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&serial=1&recNo=0&op=&imgFont=1 |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |quote="{{lang|zh-hant|民國十六年, 國民政府宣言定為首都, 今以臺北市為我國中央政府所在地.}}"}}</ref> The city also served as the seat of the rebel [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] (1853–64) and the [[Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China|Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei]] (1940–45) during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. It suffered many notable devastating atrocities in both conflicts, most notably the [[Nanjing Massacre]] from late 1937 to early 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Su |first=Yiyu |date=September 18, 2022 |title="九一八"事变91周年 南京鸣警钟响警报铭记历史-中新网 |url=http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2022/09-18/9855158.shtml |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=www.chinanews.com.cn |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929105708/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2022/09-18/9855158.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
Nanjing
{{anchor|Name|Etymology|Toponymy}}
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The city was known as '''Yuecheng''' and '''Jinling''' or "Ginling" ({{lang|zh-hant|金陵}}) from the Warring States Era. '''Jianye''' ({{zhi|t=建业|w=Chien-yeh}}), which means 'build an empire', was officially designated for the city during the [[Eastern Wu dynasty]]. The city first became a Chinese national capital as early as the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]] and was renamed '''[[Jiankang]]'''. Nanjing is also called Jincheng ({{lang|zh|金城}}, Golden City), derived from Jinling City.
The name '''Nanjing''', which means "southern capital", was officially designated for the city during the [[Ming dynasty]], about six hundred years later.{{efn|Since becoming a southern capital, the city has been called Nanjing ({{lang|zh|南京}}) unofficially, and was officially named Nanjing after Beijing ({{lang|zh|北京}}) became a capital city during the early [[Ming dynasty]]; the name appears in Ming dynasty echo poem ({{lang|zh-hant|蕭子顯 《奉和昭明太子鐘山講解詩》: "崇嶽基舊宇, 盤嶺跨南京"}}), for example. It's also unofficially called Nandu ({{lang|zh|南都}}), and Nandu Fanhui Tu ({{lang-zh|labels=no |t=《南都繁會圖》 |l=Nandu Prosperity Picture}}) is an example.}} In English, the spelling '''Nanking''' was traditional until [[pinyin]], developed in the 1950s and internationally adopted in the 1980s, standardized the spelling as "Nanjing".
During the [[Qing dynasty]], the city was called '''Jiangning''' ({{zhi|t=江寧|w=Kiang-ning}}), whose first character '''jiang''' ({{lang-zh|t=江|p=jiāng|l=river}}, i.e. the [[Yangtze]]) is the former part of the name [[Jiangsu]] and second character '''ning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|寧}}, simplified form {{lang-zh|labels=no|s=宁|l=peace}}) is the shortened name of Nanjing. When it was the capital of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)]], jing ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=京|l=capital}}) was adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing.
==History==
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===Early history===
[[File:Nanjing XuanWuLake Purple and Mountain.jpg|thumb|right|[[Purple Mountain (Nanjing)|Purple Mountain or Zijin Shan]], located to the east of the walled city of Nanjing, is the origin of the nickname "Jinling". The water in the front is [[Xuanwu Lake]]]]
Archaeological discovery shows that the so-called "[[Nanjing Man]]" lived more than 500,000 years ago. ''[[Zun]]'', a kind of wine vessel, were found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing about 5000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.163.com/13/1205/09/9FARCI7400014AED.html |script-title=zh:北阴阳营遗址上发现过酒器(组图)_网易新闻 |last=网易 |website=news.163.com |access-date=January 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128231158/http://news.163.com/13/1205/09/9FARCI7400014AED.html |archive-date=January 28, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> About 7000 years ago, there was an agricultural civilization in the area that is now [[Qixia District|Qixia]]. In the Jiangning district, ruins of primitive villages from the Neolithic Age were discovered.{{when|date=October 2023}}{{
About 4000 years ago, dense [[Bronze Age]] primitive settlements appeared in the Qinhuai River Basin, labeled as the Hushu culture. The earliest cities in Nanjing were formed around these settlements. Due to the volume of archeological finds in the area related to the Taowu and Hushu cultures, many historians, anthropologists, and archeologists frequent the Nanjing area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huaxia.com/wh/kgfx/2007/00714504.html |script-title=zh:陶吴发现南京最大周代土墩墓(图) |website=huaxia.com |access-date=January 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022215319/http://www.huaxia.com/wh/kgfx/2007/00714504.html |archive-date=October 22, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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In 571 BC, the [[State of Chu]] established Tangyi in Liuhe. This is the oldest extant administrative establishment in Nanjing; as of {{CURRENTYEAR}} it has a history {{#expr: 571 + {{CURRENTYEAR}}}} years long. In 541, [[Wu (state)|Wu]] built Laizhu Town in Gaochun—because of its strong city, it was also called Gucheng. [[Fuchai]], King of the [[Wu (state)|State of Wu]], founded a fort named Yecheng in today's Nanjing area in 495{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>({{lang|zh-hant|金陵在春秋時本吳地, 未有城邑.惟石頭城東有冶城.傳雲, 夫差冶鑄於此.即今朝天宮地.}}) {{lang|zh-hant|金陵古今圖考}} (''Illustrated Study of Past and Present Nanjing'')</ref>
Wu was conquered by the [[State of Yue]] in 473 BC, and the city was rebuilt at the mouth of the Qinhuai River in the following year. Later it was called Yuecheng ({{lang|zh|越城}}) on the outskirts of the present-day [[Zhonghua Gate]], which was the beginning of the construction of the main city of Nanjing. In 333 BC, Chu defeated Yue and built Jinling Yi ({{lang|zh-hant|金陵邑}}) on in the western part of Nanjing.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 30, 2019 |script-title=zh:南京的古城邑及其考古發現: 金陵邑 |url=https://vitomag.com/history/n4vj33 |script-work=zh:南京考古 |access-date=April 10, 2020 |language=zh |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127212323/https://vitomag.com/history/n4vj33 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the earliest administrative construction in the main city of Nanjing. The name of Jinling comes from this.
In 210 BC, [[Qin Shi Huang|the First Emperor of Qin]] visited the east and changed Jinling City to Moling ({{lang|zh-hant|秣陵}}). The area was successively part of [[Kuaiji Prefecture|Kuaiji]], [[Zhang Prefecture|Zhang]] and [[Danyang Prefecture|Danyang]] prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106{{nbsp}}BC).{{
=== Capital of the Six Dynasties === <!--linked-->
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At the [[End of the Han dynasty|end of the Eastern Han dynasty]], the warlord [[Sun Quan]], who ruled [[Jiangnan|Jiangdong]], moved his ruling office to Moling in 211 AD. The following year, he built the [[Stone City (Nanjing)|Stone City]] at the site of Jinling Yi, and renamed Moling to Jianye. Jianye later became the capital of the [[Eastern Wu dynasty]] during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, after Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in 229, opening Nanjing's history as a state capital.<ref name="Crespigny 2004 loc=3" /> By the time Wu was conquered by the [[Western Jin dynasty]] in 280, Jianye and its neighboring areas had been well cultivated, developing into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China.<ref name="questia.com" />
Not long after the unification of China, the Western Jin collapsed under the weight of [[War of the Eight Princes|civil wars by eight princes]] and [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians|rebellions]] from the so-called "[[Five Barbarians]]" in the north. Jianye, renamed to Jiankang in 313 to avoid [[Emperor Min of Jin|Emperor Min of Jin's]] [[Naming taboo|taboo name]], was safely isolated from the chaos and became a popular refuge for the northern nobles and wealthy families. In 318, the ruling prince in Jiankang, [[Sima Rui]] proclaimed himself the new emperor and reestablished the dynasty as the [[Eastern Jin|Eastern Jin dynasty]].<ref name="liu">Shufen Liu, "Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties", in Pearce, Spiro, Ebrey eds. ''Culture and Power'', 2001:35.</ref> This marked the first time a Chinese dynastic capital was moved from the north to [[Northern and southern China|southern China]], as the north came under the rule of the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]].
[[File:Pagoda at Qixia Temple Nanjing.jpg|upright|thumb|The [[Śarīra]] [[pagoda]] in [[Qixia Temple]]. It was built in AD{{nbsp}}601 and rebuilt in the 10th century.]]
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[[File:Nanjing-Mochouhu.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mochou Lake]], established as a [[Chinese garden|garden]] by the [[Hongwu Emperor]]]]
[[File:Nanjing Ming Xiaoling 2017.11.11 08-10-27.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ming Xiaoling]], mausoleum of the [[Hongwu Emperor]], founder of the [[Ming dynasty]]]]
After Zhu Yuanzhang (known from his [[era name|era]] as the [[Hongwu Emperor]]) [[Ming conquest of the Yuan|overthrew the Yuan]] and established the [[Ming dynasty]], he renamed the city {{nowrap|'''Yingtian''' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=應天}})}}, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368, overseeing the surrounding areas under a special administration. The Hongwu Emperor constructed a {{cvt|48|km|mi|sp=us}} long [[City Wall of Nanjing|city wall around Yingtian]], as well as a new [[Ming Palace]] complex, and government halls.<ref name="ebrey cambridge 191">Ebrey (1999), 191.</ref> It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the wall, which was intended to defend the city and its surrounding region from coastal pirates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fei |first=Si-yen |title=Negotiating Urban Space: Urbanization and Late Ming Nanjing |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2009 |location=Cambridge, M.A. |pages=80}}</ref> The present-day [[City Wall of Nanjing]] was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC-AD 1644 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinesewalledcit00turn |url-access=limited |author=Turnbull, Stephen R. |author2=Steve Noon |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84603-381-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinesewalledcit00turn/page/n61 61]}}</ref> It is among the longest surviving [[city wall]]s in China.<ref>{{cite book |title=Insight Guides: China 5/E |author=Ansight Guides |publisher=Apa Publications |year=1997 |isbn=0-395-66287-7 |page=268}}</ref> The [[Jianwen Emperor]] ruled from Yingtian from 1398 to 1402. It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm |title=Largest Cities Through History |publisher=Geography.about.com |date=November 14, 2013 |access-date=December 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714185311/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Having usurped power from his nephew and uncertain of the loyalty of the region's officials, the [[Yongle Emperor]] relocated the capital in 1421 to Beijing, where he had long served as the regional governor as the Prince of [[Yan (state)|Yan]]. Because the new status of Yingtian was included in the Hongwu Emperor's "[[Huang-Ming Zuxun|ancestral injunctions]]" for his dynasty, however, the Yongle Emperor [[filial piety|was obliged]] to preserve its special status, at least in name. The "northern capital" came to be known as Beijing and the 'southern capital' as {{nowrap|Nanjing ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=南京}}).}} Both controlled territories "directly administered" by the emperor and his staff, [[Beizhili]] in the north and [[Nanzhili]] in the south.
[[File:Nanjing WuchaoGate1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Ming Palace]], the "Forbidden City of Nanjing", was home to the first two Ming emperors]]
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A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the [[Yangshan Quarry]] (located some {{cvt|15-20|km|0|sp=us}} east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic [[stele]], cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned.{{sfn|Yang|Lu|2001|pp=616–617}}
As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral [[Zheng He]], who went to [[Treasure voyages|sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans]], and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo ({{lang-zh|labels=no |c=渤泥 |p=Bóní}}), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The [[Tomb of the King of Boni]], with a spirit way and a [[bixi (tortoise)|tortoise stele]], was discovered in [[Yuhuatai District]] (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored.<ref>Johannes L. Kurz, [http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/ncswps004.pdf "Boni in Chinese Sources: Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the Qing Dynasties"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022455/http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/ncswps004.pdf |date=November 10, 2013 }}, Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Working Paper No 4 (July 2011).</ref>
{{anchor|Southern Ming|Capital of the Southern Ming dynasty}}
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=== Qing dynasty and Taiping Rebellion ===
[[File:Nanking sive Kiangnan imperii sinarum provincia nona - (tiré du P. Martini) ; J. Blaeu excud. - btv1b59630645.jpg|thumb|right|250px|{{lang|la|Nanking sive Kiangnan}} ("Nanjing or Jiangnan"), the 9th provincial map of the [[Qing Empire|Chinese Empire]] in [[Martino Martini]] and [[Joan Blaeu]]'s 1655 {{nowrap|{{lang|la|[[Novus Atlas Sinensis]]}}}} {{nowrap|("New Chinese Atlas").}} Under the [[Qing Empire|Qing]], Nanjing continued to oversee the territory of Ming [[Nanzhili]] as [[Jiangnan Province|Jiangnan]] until its division into the provinces of [[Jiangsu]] and [[Anhui]].]]
Under the [[Qing dynasty]] from 1645<!--not 1644--> to 1911, Nanjing returned to its previous name '''Jiangning'''.{{efn|[[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] at the time as '''Kiangning''' or simply referenced as '''Nanking'''}} At first, it continued to administer the territory of Nanzhili under the name [[Jiangnan Province|Jiangnan]] ("Area South of the Yangtze") but this administration was soon broken up into "Right" and "Left" governments based in Suzhou and Jiangning respectively. After a series of reorganizations, at some point under the [[Qianlong Emperor]], Jiangnan was fully divided into the present provinces of [[Anhui]] and
As the capital of the brief-lived rebel [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as '''Tianjing''' ({{lang-zh|labels=no |c=天京 |l="Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven"}}). The [[Taiping rebellion|rebellion]] destroyed most of the former Ming imperial buildings in the city, including the [[Porcelain Tower of Nanjing|Porcelain Tower]], considered up to that time as one of the wonders of the world. Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the [[Presidential Building (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]]. When Qing forces led by [[Zeng Guofan]] retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death.<ref>"[http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#Taiping Necrometrics] {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20150430180518/http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm%23Venez1859#Taiping |date=2015-04-30 }}." ''Nineteenth Century Death Tolls'' cites a number of sources, some of which are reliable.</ref> Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender.<ref>Ho Ping-ti. STUDIES ON THE POPULATION OF CHINA, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. p. 237</ref> This was one of two historically significant instances of systematic civilian massacres in Nanjing, the other one was the Houjing Disturbance of the 6th century.<ref>Pelissier, Roger. THE AWAKENING OF CHINA: 1793–1949. Edited and Translated by Martin Kieffer. New York: Putnam, 1967. p. 109</ref>
The New York Methodist Mission Society's superintendent Virgil Hart arrived in Nanjing in 1881. After some time, he succeeded in buying land near the city's Southern Gate and Confucian Temple to build the city's first Methodist church, Western hospital and boys' school. The hospital would later be unified with the Drum Tower Hospital and the boys' school would be expanded by later missionaries to become the [[University of Nanking]] and Medical School. The old mission property became the No. 13 Middle School, the oldest continually-used school grounds in the city.<ref>{{citation |last=Crawford |first=Stanley |title=Man on a Mission |publisher= |date= |location= |page= }}.</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2023}}
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{{see also|Battle of Nanking|Nanjing Massacre}}
[[File:National Government of the R.O.C.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Presidential Building (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]] of the National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing, 1927]]
The [[Xinhai Revolution]] led to the founding of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] in January 1912 with [[Sun Yat-sen]] as the first provisional president and Nanjing was selected as its new capital.{{
In 1927, the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]] again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the [[Nanjing decade]]. During this decade, Nanjing was of symbolic and strategic importance. The Ming dynasty had made Nanjing a capital, the republic had been established there in 1912, and [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s provisional government had been there.{{
[[File:Crossing river by Gate of China01.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese soldiers entering the walled city of Nanjing through the [[Gate of China, Nanjing|Gate of China]]]]
In 1927, the Nationalist government proposed a comprehensive planning proposal, the Capital Plan ({{lang|zh-Hant|首都計劃}}), to reconstruct the war-torn city of Nanjing into a modern capital.{{
In 1937, the [[Empire of Japan]] started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (often considered a theater of [[World War II]]).<ref>Fu Jing-hui, An Introduction of Chinese and Foreign History of War, 2003, p.109–111</ref> Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal [[Nanjing Massacre]] (the "Rape of Nanjing").<ref name="ReferenceA">[[John E. Woods (translator)|John E. Woods]], ''[[The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe]]'', 1998 P. 275-278</ref> The total death toll, including estimates made by the [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]] and the [[Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal]] after the atomic bombings, was between 300,000 and 350,000.<ref>Document sent by former Japanese foreign minister [[Kōki Hirota]] to the Japanese Embassy in Washington on January 17, 1938, (Ref. National Archives, Washington, D.C., Released in Sept. 1994.)</ref> The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The [[Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall]] was built in 1985 to commemorate this event.
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=== Chinese Civil War and People's Republic ===
{{see also|Yangtze River Crossing campaign}}
In April 1949, Communist forces crossed the [[Yangtze River]] and the Communist [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) captured Nanjing.<ref name="Zhang">Zhang, Chunhou. Vaughan, C. Edwin. [2002] (2002). Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader: Social and Historical Perspectives. Lexington books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0406-3}}. p 65, p 58</ref> The KMT government retreated to Canton ([[Guangzhou]]) until October 15,
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, Nanjing was initially a [[province-level municipality]], but it was soon merged into
== Geography ==
Line 259 ⟶ 260:
[[File:Nanjing Area - Lower Yangtse Valley & Eastern China Map.jpg|thumb|Nanjing Region – Lower Yangtze Basin and Eastern China.]]
Nanjing, with a total land area of {{cvt|6598|km2}}, is situated in the heartland of the [[drainage area]] of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and in the Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then the north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south sides of the city. The city is {{cvt|650|km}} southeast of [[Luoyang]], {{cvt|900|km}} south-southeast of Beijing, {{cvt|270|km}} west-northwest of Shanghai, and {{cvt|1200|km}} east-northeast of
Nanjing borders [[Yangzhou]] to the northeast; [[Zhenjiang]] to the east; and [[Changzhou]] to the southeast. On its western boundary is
=== Climate and environment ===
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Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the center of the city and are easily accessible to the public, while Purple Mountain is covered with deciduous and coniferous forests preserving various historical and cultural sites. Meanwhile, a Yangtze River deep-water channel is under construction to enable Nanjing to handle the navigation of 50,000 [[Deadweight tonnage|DWT]] vessels from the East China Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moc.gov.cn/jiaotongyaowen/201607/t20160705_2056811.html |script-title=zh:十二点五米深水航道初通南京 长江出海口至南京全程畅行五万吨级船舶 |language=zh-hans |date=July 5, 2016 |publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014036/http://www.moc.gov.cn/jiaotongyaowen/201607/t20160705_2056811.html |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Clear}}
{{Weather box
| location = Nanjing (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| collapsed = Y
| single line = Y
| metric first = Y
| Jan record high C = 21.0
| Feb record high C = 27.7
| Mar record high C =
| Apr record high C = 34.2
| May record high C = 37.5
| Jun record high C = 38.1
| Jul record high C = 40.0
| Aug record high C = 40.7
| Sep record high C = 39.0
| Oct record high C = 38.1
| Nov record high C = 29.2
| Dec record high C = 23.1
| Jan high C = 7.4
| Feb high C = 10.1
| Mar high C = 15.1
| Apr high C = 21.4
| May high C = 26.6
| Jun high C = 29.2
| Jul high C = 32.4
| Aug high C = 31.9
| Sep high C = 27.9
| Oct high C = 22.8
| Nov high C = 16.6
| Dec high C = 10.0
| Jan mean C = 3.1
| Feb mean C = 5.6
| Mar mean C = 10.1
| Apr mean C = 16.2
| May mean C = 21.5
| Jun mean C = 25.0
| Jul mean C = 28.4
| Aug mean C = 27.9
| Sep mean C = 23.7
| Oct mean C = 18.0
| Nov mean C = 11.5
| Dec mean C = 5.4
| Jan low C = 0.0
| Feb low C = 2.0
| Mar low C = 6.0
| Apr low C = 11.6
| May low C = 17.1
| Jun low C = 21.4
| Jul low C = 25.1
| Aug low C = 24.8
| Sep low C = 20.3
| Oct low C = 14.2
| Nov low C = 7.7
| Dec low C = 1.9
| Jan record low C = -14.0
| Feb record low C = -13.0
| Mar record low C = −7.1
| Apr record low C = −0.2
| May record low C = 5.0
| Jun record low C = 11.8
| Jul record low C = 16.8
| Aug record low C = 16.9
| Sep record low C = 7.7
| Oct record low C = 0.2
| Nov record low C = −6.3
| Dec record low C = −13.1
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 50.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 53.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 79.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 82.4
| May precipitation mm = 83.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 193.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 226.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 158.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 72.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 55.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 52.3
| Dec precipitation mm = 35.0
| Jan humidity = 73
| Feb humidity = 71
| Mar humidity = 69
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 69
| Jun humidity = 76
| Jul humidity = 78
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 73
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 73
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 9.2
| Feb precipitation days = 8.9
| Mar precipitation days = 10.9
| Apr precipitation days = 9.6
| May precipitation days = 9.9
| Jun precipitation days = 10.6
| Jul precipitation days = 11.7
| Aug precipitation days = 12.1
| Sep precipitation days = 7.8
| Oct precipitation days = 7.3
| Nov precipitation days = 7.7
| Dec precipitation days = 7.2
| Jan sun = 121.2
| Feb sun = 124.5
| Mar sun = 153.2
| Apr sun = 180.6
| May sun = 190.4
| Jun sun = 155.4
| Jul sun = 195.4
| Aug sun = 197.6
| Sep sun = 165.0
| Oct sun = 168.6
| Nov sun = 145.4
| Dec sun = 135.1
| Jan percentsun = 38
| Feb percentsun = 40
| Mar percentsun = 41
| Apr percentsun = 46
| May percentsun = 45
| Jun percentsun = 37
| Jul percentsun = 45
| Aug percentsun = 48
| Sep percentsun = 45
| Oct percentsun = 48
| Nov percentsun = 47
| Dec percentsun = 43
| Jan snow days = 3.7
| Feb snow days = 3.0
| Mar snow days = 1.0
| Apr snow days = 0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.4
| Dec snow days = 1.2
| year snow days =
| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
|script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
Line 439 ⟶ 440:
|title = Experience Template
}}</ref><ref name=CMA>{{cite web |url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |script-title=zh:中国气象局 国家气象信息中心 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=February 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=March 18, 2013}}</ref><ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |url-status=dead |title=Index}}</ref>
| date = February 2011
| source =
}}
===Cityscape===
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=== Soil ===
{{
There are mainly two types of soil in Nanjing: zonal soil and cultivated soil. The zonal soil is yellow-brown soil in the northern and central areas of Nanjing, and red soil in the southern part of the border with Anhui. The cultivated soil formed by human-made farming is mainly paddy soil, and there are some yellow Gang soil and vegetable garden soil. The distribution of soil presents a certain law with the undulation of topography and hydrological conditions, which can be divided into three categories: low mountain and hilly area, hilly area and plain area. According to the second national soil survey from 1980 to 1987, the soil in Nanjing is divided into 7 soil types, 13 subtypes, 30 soil genera and 66 soil species, with a total area of 416,300 hectares.
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=== Animal and plant resources ===
{{
Nanjing is one of the regions with abundant plant resources and a wide variety of plants in China. The vegetation types are complex, including 7 types of natural vegetation including coniferous forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, mixed deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest, shrub, grass and aquatic vegetation. Cultivated vegetation includes field crops, vegetable crops, and economic forests, orchards and green belts. Plant species, there are 1061 species of vascular plants, accounting for 64.7% of the total in Jiangsu Province. Seven species such as Sphaerocarpus sinensis, Chinese Allium chinense, Ming Codonopsis, and Pterocarpus sinensis are national key protected rare and endangered plants. The city's forest coverage rate is 27.1%. Among wild animals, there are 795 species of insects belonging to 125 families of 11 orders. There are 99 species of fish belonging to 22 families and 12 orders. There are 327 species of terrestrial wild vertebrates, belonging to 29 orders and 90 families. 243 species of birds belong to 56 families of 17 orders. 47 species of mammals belong to 8 orders and 22 families. Among all animal species, 9 species of wild animals under national first-level protection, such as the Oriental White Crane and White Shoulder Eagle, 65 species of wild animals under the second-level protection, such as the little swan, Chinese tiger and swallowtail, and finless porpoise, and 125 key protected animals in Jiangsu Province Species, 35 species of endangered animals.
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=== Mineral resources ===
{{
Nanjing is rich in mineral resources. The discovered minerals mainly include 41 types of iron, copper, lead, zinc, strontium, ferrosulfide, dolomite, limestone, gypsum, and clay, among which 23 are of proven reserves and 20 are of industrial mining value. There are more than 10 kinds being mined. The quality and reserves of strontium ore (celestite) rank first in the country. The reserves of copper and lead-zinc ore account for more than 90% of the province, iron ore accounts for 89% of the province, and limestone, dolomite, and attapulgite clay mines are in the whole province. Province occupies an important position. Nanjing's minerals are mainly concentrated in 4 metallogenic belts, namely Jiangpu-Liuhe iron and copper metallogenic belt, Ningzhen iron, copper, and sulfur polymetallic metallogenic belt, Ningwu iron, copper.
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=== Religion ===
{{
Nanjing has four major religions: [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. Nanjing is one of the earliest areas in China to spread Buddhist culture. The "480 Temples in the Southern Dynasties" has become the center of Chinese Buddhist culture and the ancestral home of the Sanlunzong, Niutouzong, Fayanzong, and other Buddhist sects. Nanjing is also the place for the revival of modern Chinese Buddhist culture. The Jinling Carved Scriptures integrates Buddhist publishing, dissemination, and research. It is still the world's unparalleled Chinese Buddhist scripture publishing and circulation center. The engraving and printing skills are included in the world's intangible cultural heritage of humanity. Ancient famous temples such as Jianchu Temple, Qixia Temple, [[Waguan Temple]], Qingliang Temple, Jiming Temple, Dabaoen Temple, etc. were revived. Nanjing Taoism has a long history and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese Taoism.{{
The spread of Catholicism in Nanjing began more than 400 years ago and was started by the scientist and missionary [[Matteo Ricci]].{{
Nanjing is the birthplace of the Islamic "Renaissance" and has an important influence on the development of Chinese Islamic culture.{{
==Economy==
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=== Primary industry ===
{{
Nanjing is one of China's important agricultural and commercial grain bases. The main cash crops are rice, cotton, silkworm cocoons, hemp, tea, bamboo, fruits, medicinal materials, etc. Due to the fertile water quality on both sides of the Yangtze River, it is also one of China's important freshwater fishery bases.
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=== Secondary industry ===
{{
In 2019, Nanjing's total industrial added value was 421.577 billion yuan, an increase of 6.9%. The added value of industrial enterprises above the designated size was 309.226 billion yuan, an increase of 7.0%. Among the industries above designated size, the added value of state-owned and state-holding enterprises fell by 0.2%, private enterprises increased by 20.3%, and foreign companies, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan enterprises increased by 7.0%. Large and medium-sized enterprises increased by 3.9%, and small and micro enterprises increased by 18.2%. Among the 37 major industries in the system, 22 industries have achieved growth in added value. Among the top ten industries ranked by cumulative value-added, six industries including electronics, electrical machinery, steel, medicine, general equipment, and non-metal products increased by 20.2%,
=== Tertiary industry ===
{{
Nanjing is an important regional financial and business center positioned by the National Development and Reform Commission. The financial industry is an important strategic pillar industry in Nanjing. The total financial volume and financial resources account for 25% of Jiangsu Province, and in the Financial Center index, the city ranks sixth in the country. In the 2018 China Financial Center Index evaluation, Nanjing's financial industry performance ranked fourth in China, after [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Shenzhen]]. In 2018, Nanjing's financial industry achieved an added value of 147.332 billion yuan, and the balance of domestic and foreign currency deposits in financial institutions was 3452.486 billion yuan.
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=== Aviation ===
[[File:201712 End of a Concourse of NKG T2.jpg|thumb|Nanjing Lukou International Airport, NKG]]
Nanjing's airport, [[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|Lukou International Airport]] (NKG), serves both national and international destinations. In 2013, Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hd.caac.gov.cn/TJXX/201403/P020140306379512164336.xlsx |script-title=zh:2013年华东机场生产数据排序 |date=March 6, 2014 |publisher=Civil Aviation Administration of China East China Regional Administration |language=zh-hans |access-date=March 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309190254/http://hd.caac.gov.cn/TJXX/201403/P020140306379512164336.xlsx |archive-date=March 9, 2014 }}</ref> The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://airlineroute.net/2015/06/08/mu-nkgfsz-jul15/ |title=China Eastern Adds Nanjing – Shizuoka Service from July 2015 |publisher=Airlineroute.net |date=June 8, 2015 |access-date=June 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609024425/http://airlineroute.net/2015/06/08/mu-nkgfsz-jul15/ |archive-date=June 9, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Korea]], [[Thailand]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://airlineroute.net/2015/05/27/xw-nkg-jun15update4 |title=NokScoot Revises Nanjing Launch to mid-June 2015 |publisher=Airlineroute.net |date=May 27, 2015 |access-date= May 27, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150527210209/http://airlineroute.net/2015/05/27/xw-nkg-jun15update4/ |archive-date= May 27, 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bamrung |last=Amnatcharoenrit |title=AirAsia flies out of Don Mueang without a hitch |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/AirAsia-flies-out-of-Don-Mueang-without-a-hitch-30191480.html |location=Bangkok |newspaper=The Nation |date=October 2, 2012 |access-date=October 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005004213/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/AirAsia-flies-out-of-Don-Mueang-without-a-hitch-30191480.html |archive-date=October 5, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Malaysia]], Singapore, United States<ref>{{cite news |title=China Eastern, Delta and Hainan Airlines' new routes accelerate US-China aviation development |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/china-eastern-delta-and-hainan-airlines-new-routes-accelerate-us-china-aviation-development-210537 |access-date= March 11, 2015 |work=Centre for Aviation |date=February 23, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150225145028/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/china-eastern-delta-and-hainan-airlines-new-routes-accelerate-us-china-aviation-development-210537 |archive-date= February 25, 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref> and Germany. The airport is connected by a {{cvt|29|km|adj=on}} highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various intercity highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities. A railway [[Ninggao Intercity Rail Line|Ninggao Intercity Line]] has been built to link the airport with [[Nanjing South Railway Station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://roll.sohu.com/20111228/n330518893.shtml |script-title=zh:南京开建地铁机场线 第一次地铁将抵达机场 |script-work=zh:中国江苏网 |via=Sohu |date=December 28, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024619/http://roll.sohu.com/20111228/n330518893.shtml |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lukou Airport was opened on June 28, 1997, replacing [[Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport]] as the main airport serving Nanjing. Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base.<ref name="nje">{{cite web |url=http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/CNoame091.html |script-title=zh:大校场机场 |trans-title=Dajiaochang Airport |work=Nanjing City Chronicles |publisher=Nanjing City Government |language=zh-hans |access-date=September 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203093757/http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/CNoame091.html |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nanjing has another airport – Nanjing Ma'an International Airport which temporarily serves as a dual-use military and civil airport.
=== Shipping ===
{{
Contemporary Nanjing Port is an important hub port in China and a first-class port open to the outside world. It is a multifunctional river-sea port in East China and the Yangtze River Basin for reloading, land and water transfer, cargo distribution and opening to the outside world. It is the only container railway and waterway in the Yangtze River Delta. A seamless port. The completion of the 12.5-meter deep-water channel project on the Yangtze River in Nanjing has made Nanjing Port the deepest inland international deep-water seaport, and it is also a comprehensive hub for China's global river-to-sea transshipment.
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As an important regional hub in the [[Yangtze River Delta]], Nanjing is well-connected by over 60 state and provincial highways to all parts of China.
'''Expressways''' {G+XXxx (National Express, {{lang|zh-Hans|国家高速}}), S+XX ({{lang|zh-Hans|省级高速}})}:
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=== Folklore ===
{{
The main folklore activities in Nanjing include Chinese New Year greetings for the Spring Festival, hanging Spring Festival couplets at the city gate, eating rice cakes, welcoming the God of Wealth on the fifth day of the first lunar month, climbing the city on the 16th day of the first lunar month, sweeping the tomb on Qingming Festival, dragon boat races on the Dragon Boat Festival, eating rice dumplings, and begging for gifts on Qixi Festival, Liqiu gnawing autumn, Mid-Autumn reunion, eating moon cakes, enjoy the moon and go to the melon rack in the field and pick melon beans under the bean shed, Chongyang ascends, Chongyang cake inserted Chongyang flag, Laba food porridge, sent stove on the 24th lunar month, New Year's Eve reunion and ancestor worship.
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=== Music and dance ===
{{
Jinling Qin School is an important genre of Chinese Guqin art that originated in Nanjing. It has a great influence on many later generations of Qin Schools. It originated from the Royal Music Officials of the Ming dynasty and has been listed as a World Intangible Cultural Heritage Project. The folk song "Jasmine Flower" originated from the "Flower Tune" sung by Liuhe folks for a century, and is world-famous. Xishanqiao folk song performances have repeatedly appeared on CCTV. In addition, there are Gaochun folk songs "Caihongling", "Planting Seedlings in May", Liuhe folk songs "Flower Tune", "Liuzuo Blow Music" etc.
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=== Photography ===
{{
Nanjing has many excellent photography works, as well as large-scale photography exhibitions, photography conferences, etc. Zhao Ran's "Quadette of Enchanting Hair", Ben Daochun's "Tianjiang Cruise", Tian Ming's "Shanghai White-collar Early Class Subway Life", Yu Xianyun's "In the Name of the Country" won 21st, 22nd, 23rd, The 25th National Photographic Art Exhibition Gold Award; Liu Jun's "Fisher Songs and Moon" won the 21st Austria Trembler Super Photo Tour Competition Gold Award; Sun Chonglin's "Little Wangmu" Gold Award in the second PSAChina International Photography Competition.
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==Education==
By 2021, Nanjing has 68 institutions of higher learning,<ref name=":2" /> including
[[Nanjing University]] is considered one of the top national universities nationwide, and it is ranked among the world's top 20 universities by [[Nature Index]].<ref name="auto2"/> According to the [[World Reputation Rankings]] by the [[Times Higher Education]]s, Nanjing University is ranked among the top 100 universities with its best reputation in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2017 |title=World Reputation Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2017/reputation-ranking |access-date=April 1, 2022 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=June 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617115713/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2017/reputation-ranking |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Southeast University]] is also among the most famous universities in China and is considered one of the best universities for Architecture and Engineering in China. Many universities in Nanjing have satellite campuses or have moved their main campus to [[Xianlin University City]] in the eastern suburb. Some of the other most prominent national universities in Nanjing are:
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Some notable high schools in Nanjing are: [[Jiangpu Senior High School]], [[Jinling High School]], [[Liuhe First School]], [[Nanjing Foreign Language School]], [[The Second Yuying Foreign Languages School of Nanjing]], [[High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University]], [[Nanjing No.1 High School]], [[Nanjing Zhonghua High School]], [[Caulfield Grammar School#Nanjing Campus|Caulfield Grammar School (Nanjing Campus)]], [[Nanjing No.29 High School]], [[Yuhuatai Senior High School]].
==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}
Nanjing is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=南京市友城及友好合作城市名录 |url=http://wb.nanjing.gov.cn/njszfwsbgs/201810/t20181023_616096.html |website=nanjing.gov.cn |publisher=Nanjing |language=zh |access-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702221442/http://wb.nanjing.gov.cn/njszfwsbgs/201810/t20181023_616096.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Birmingham]], United Kingdom
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa
* {{flagicon|San Marino}} [[City of San Marino]], San Marino (2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=San Marino City - Nanjing partnership|date=January 28, 2021|url=https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/attualita-c4/giunta-di-castello-di-citta-e-contea-di-nanjing-siglato-gemellaggio-a200459|language=it|access-date=2024-01-13|archive-date=January 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116012833/https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/attualita-c4/giunta-di-castello-di-citta-e-contea-di-nanjing-siglato-gemellaggio-a200459|url-status=live|author-first1=Giacomo|author-last1=Barducci}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Concepción, Chile]]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Daejeon]], South Korea
Line 1,011 ⟶ 1,014:
* {{flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]], Namibia
{{div col end}}
==Notable people==
* [[Xueqin Cao]] (1715 or 1724 - 1763 or 1764), Writer; Author of ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]''
* [[Anhua Gao]] (
* [[Hsiao Sa]] (
* [[Gang Tian]] (
* [[Zhang Xu (neuroscientist)|Zhang Xu]], (
* [[Wu Jianmin (democracy activist)|Wu Jianmin]] (
* [[Pan Deng]] (
* [[Deng Zhonghan]] (
* [[Pu Shu]] (
* [[Mei Ting]] (
* [[Hai Qing]] (
* [[Ni Ni]] (
* [[Shiran Wang]] (
* [[Wu Lei]] (
* [[Xu Anqi]] (
* [[Zhang Zetian]] (
* [[Lu Keran]] (
* [[Cenyu Han]] (
* [[Lu Kang (diplomat)|Lu Kang]], Chinese ambassador to Indonesia
* [[Tao Hongjing]] (
* [[Fu Shanxiang]]
* [[Yu Kwang-chung|Yu Guangzhong]] (b.1928), a famous contemporary writer, poet, scholar and translator.
* [[Wang Shuo]] (
* Zhang Guiping (
==See also==
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