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'''Paul Anton de Lagarde''' (2 November 1827 – 22 December 1891) was a German [[biblical scholar]] and [[oriental studies|orientalist]], sometimes regarded as one of the greatest orientalists of the 19th century.<ref name=nie>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Lagarde, Paul Anton de |year=1905}}</ref> Lagarde's strong support of [[anti-Semitism]], vocal opposition to [[Christianity]], his Social Darwinism and [[anti-Slavism]] are viewed as having been among the most influential in supporting the ideology of [[Nazism]].<ref>[http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1774 Paul de Lagarde on Liberalism, Education, and the Jews: German Writings (1886)], ''German History in Documents and Images''</ref><ref>Johnson, Paul (1983), “Modern Times”, Harper and Row: New York</ref>
 
==Life & Career==▼
His great learning and gifts were mixed with dogmatism and distrust in the activities of others.<ref name=ea/> In politics, he belonged to the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[German Conservative Party|Conservative party]]. He died in [[Göttingen]] on 22 December 1891.
HePaul tookDe someLagarde timewas born in Berlin to makeWilhelm theand Luise Bötticher. Luise died days after Paul was born, and his bereft father sent Paul to be raised by Luise's relatives. Ernestine de Lagarde was Luise's aunt, and she eventually adopted Paul.<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|6}} Lagarde changed his name to honor his mother's family, but the change permanentwas not official until his career was well underway. When he married his wife Anna in 1854, he did so as Paul Bötticher.<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|45}} His early works werework alsowas published under his birth name.<ref>Hauck, Albert.''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Realencyklop%C3%A4die_f%C3%BCr_protestantische_t/MqGAwTdcKWAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA212&printsec=frontcover Realencyklopädie für Protestantische Theologie und Kirche, Elfter Band]''. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1902. 212–218.</ref> ▼
 
Lagarde attended [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] from 1844-6 where he studied [[Semitic languages|Oriental languages]] , [[theology]], and [[philosophy]] under professors like [[Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg]]. His primary mentor was [[Friedrich Rückert]].<ref name=Andover>"[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Andover_Review/9ZwNAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA204&printsec=frontcover In Memoriam: Abraham Kuenen — Paul Anton de Lagarde]", ''[[The Andover Review|Andover Review]]'', Vol. XVII, No. XCVIII. February, 1892. 201–7.</ref> He attended the [[University of Halle-Wittenberg]] from 1846–7.<ref name=EB>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Lagarde, Paul Anton de|last=|first=|page=}}</ref> ▼
==Life==
Paul De Lagarde was born in Berlin to Wilhelm and Luise Bötticher. Luise (née Klebe) died shortly after Paul was born, and his bereft father sent Paul to be raised by Luise's relatives. Ernestine de Lagarde was Luise's aunt. She eventually adopted Paul, who changed his name.<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|6, 45}}
 
In 1852, Lagarde received a 1,000 [[thaler]] grant from [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|King Frederick William IV]] to study abroad. He used it to travel to London to work at the [[British Museum]].<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|19–20}} On his way home in January 1953, Lagarde stayed in Paris to work in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|Bibliothèque nationale]]. He relied on [[Ernest Renan]] to check out manuscripts for him.<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|32}} The [[Syriac language|Syriac]] texts he studied while abroad led to the publication of ''[[Didascalia apostolorum syriace]]'' in 1854.<ref name=EB/> ▼
▲Lagarde attended [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] from 1844-6 where he studied [[Semitic languages|Oriental languages]] , [[theology]], and [[philosophy]] under professors like [[Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg]]. His primary mentor was [[Friedrich Rückert]].<ref name=Andover>"[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Andover_Review/9ZwNAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA204&printsec=frontcover In Memoriam: Abraham Kuenen — Paul Anton de Lagarde]", ''[[The Andover Review|Andover Review]]'', Vol. XVII, No. XCVIII. February, 1892. 201–7.</ref> He attended the [[University of Halle-Wittenberg]] from 1846–7.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Lagarde, Paul Anton de|last=|first=|page=}}</ref>
 
In 1855, Lagarde became a teacher at a Berlin [[Gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]] and continued to publish scholarly work.<ref name=Andover/> In 1866, he was given three years leave for research. In 1869, he took over [[Heinrich Ewald]]'s professorship of oriental languages at the [[University of Göttingen]]. He was as industrious as Ewald and wrote on a broad range of topics, moving fluidly between multiple languages. His main focus remained elucidation of the [[Bible]].<ref name=nie>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Lagarde, Paul Anton de |year=1905}}</ref>
▲In 1852, Lagarde received a 1,000 [[thaler]] grant from [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|King Frederick William IV]] to study abroad. He used it to travel to London to work at the [[British Museum]].<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|19–20}} On his way home in January 1953, Lagarde stayed in Paris to work in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|Bibliothèque nationale]]. He relied on [[Ernest Renan]] to check out manuscripts for him.<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|32}}
 
The decade it took to become a professor embittered Lagarde.<ref name=Andover/> He grew dogmatic and distrustful of others.<ref name=ea>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Lagarde, Paul Anton}}</ref>
▲He took some time to make the name change permanent. When he married Anna in 1854, he did so as Paul Bötticher.<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|45}} His early works were also published under his birth name.<ref>Hauck, Albert.''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Realencyklop%C3%A4die_f%C3%BCr_protestantische_t/MqGAwTdcKWAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA212&printsec=frontcover Realencyklopädie für Protestantische Theologie und Kirche, Elfter Band]''. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1902. 212–218.</ref>
 
Lagarde was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1891 and kept the diagnosis secret. He had an operation to treat it on December 19. It was unsuccessful, and he died three days later.<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|115–9}}
 
===Political writing===▼
▲==Career==
Lagarde was a member of the [[Conservative Party (Prussia)|Prussian Conservative Party]]. In his mid-40s, Lagarde began to write cultural criticism and gave occasional speeches. He eventually collected his essays in ''Deutsche Schriften'' (German Literature, 1878–1881).<ref name=Stern/>{{rp|27}} ▼
In 1854 he became a teacher at a Berlin public school, but this did not interrupt his biblical studies. In 1866 he received three years leave of absence to collect fresh materials, and in 1869 succeeded German orientalist and theologian [[Heinrich Ewald]] as professor of oriental languages at the [[University of Göttingen]]. Like Ewald, Lagarde was an active worker in a variety of subjects and languages. His chief aim was the elucidation of the [[Bible]]. Lagarde was easily the most renowned [[Septuagint]] scholar of the nineteenth century, and he devoted himself ardently to [[Oriental studies]]. He was well known as a copier and editor of Greek, Aramaic, and Arabic.<ref name=nie/>
 
▲===Political writing===
▲In his mid-40s, Lagarde began to write cultural criticism and gave occasional speeches. He eventually collected his essays in ''Deutsche Schriften'' (German Literature, 1878–1881).<ref name=Stern/>{{rp|27}}
 
He postulated a national religion in his first political treatise ''Über das Verhältnis des deutschen Staates zu Theologie, Kirche und Religion.'' (On the Relationship of the German State to Theology, Church and Religion). He felt the state's most important task was to create a climate in which this national religion could flourish. Meanwhile, he obliged those who had faith in God to a radical morality wherein they distinguish solely between "duty or sin" in their every action. In addition, first a formal language must be developed for the religiosity of these newborn men.<ref name=Lagarde/>{{rp|74–5}}
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==Works==
Throughout his career, Lagarde wrote voluminously in ten different languages.<ref name=LagardeA/>{{rp|149}}. A bibliography of his work was prepared in 1892, and it ran to eighteen pages.<ref>[[Richard Gottheil|Gottheil, Richard]]. "[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society/LEU0AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PR211&printsec=frontcover Bibliography of the works of Paul Lagarde]", in ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society/LEU0AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PR141&printsec=frontcover Proceedings of the American Oriental Society]'', April 21–23, 1892. ''[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]], Vol. 15''. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1893. CCXI-CCXXIX.</ref>
 
Lagarde edited the ''[[Didascalia apostolorum syriace]]'' (1854) and other [[Syriac language|Syriac]] texts collected in the [[British Museum]] and in Paris. He edited the [[Aramaic]] translation (known as the [[Targum]]) of the Prophets according to the Codex Reuchlinianus preserved at [[Karlsruhe]], ''Prophetae chaldaice'' (1872), the ''Hagiographa chaldaice'' (1874), an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] translation of the [[Gospels]], ''Die vier Evangelien, arabisch aus der Wiener Handschrift herausgegeben'' (1864), a Syriac translation of the Old Testament [[Apocrypha]], ''Libri V. T. apocryphi syriace'' (1865), a [[Coptic language|Coptic]] translation of the [[Pentateuch]], ''Der Pentateuch koptisch'' (1867), and a part of the [[Lucian of Antioch#Biblical text|Lucian]]ic text of the [[Septuagint]], which he was able to reconstruct from manuscripts for nearly half the [[Old Testament]].
 
He was also a student of [[Persian language|Persian]], publishing ''Isaias persice'' (1883) and ''Persische Studien'' (1884). In 1880, de Lagarde attempted to reconstruct a [[Syriac language|Syriac]] version of [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]]' treatise, ''[[On Weights and Measures]]'', which he entitled, ''Veteris Testamenti ab Origene recensiti fragmenta apud Syros servata quinque. Praemittitur Epiphanii de mensuris et ponderibus liber nunc primum integer et ipse syriacus'' (Gootingae 1880). He followed up his Coptic studies with ''Aegyptiaca'' (1883), and published many minor contributions to the study of oriental languages in ''Gesammelte Abhandlungen'' (1866), ''Symmicta'' (1. 1877, ii. 1880), ''Semitica'' (i. 1878, ii. 1879), ''Orientalia'' (1879–1880) and ''Mittheilungen'' (1884). Mention should also be made of the valuable ''Onomastica sacra'' (1870; 2nd ed., 1887).
 
;As Paul Boetticher:
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Horae_aramaicae/DyUqAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP5&printsec=frontcover Horae aramaicae]''. Berlin: prostat apud C. Grobe, 1847.
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rudimenta_Mythologiae_Semiticae_Suppleme/VO6cD9t65BUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP11&printsec=frontcover Rudimenta Mythologiae Semiticae Supplementa Lexici Aramaici]''. Berlin: G. Thome, 1848.
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Initia_chromatologiae_arabicae/Wn0UAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover Initia Chromatologiae Arabicae]''. Berlin: Excudebant Trowitzschius et filius, 1849.
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arica_Philological_notes_on_the_Aryan_la/YbJfAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP5&printsec=frontcover Arica]''. Halle: J.F. Lippert. 1851.
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hymns_of_the_Old_Catholic_Church_of_Engl/0CgDAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PR1&printsec=frontcover Hymns of the Old Catholic Church of England]''. Halle: J.F. Lippert. 1851.
*''[https://archive.org/details/actaapostolorum01lagagoog/page/n5/mode/1up Acta Apostolorum]''. Halle: J.F. Lippert. 1852.
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Epistulae_Novi_Testamenti_Coptice/-xQQAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP5&printsec=frontcover Epistulae Novi Testamenti, Coptice]''. Halle: E. Anton. 1852.
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Wurzelforschungen_von_Paul_Boetticher/i2gIAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP5&printsec=frontcover Wurzelforschungen]''. Halle: J.F. Lippert. 1852.
 
;As Paul Lagarde:
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Zur_Urgeschichte_der_Armenier/u3VFAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover Zur Urgeschichte der Armenier: Ein philologischer Versuch]''. Austria, W. Hertz, 1854.
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Didascalia_apostolorum_Syriace/zZ5GozBqj7QC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP5&printsec=frontcover Didascalia Apostolorum Syriace]''. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1854.
*''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ZxwGAAAAQAAJ/page/n5/mode/2up Der Pentateuch Koptische]''. Leipzig: [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana|B.G. Teubner]], 1867.
*''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Armenische_Studien/Qu0FAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP7&printsec=frontcover Armenische Studien]''. Göttingen: Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1877.
Line 67 ⟶ 73:
* Alcalá, Pedro de. ''[https://archive.org/details/petrihispanidel00lagagoog/page/n3/mode/2up Petri Hispani de Lingua Arabica libri duo]''. Göttingen: Arnoldi Hoyer, 1883.
 
In ''Deutsche Schriften'' (1878–81; 4th ed., Göttingen, 1903), he attempted to involve himself in politics. It deals with the position of the German state relative to theology, the church and religion.<ref name=ea>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Lagarde, Paul Anton}}</ref>▼
 
▲In ''Deutsche Schriften'' (1878–81; 4th ed., Göttingen, 1903), he attempted to involve himself in politics. It deals with the position of the German state relative to theology, the church and religion.<ref name=ea>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Lagarde, Paul Anton}}</ref>
 
==Legacy==
Lagarde was the most renowned [[Septuagint]] scholar of the nineteenth century.<ref name=nie/> Shortly after his death, ''[[The New York Times]]'' described Lagarde as "the most remarkable writer on Semitic studies that the world has ever known". Lagarde bequeathed his library to the [[Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities|Royal Society of Sciences]] in Göttingen. When [[John Dyneley Prince]] was alerted that it was for sale and would immediately bestow the owner with the best Oriental library in America, he arranged for [[New York University]] to purchase it for $7,000 in 1893.<ref name=NYT>"[https://nyti.ms/4injsmK RARE ORIENTAL VOLUMES: THE PAUL DE LAGARDE LIBRARY TO BE BROUGHT HERE]", ''[[The New York Times]]''. January 26, 1893. 9.</ref>
 
In 1894, Lagarde's wife Anna published many of his letters in a memoir of her husband.<ref name=LagardeA>Lagarde, Anna de. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Paul_de_Lagarde/iZEEAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover Paul de Lagarde: Erinnerungen aus seinem Leben für die freunde Zusammengestellt]''. Germany, W. F. Kaestner, 1894.</ref>{{rp|1}}
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{{wikiquote}}
*[https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Paul+de+Lagarde%22 Paul de Lagarde] at the [[Internet Archive]].
*[https://www.nli.org.il/en/a-topic/987007264389505171 Paul de Lagarde] at the [[National Library of Israel]].
 
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