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{{Short description|
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Centurybox|16}}
[[File:Mercator World Map.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[world map]] by the Italian [[Amerigo Vespucci]] (from whose name the word ''America'' is derived) and Belgian [[Gerardus Mercator]] shows (besides the classical continents [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]]) the [[Americas]] as ''America sive India Nova', [[New Guinea]], and other islands of [[Southeast Asia]], as well as a hypothetical [[Hyperborea|Arctic continent]] and a yet undetermined ''[[Terra Australis]]''.<ref name="NASA's lunar eclipse catalogue">Modern reference works on the period tend to follow the introduction of the Gregorian calendar for the sake of clarity; thus [http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendar.html NASA's lunar eclipse catalogue] states "The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used." For dates after 15 October 1582, care must be taken to avoid confusion of the two styles.</ref>'']]The '''16th century''' began with the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] year [[1501]] (represented by the [[Roman numerals]] MDI) and ended with either the Julian or the [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] year [[1600]] (MDC), depending on the reckoning used (the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582).<ref name="NASA's lunar eclipse catalogue"/>
The [[Renaissance]] in Italy and Europe saw the emergence of important artists, authors and scientists, and led to the foundation of important subjects which include [[accounting]] and [[political science]]. [[Copernicus]] proposed the [[Copernican heliocentrism|heliocentric universe]], which was met with strong resistance, and [[Tycho Brahe]] refuted the theory of [[celestial spheres]] through observational measurement of the [[SN 1572|1572 appearance]] of a [[Milky Way]] [[supernova]]. These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by [[Ptolemy]] and [[Aristotle]], and led to major revolutions in [[astronomy]] and science. [[Galileo Galilei]] became a champion of the new sciences, invented the first thermometer and made substantial contributions in the fields of [[physics]] and [[astronomy]], becoming a major figure in the [[Scientific Revolution]] in Europe.
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The [[Reformation]] in central and northern Europe gave a major blow to the authority of the [[Pope|papacy]] and the [[Catholic Church]]. In [[Kingdom of England|England]], the British-Italian [[Alberico Gentili]] wrote the first book on public international law and divided [[secularism]] from [[canon law]] and Catholic theology. European politics became dominated by religious conflicts, with the groundwork for the epochal [[Thirty Years' War]] being laid towards the end of the century.
In the [[Middle East]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] continued to expand, with the [[
In the [[Indian subcontinent]], following the defeat of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]], new powers emerged, the [[Sur Empire]] founded by [[Sher Shah Suri]], [[Deccan sultanates]]
Japan suffered a severe civil war at this time, known as the [[Sengoku period]], and emerged from it as a unified nation under [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. China was ruled by the Ming dynasty, which was becoming increasingly [[Isolationism#China|isolationist]], coming into conflict with Japan over the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|control of Korea]] as well as [[Wokou|Japanese pirates]].
In Africa, [[Christianity in Africa#Jesuit missions in Africa|Christianity]] had begun to spread in [[Central Africa]] and [[Southern Africa]]. Until the [[Scramble for Africa]] in the late
==Significant events==
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===1501–1509===
[[File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg|thumb|''[[Mona Lisa]]'', by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], {{Circa|
* [[1501]]: [[Michelangelo]] returns to his native [[Florence]] to begin work on the statue ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]''.
* [[1501]]: [[Safavids|Safavid dynasty]] reunifies [[Iran]] and rules over it until [[1736]]. Safavids adopt a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] branch of [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=16th Century Timeline (1501 to 1600) |url=http://www.fsmitha.com/time16.htm |publisher=fsmitha.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203064547/http://www.fsmitha.com/time16.htm |archive-date=February 3, 2009}}</ref>
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* [[1504]]: Death of [[Isabella I of Castile]]; [[Joanna of Castille|Joanna of Castile]] becomes the Queen.
* [[1504]]: Foundation of the [[Sultanate of Sennar]] by [[Amara Dunqas]], in what is modern [[Sudan]]
* [[1505]]: [[Zhengde Emperor]] ascends the throne of [[Ming
* [[1505]]: [[Martin Luther]] enters [[St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)|St. Augustine's Monastery]] at Erfurt, Germany, on 17 July and begins his journey to instigating the [[Reformation]].
* [[1505]]: [[Trenggana|Sultan Trenggono]] builds the first Muslim kingdom in Java, called [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], in Indonesia. Many other small kingdoms were established in other islands to fight against Portuguese. Each kingdom introduced local language as a way of communication and unity.
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* [[1512]]: The first Portuguese exploratory expedition was sent eastward from Malacca (in present-day Malaysia) to search for the '[[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]]' ([[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]) led by [[Francisco Serrão]]. Serrão is shipwrecked but struggles on to [[Hitu]] (northern [[Ambon Island|Ambon]]) and wins the favour of the local rulers.<ref name="RICKLEFS_p24">Ricklefs (1991), page 24</ref>
* [[1513]]: [[Machiavelli]] writes ''[[The Prince]]'', a treatise about political philosophy
* [[1513]]: The Portuguese [[sailor|mariner]] [[Jorge Álvares]] lands at [[Macau]], China, during the [[Ming
* [[1513]]: [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] defeats the French at the [[Battle of Guinegate (1513)|Battle of the Spurs]].
* [[1513]]: The [[Battle of Flodden Field]] in which invading [[Scottish people|Scots]] are defeated by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s forces.
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* [[1520]]: The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] established a [[trading post]] in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of [[Solor]] (in present-day Indonesia) as a transit harbour between [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] and [[Malacca]].
* [[1521]]: [[Belgrade]] (in present-day Serbia) is [[Siege of Belgrade (1521)|captured]] by the Ottoman Empire.
* [[1521]]: After building fortifications at [[Tuen Mun]], the Portuguese attempt to invade [[Ming
* [[1521]]: [[Philippines]] encountered by [[Ferdinand Magellan]]. He was later killed in the [[Battle of Mactan]] in central Philippines in the same year.
* [[1521]]: [[Jiajing Emperor]] ascended the throne of [[Ming
* [[1521]]: November, [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s expedition reaches [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] (in present-day Indonesia) and after trade with [[Ternate]] returns to Europe with a load of [[cloves]].
* [[1521]]: [[Pati Unus]] leads the invasion of [[Malacca]] (in present-day Malaysia) against the Portuguese occupation. Pati Unus was killed in this battle, and was succeeded by his brother, sultan [[Trenggana]].
* [[1522]]: [[Rhodes]] [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|falls]] to the Ottomans of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandra Arlinghaus |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sarhaus/larimore02/suleiman.html |title=Life Span of Suleiman the Magnificent 1494–1566 |publisher=Personal.umich.edu |access-date=2013-05-05}}</ref>[[File:Sack of Rome of 1527 by Johannes Lingelbach 17th century.jpg|thumb|''[[Sack of Rome (1527)|Sack of Rome of 1527]]'' by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]'s forces (painting by [[Johannes Lingelbach]])|280x280px]]
* [[1522]]: The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate]] (in present-day Indonesia) and begin construction of a fort.<ref name="RICKLEFS_p24" />
* [[1522]]: August, [[Luso-Sundanese Treaty]] signed between [[Portugal]] and [[Sunda Kingdom]] granted Portuguese permit to build fortress in [[Sunda Kelapa]].
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* [[1529]]: The [[Austrians]] defeat the [[Ottoman Empire]] at the [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|siege of Vienna]].
* [[1529]]: [[Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)|Treaty of Zaragoza]] defined the [[antimeridian]] of [[Treaty of Tordesillas|Tordesillas]] attributing the [[Moluccas]] to Portugal and [[Philippines]] to Spain.
* [[1529]]: [[Imam]] [[Ahmad
===[[1530s]]===
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* [[1535]]: The [[Münster Rebellion]], an attempt of radical, [[Millennialism|millennialist]], [[Anabaptists]] to establish a [[theocracy]], ends in bloodshed.
* [[1535]]: The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan [[Tabariji of Ternate|Tabariji]] (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather [[Jordao de Freitas]] the island of [[Ambon Island|Ambon]].<ref name="RICKLEFS_p25">Ricklefs (1991), page 25</ref> [[Hairun]] becomes the next sultan.
* [[1536]]: [[
* [[1536]]: In England, [[Anne Boleyn]] is beheaded for adultery and treason.
* [[1536]]: Establishment of the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]] in Portugal.
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===[[1540s]]===
[[File:copernicus.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]]]
*[[1540]]: The [[Jesuits|Society of Jesus]], or the Jesuits, is founded by [[Ignatius of Loyola]] and six companions with the approval of [[Pope Paul III]].
*[[1540]]: [[Sher Shah Suri]] founds the [[Sur Empire|Suri dynasty]] in [[South Asia]], an ethnic [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] ([[Pathan]]) of the house of [[Sur Dynasty|Sur]], who supplanted the [[Mughal dynasty]] as rulers of North [[India]] during the reign of the relatively ineffectual second Mughal emperor [[Humayun]]. Sher Shah Suri decisively defeats Humayun in the Battle of Bilgram (May 17, 1540).
*[[1541]]: [[Pedro de Valdivia]] founds [[Santiago
*[[1541]]: An [[Algeria]]n military campaign by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V of Spain]] ([[Habsburg]]) is unsuccessful.
*[[1541]]: [[Amazon River]] is encountered and explored by [[Francisco de Orellana]].
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*[[1542]]: [[Akbar The Great]] is born in the [[Rajput]] [[Umarkot Fort]]
*[[1542]]: Spanish explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] named the island of [[Samar]] and [[Leyte]] ''[[Philippines|Las Islas Filipinas]]'' honoring [[Philip II of Spain]] and became the official name of the [[archipelago]].
*[[1543]]: [[Ethiopia]]n/[[Portugal|Portuguese]] troops
* [[1543]]: [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun
*[[1543]]: The [[Nanban trade period]] begins after Portuguese traders make contact with [[Japan]].
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*[[1548]]: [[Battle of Uedahara]]: Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in [[Japan]], and [[Takeda Shingen]] is defeated by [[Murakami Yoshikiyo]].
* [[1548]]: [[Askia Daoud]], who reigned from 1548 to 1583, establishes public libraries in [[Timbuktu]] (in present-day Mali).
*[[1548]]: The [[Ming
*[[1549]]: [[Tomé de Sousa]] establishes [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] in [[Bahia]], north-east of [[Brazil]].
*[[1549]]: [[Arya Penangsang]] with the support of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, avenges the death of Raden Kikin by sending an envoy named Rangkud to kill Sunan Prawoto by [[Keris Kyai Satan Kober]] (in present-day Indonesia).
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* [[1556]]–[[1605]]: During his reign, [[Akbar]] expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests (in the Indian subcontinent).[[File:1555-56 CE World Map.PNG|thumb|270px|Political map of the world in 1556]]
* [[1556]]: [[Mir Chakar Khan Rind]] captures [[Delhi]] with [[Humayun]].
* [[1556]]: [[Pomponio Algerio]], radical theologian, is executed by boiling in oil as part of the [[Roman
* [[1557]]: [[Habsburg Spain]] declares bankruptcy. [[Philip II of Spain]] had to declare four [[National bankruptcy|state bankruptcies]] in 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596.
* [[1557]]: The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] settle in [[Macau]] (on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from present-day Hong Kong).
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* [[1564]]: [[Galileo Galilei]] born on February 15
* [[1564]]: [[William Shakespeare]] baptized 26 April
* [[1565]]: [[Deccan sultanates]] defeat the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] at the [[Battle of Talikota]].
* [[1565]]: [[Mir Chakar Khan Rind]] dies at aged 97.
* [[1565]]: [[Estácio de Sá]] establishes [[Rio de Janeiro]] in [[Brazil]].
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* [[1566]]–[[1648]]: [[Eighty Years' War]] between Spain and the [[Netherlands]].
* [[1566]]: Da le Balle Contrade d'Oriente, composed by [[Cipriano de Rore]].
* [[1567]]: After 45 years' reign, [[Jiajing Emperor]] died in the [[Forbidden City]], [[Longqing Emperor]] ascended the throne of [[Ming
* [[1567]]: [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], is imprisoned by [[Elizabeth I]].
* [[1568]]: The [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvanian]] [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]], under the patronage of the prince [[John Sigismund Zápolya]], the former [[king of Hungary]], inspired by the teachings of [[Ferenc Dávid]], the founder of the [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania]], promulgates the [[Edict of Torda]], the first law of [[freedom of religion]] and of conscience in the World.
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* [[1572]]: [[Catherine de' Medici]] instigates the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] which takes the lives of Protestant leader [[Gaspard II de Coligny|Gaspard de Coligny]] and thousands of [[Huguenot]]s. The violence spreads from Paris to other cities and the countryside.
* [[1572]]: First edition of the epic [[The Lusiads]] of [[Luís Vaz de Camões]], three years after the author returned from the East.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |title = The Lusiads |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1800–1882 |access-date = 2013-08-31 }}</ref>
* [[1572]]: The 9 years old [[Crown prince|Taizi]], [[Zhu Yijun]] ascended the throne of Ming
* [[1573]]: After heavy losses on both sides the [[siege of Haarlem]] ends in a [[Spain|Spanish]] victory.[[File:La masacre de San Bartolomé, por François Dubois.jpg|thumb|[[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] of French Protestants|290x290px]]
* [[1574]]: in the [[Eighty Years' War]] the capital of [[County of Zeeland|Zeeland]], [[Middelburg, Zeeland|Middelburg]] declares for the Protestants.
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* [[1578]]: King [[Sebastian of Portugal]] is killed at the [[Battle of Alcazarquivir]].
* [[1578]]: The Portuguese establish a fort on [[Tidore]] but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.<ref name="RICKLEFS_p25" />
* [[1578]]: [[3rd Dalai Lama|Sonam Gyatso]] is conferred the title of [[Dalai Lama]] by Tumed Mongol ruler, [[Altan Khan]]. Recognised as the reincarnation of two previous Lamas, Sonam Gyatso becomes the third Dalai Lama in the lineage.<ref name=":0">{{cite book| first=Peter| last=Schwieger| title=The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China: a political history of the Tibetan institution of reincarnation| location=New York| publisher=Columbia University Press| date=2014| oclc=905914446| isbn=9780231538602| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHoyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33}}</ref>
* [[1578]]: [[Governor-General]] [[Francisco de Sande]] officially declared war against [[Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)|Brunei]] in 1578, starting the [[Castilian War|Castilian War of 1578]].
* [[1579]]: The [[Union of Utrecht]] unifies the northern Netherlands, a foundation for the later [[Dutch Republic]].
* [[1579]]: The [[Union of Arras]] unifies the southern Netherlands, a foundation for the later states of the [[Spanish Netherlands]], the [[Austrian Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]].[[File:The Image of Irelande - plate03.jpg|thumb|The [[Irish people|Irish]] [[Gaels|Gaelic]] chieftain's feast, from ''[[The Image of Irelande, with a Discoverie of Woodkarne|The Image of Ireland]]''|270x270px]]
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* [[1591]]: In [[Mali]], [[Morocco|Moroccan]] forces of the Sultan [[Ahmad I al-Mansur Saadi|Ahmad al-Mansur]] led by Judar Pasha defeat the [[Songhai Empire]] at the [[Battle of Tondibi]].
* [[1592]]–[[1593]]: [[John Stow]] reports 10,675 [[Black Death|plague]] deaths in [[London]], a city of approximately 200,000 people.
* [[1592]]–[[1598]]: Korea, with the help of [[Ming
* [[1593]]–[[1606]]: The [[Long War (Ottoman wars)|Long War]] between the [[Habsburg monarchy]] and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]].
* [[1594]]: [[St. Paul's College, Macau]], founded by [[Alessandro Valignano]].
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* [[1600]]: [[Elizabeth I]] grants a charter to the [[British East India Company]] beginning the English advance in Asia.
* [[1600]]: [[Michael the Brave]] unifies the three principalities: [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]] and [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]] after the [[Battle of Șelimbăr]] from 1599.
{{for|later events|Timeline of the 17th century}}
=== Undated ===
*[[The Histories (Polybius)|Polybius'
* [[Mississippian culture]] disappears.
* Medallion rug, variant Star [[Ushak]] style, [[Anatolia]] (modern [[Turkey]]), is made. It is now kept at
== Gallery ==
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File:François Ier Louvre.jpg|[[Francis I of France|Francis I]] of France
File:Hans Holbein, the Younger, Around 1497-1543 - Portrait of Henry VIII of England - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Hans Holbein the Younger]], c. 1536 – 1537, ''[[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]],'' [[King of England]] and [[Ireland]]
File:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, III Duque de Alba, por
File:Ivan IV by anonim (18th c., GIM).jpg|[[Ivan IV the Terrible]]
File:1590 or later Marcus Gheeraerts, Sir Francis Drake Buckland Abbey, Devon.jpg|[[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]]
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