Sea Peoples: Difference between revisions

{{shortShort description|Purported ancient seafaringtribal confederation of invadersthe Late Bronze Age}}

The '''SeattleSea tribesPeoples''' were a group of tribes hypothesized to have attacked [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]<nowiki/> and other [[Eastern Mediterranean]] regions around 1200 BC during the [[Late Bronze Age]].<ref name=Drews48>{{harvnb|Drews|1995|pp=48–61}}: "The thesis that a great 'migration of the Sea Peoples' occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves, such a migration nowhere appears... Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation"</ref> The hypothesis was first proposed by the 19th century [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]] [[Emmanuel de Rougé]] and [[Gaston Maspero]], on the basis of primary sources such as the [[relief]]s on the [[Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III]] at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]]. Subsequent research developed the hypothesis further, attempting to link these sources to other Late Bronze Age evidence of migration, piracy, and destruction. While initial versions of the hypothesis regarded the Sea Peoples as a primary cause of the [[Late Bronze Age collapse]], more recent versions generally regard them as a symptom of events which were already in motion before their purported attacks.

The major event of the reign of the Pharaoh [[Merneptah]] (1213 BC – 12031213–1203 BC),<ref>{{harvnb|von Beckerath|1997|p=190}}. Like those of Ramses II, these dates are not certain. Von Beckerath's dates, adopted by Wikipedia, are relatively late; for example, Sanders, Ch. 5, p. 105, sets the Battle of Perire at April 15, 1220.</ref> 4th king of the 19th Dynasty, was his [[Battle of Perire|battle at Perire]] in the western delta in the 5th and 6th years of his reign, against a confederacy termed "the Nine Bows". Depredations of this confederacy had been so severe that the region was "forsaken as pasturage for cattle, it was left waste from the time of the ancestors".<ref>The Great Karnak Inscription.</ref>

The Sherden are previously mentioned in the records of [[Ramesses II]], who claimed to have defeated them in his second year (1278&nbsp;BC) when they attempted to raid Egypt's coast. The pharaoh subsequently incorporated many of them into his personal guard.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|pp=250–253}}<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Kenneth Kitchen |author=Kitchen, Kenneth |title=Pharaoh Triumphant: The life and times of Ramesses&nbsp;II, King of Egypt |publisher=Aris & Phillips |year=1982 |pages=40–41}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Giacomo |last=Cavillier |year=2008 |title=Gli shardana e l'Egitto ramesside |journal=BAR |issue=1438 |publisher=Archaeopress |location=Oxford, UK}}</ref> They may also appear in the [[Amarna Letters]], with their name rendered in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] as "še-er-ta-an-nu".<ref>EA&nbsp;81, EA&nbsp;122, EA&nbsp;123 in Moran (1992) pp.&nbsp;150-151, 201-202{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Emanuel |first=Jeffrey P. |date=2013 |title=Sherden from the Sea: The arrival, integration, and acculturation of a Sea People |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=14–27 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v05i1_emanuel |url=https://www.academia.edu/2445831|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |conference=AIA annual meeting |year=2012 |last=Emanuel |first=Jeffrey P. |title=Šrdn of the Sea: A reassessment of the Sherden and their role in Egyptian Society |url=https://www.academia.edu/1716287}}</ref> Based on onomastic similarities, similar weapons, presence in the same places of the Mediterranean and similar relationships with other peoples there, and other analysis of historical and archaeological sources, some archaeologists have proposed to identify the Sherden with the [[Nuragic civilization]] of [[Sardinia]].<ref name="BarKahn2011">{{cite book|author1=S. Bar|author2=D. Kahn|author3=J.J. Shirley|title=Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature: Proceedings of a Conference at the University of Haifa, 3–7 May 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UC3KdEzloiYC&pg=PA350|date=9 June 2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-19493-9|pages=350 ff}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|last=Ugas|first=Giovanni|title=Shardana e Sardegna : i popoli del mare, gli alleati del Nordafrica e la fine dei Grandi Regni (XV-XII secolo a.C.)|publisher=Edizioni della Torre|year=2016|isbn=9788873434719|location=Cagliari|language=it|oclc=976013893}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Tusa|first=Sebastiano|title=I popoli del Grande Verde : il Mediterraneo al tempo dei faraoni|publisher=Edizioni Storia e Studi Sociali|year=2018|isbn=9788899168308|location=Ragusa|language=it|oclc=1038750254|author-link=Sebastiano Tusa}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=Zorea|first=Carlos Roberto|url=https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/65302/1/T42277.pdf|title=Sea peoples in Canaan, Cyprus and Iberia (12th to 10th centuries BC)|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid]]|year=2021|location=Madrid}}</ref> Potential further evidence for this position comes from 12th century Nuragic pottery found at [[Kokkinokremmos|Pyla -Kokkinokremos]], a fortified settlement in Cyprus.<ref>"[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318723190_Revisiting_Late_Bronze_Age_oxhide_ingots_Meanings_questions_and_perspectives Revisiting Late Bronze Age oxhide ingots: Meanings, questions and perspectives]". Serena Sabatini, University of Gothenburg. 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_7zBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|publisher=Gangemi Editore|first1=Marco|last1=Minoja|first2=Alessandro|last2=Usai|isbn=978-88-492-9958-8|oclc=907638763|language=it|title=Le sculture di Mont'e Prama - Contesto, scavi e materiali|trans-title=Mont'e Prama's sculptures - Context, excavations & materials|date=2014|place=Roma|page=80|access-date=2019-07-19|quote=Si aggiunge ora la individuazione di un vaso a collo con anse a gomito rovescio, nuragico della Sardegna occidentale o nord occidentale, frammetario, restaurato ab antiquo con una duplice placca di piombo dell'iglesiente, presso Pyla-Kokkinokremos, un centro fortificato cipriota nell'entroterra del golfo di Larnaka (Kition), vissuto mezzo secolo fra il 1200 e il 1150 a.C. (Now the identification of a neck vase with inverted elbow handles is added, Nuragic from western or north-western Sardinia, fragmentary, restored from the outside with a double-lead plaque of the Iglesiente, near Pyla-Kokkinokremos, a fortified Cypriot center inland of the Gulf of Larnaka (Kition), lived half a century between 1200 and 1150 BC.)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/36116570|title=PYLA-KOKKINOKREMOS: Short report of the 2017 campaign|first1=Joachim|last1=Bretschneider|first2=Greta|last2=Jans|first3=Thérèse|last3=Claeys|first4=Simon|last4=Jusseret|first5=Athanasia|last5=Kanta|first6=Jan|last6=Driessen|first7=Vanessa|last7=Boschloos|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/31539876|title=Pyla-Kokkinokremos: Short report of the 2016 campaign|first1=Joachim|last1=Bretschneider|first2=Jan|last2=Driessen|first3=Simon|last3=Jusseret|first4=Thérèse|last4=Claeys|first5=Greta|last5=Jans|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref>V. Karageorghis, J. Karageorghis, "L'Isola di Afrodite", ''Archeologia Viva'', 2013, No. 159 pp. 40–53</ref><ref>[http://www.raco.cat/index.php/CuadernosArqueologia/article/viewFile/276368/392932 INTERCONNESSIONI FRA MEDITERRANEO E ATLANTICO NELL'ETÀ DEL BRONZO: IL PUNTO DI VISTA DELLA SARDEGNA] Fulvia Lo Schiavo, ISMA-CNR.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Karageorghis|first=Vassos|title=On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in bronze age Cyprus and neighbouring regions: an international archaeological symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th-7th, 2010|date=2011|isbn=978-9963-560-93-6|page=90|language=en|chapter=Handmade Burnished Ware in Cyprus and elsewhere in the Mediterranean|publisher=A.G. Leventis Foundation |oclc=769643982}}</ref>

The ''Ekwesh'' and the ''Denyen'' have been tentatively identified with the [[Ancient Greek]] ethnonyms {{langlangx|grc|Ἀχαι(ϝ)οί|translit=(Achai(w)oí)|label=none}} and {{langlangx|grc|Δαναοί|translit=(Danaoí)|label=none}}, which are attested in the [[Epic Cycle|Homeric epics]].<ref name="Kelder125–126">{{harvnb|Kelder|2010|pp=125–126}}.</ref>

* {{cite book | title= 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed | first=ErichEric H.| last=Cline| author-link=Eric H. Cline | year= 2014 | publisher= Princeton University Press| location= Princeton, NJ | isbn=978-0-691-14089-6}}