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{{
{{Other uses|Sea People (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
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===Merneptah narrative===
{{Multiple image|align=right|total_width=400|height1=200|height2=200|image1=Athribis stele describing Merneptah's Libyan Campaign.png|image2=Great Karnak inscription (first part) - plate 52 from Mariette Bey.jpg|caption1=[[Athribis]] stele (showing all 19 lines and 14 lines on each face. The reference to "foreigners of the sea" is on line 13 out of 19)|caption2=[[Great Karnak Inscription]] (lines 1-20 out of 79; line 52 includes the reference to "foreign peoples of the sea" (''n3 ḫ3s.wt n<.t> p3 ym''):<ref name=Gardiner/><br /><hiero>N35:G1-N25:t*Z2ss-N35:G40-M17-M17-Aa15:D36-N35A-N36:N21</hiero>}}
The major event of the reign of the Pharaoh [[Merneptah]] (
The pharaoh's action against them is attested in a single narrative found in three sources. The most detailed source describing the battle is the [[Great Karnak Inscription]]; two shorter versions of the same narrative are found in the "Athribis Stele" and the "Cairo Column".<ref>All three inscriptions are stated in {{harvnb|Breasted|1906|loc=Vol. 3, "Reign of Meneptah", pp. 238 ff., Articles 569 ff.}}</ref> The "Cairo column" is a section of a granite column now in the [[Egyptian Museum|Cairo Museum]], which was first published by Maspero in 1881 with just two readable sentences – the first confirming the date of Year 5 and the second stating: "The wretched [chief] of Libya has invaded with ——, being men and women, Shekelesh (S'-k-rw-s) ——".{{sfn|Breasted|1906|loc=Vol. 3, §595, p. 252}}{{sfn|Maspero|1881|p=118}} The "Athribis stela" is a granite stela found in [[Athribis]] and inscribed on both sides, which like the Cairo column, was first published by Maspero two years later in 1883.{{sfn|Breasted|1906|loc=3, p. 253}} The [[Merneptah Stele]] from Thebes describes the reign of peace resulting from the victory but does not include any reference to the Sea Peoples.{{sfn|Breasted|1906|loc=Vol. 3, pp. 256–264}}
The Nine Bows were acting under the leadership of the king of [[Ancient Libya|Libya]] and an associated near-concurrent revolt in [[Canaan]] involving [[
{{blockquote|[Beginning of the victory that his majesty achieved in the land of Libya] -i, [[Achaeans (Homer)|Ekwesh]], [[Tyrrhenoi|Teresh]], [[Lukka]], [[Shardana|Sherden]], Shekelesh, Northerners coming from all lands.}}
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{{Multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|image1=Medinet Habu Ramses III. Tempel Erster Hof 01.jpg|image2= Medinet Habu Ramses III. Tempel Erster Hof (Lepsius) 01.jpg|footer=Medinet Habu Second Pylon, showing wide view and a close-up sketch of the left-hand side relief in which Amon, with Mut behind him, extends a sword to Rameses III who is leading three lines of prisoners. The text before the King includes the following:"Thou puttest great terror of me in the hearts of their chiefs; the fear and dread of me before them; that I may carry off their warriors (phrr), bound in my grasp, to lead them to thy ka, O my august father, – – – – –. Come, to [take] them, being: Peleset (Pw-r'-s'-t), Denyen (D'-y-n-yw-n'), Shekelesh (S'-k-rw-s). Thy strength it was which was before me, overthrowing their seed, – thy might, O lord of gods."{{sfn|Breasted|1906|loc=volume 4, p.48, §81}} On the right hand side of the Pylon is the "Great Inscription on the Second Pylon", which includes the following text:"The foreign countries made a conspiracy in their islands, All at once the lands were removed and scattered in the fray. No land could stand before their arms: from [[Hittites|Hatti]], [[Qode]], [[Carchemish]], [[Arzawa]] and [[Cyprus|Alashiya]] on, being cut off [i.e. destroyed] at one time. A camp was set up in [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]]. They desolated its people, and its land was like that which has never come into being. They were coming forward toward [[Egypt]], while the flame was prepared before them. Their [[confederation]] was the [[Peleset]], [[Tjeker]], Shekelesh, [[Denyen]] and Weshesh, lands united. They laid their hands upon the land as far as the circuit of the earth, their hearts confident and trusting: 'Our plans will succeed!{{'"}}<ref>Translation by John A. Wilson in Pritchard, J.B. (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition, Princeton 1969, p. 262. Also found in {{harvnb|Breasted|1906|loc=volume 4, p. 37, §64}}</ref>}}
The inscriptions of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu record three victorious campaigns against the Sea Peoples that are considered bona fide, in Years 5, 8 and 12, as well as three considered spurious, against the [[Nubia]]ns and
The inner west wall of the second court describes the invasion of Year 5. Only the Peleset and Tjeker are mentioned, but the list is lost in a [[lacuna (manuscripts)|lacuna]]. The attack was two-pronged, one by sea and one by land. That is, the Sea Peoples divided their forces. Ramesses was waiting in the [[Nile]] mouths and trapped the enemy fleet there. The land forces were defeated separately.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
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[[File:Mod. Bronzo nuraghe quadrilobato.gif|thumb|120px|right|Bronze model of a [[nuraghe]]. 10th century BC]]
The Sherden are previously mentioned in the records of [[Ramesses II]], who claimed to have defeated them in his second year (1278 BC) when they attempted to raid Egypt's coast. The pharaoh subsequently incorporated many of them into his personal guard.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|pp=250–253}}<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Kenneth Kitchen |author=Kitchen, Kenneth |title=Pharaoh Triumphant: The life and times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt |publisher=Aris & Phillips |year=1982 |pages=40–41}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Giacomo |last=Cavillier |year=2008 |title=Gli shardana e l'Egitto ramesside |journal=BAR |issue=1438 |publisher=Archaeopress |location=Oxford, UK}}</ref> They may also appear in the [[Amarna Letters]], with their name rendered in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] as "še-er-ta-an-nu".<ref>EA 81, EA 122, EA 123 in Moran (1992) pp. 150-151, 201-202{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Emanuel |first=Jeffrey P. |date=2013 |title=Sherden from the Sea: The arrival, integration, and acculturation of a Sea People |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=14–27 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v05i1_emanuel |url=https://www.academia.edu/2445831|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |conference=AIA annual meeting |year=2012 |last=Emanuel |first=Jeffrey P. |title=Šrdn of the Sea: A reassessment of the Sherden and their role in Egyptian Society |url=https://www.academia.edu/1716287}}</ref> Based on onomastic similarities, similar weapons, presence in the same places of the Mediterranean and similar relationships with other peoples there, and other analysis of historical and archaeological sources, some archaeologists have proposed to identify the Sherden with the [[Nuragic civilization]] of [[Sardinia]].<ref name="BarKahn2011">{{cite book|author1=S. Bar|author2=D. Kahn|author3=J.J. Shirley|title=Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature: Proceedings of a Conference at the University of Haifa, 3–7 May 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UC3KdEzloiYC&pg=PA350|date=9 June 2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-19493-9|pages=350 ff}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|last=Ugas|first=Giovanni|title=Shardana e Sardegna : i popoli del mare, gli alleati del Nordafrica e la fine dei Grandi Regni (XV-XII secolo a.C.)|publisher=Edizioni della Torre|year=2016|isbn=9788873434719|location=Cagliari|language=it|oclc=976013893}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Tusa|first=Sebastiano|title=I popoli del Grande Verde : il Mediterraneo al tempo dei faraoni|publisher=Edizioni Storia e Studi Sociali|year=2018|isbn=9788899168308|location=Ragusa|language=it|oclc=1038750254|author-link=Sebastiano Tusa}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=Zorea|first=Carlos Roberto|url=https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/65302/1/T42277.pdf|title=Sea peoples in Canaan, Cyprus and Iberia (12th to 10th centuries BC)|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid]]|year=2021|location=Madrid}}</ref> Potential further evidence for this position comes from 12th century Nuragic pottery found at [[
=== Weshesh ===
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[[File:Elephant or Hippopotamus Tooth Warrior Head Wearing Boar Tusk Helmets (3404330867).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Warrior wearing a [[boar's tusk helmet]], from a Mycenaean chamber tomb in the [[Acropolis of Athens]], 14th–13th century BC.]]
The ''Ekwesh'' and the ''Denyen'' have been tentatively identified with the [[Ancient Greek]] ethnonyms {{
=== Tjeker ===
{{main|Tjeker}}
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isbn=978-8899334871 | location=Torino| publisher=Kemet |year=2019}}
* {{cite book | title=The Mycenaean World | url=https://archive.org/details/mycenaeanworld00chad | url-access=registration | first=John | last=Chadwick | author-link=John Chadwick | year=1976 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-21077-5}}
* {{cite book | title= 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed | first=
* {{cite book | author= D'Amato R., Salimbeti A. | year= 2015 | title= The Sea Peoples of the Mediterranean Bronze Age 1450–1100 BC | publisher= Osprey | location= London}}
* {{cite book | last= Dothan|first=Trude & Moshe | year= 1992 | title= People of the Sea: The search for the Philistines | publisher= Scribner | location= New York}}
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