Peryn: Difference between revisions

|caption = The Peryn islet induring the period ofextreme spring flooding, of 2009. Historically,which itrecreated lookstemporarily its appearance at the time of the construction of the likeshrine thatcomplex. ([[Lake Ilmen]] isvisible on the horizon)

The Peryn peninsula is at the confluence of [[Lake Ilmen]] and the [[Volkhov River|River Volhov]], {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} south of the city of [[Veliky Novgorod]]. In the [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]], the city was developed not far from Peryn, at [[Rurikovo Gorodische|Ruerikovo Gorodische also known as Holmgård]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Melnikova|Petruhin|1986|p=72}}: "''Показательно, что крупнейшие погосты располагались, как правило, вблизи древнейших племенных центров: Гнёздово - под Смоленском, Шестовица - под Черниговом, Городище - под Новгородом''")</ref> but its business and social activities were later moved to form today's city centre.<ref>{{Harvnb|Melnikova|Petruhin|1986|p=75}}: "''...В Новгороде, где жизнь на городище временно затухает в XI в., княжеская резиденция переносится на Ярославово Дворище''")</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Nosov|1987|p=74}}: "''...Russian chronicles dated to the second half of the 17th century and the 18th century <...> informed that Novgorod had been laid of a new place not far from Slovensk, the old capital of the [[Ilmen Slavs]], which was identified with [[Rurikovo Gorodische|Gorodishche]].''")</ref> The area south of Novgorod, including Peryn, is therefore considered part of the [[Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings|historic surroundings of Veliky Novgorod]].{{refn|group=nb|See more about the historic monuments of Novgorod and surroundings at {{cite web|title=Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings|url=httphttps://whc.unesco.org/en/list/604/|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO}}}}

[[File:Perun.JPG|thumb|300pxupright=1.35|The idol of Perun in [[KievKyiv]], [[Ukraine]] (created in 2009, destroyed in 2012 by unknown individuals). The idol in Peryn was much larger than the pictured one: as archaeological excavations showed, the diameter of the idol in Peryn was about {{convert|65|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Sedov98>{{Harvnbsfn|Sedov|1953|p=98}}</ref>]]

[[File:Новгород Перынина пустынь с Волхова.JPG|thumb|300pxupright=1.35|The bank of Peryn. The idol was reportedly thrown into the river here. According to the plan,<ref name="Sedov 2009 32">{{Harvnbsfn|Sedov|2009|p=32}}</ref> the shrine was located on the hill right behind the <br>vinous {{what?|date=December 2024}} roof of the monastery's utility building in the picture]]

{{See also|PerounPerun}}

[[Novgorod]] was a centre of [[Slavic paganism]] in the Dark Ages. Accordingly, the Peryn island appears to have played a role similar to that of the [[Vatican Hill]] in the sense of its functions in the medieval NovgrorodNovgorod and its later history. The name "Peryn" is related to the Slavic god [[Perun]],<ref name="{{sfn|Rybakov |1987 |p=253"/><ref name="Herberstein 1852 26">}}{{Harvnbsfn|Herberstein|1852|p=26}}</ref>{{sfn|Jakobson|1955|p=615}} whose shrine was there in the 10th century.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p="Sedov99"/>99}} The results of archaeological excavations under the guidance of [[:ru:Седов, Валентин Васильевич|Valentin Sedov]] described in his survey of Peryn,{{refn|group=nb|See the full text of the survey by Sedov in Russian at {{Harvnb|Sedov|1953}}}} suggest that Peryn was a sacred place from ancient times.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p="Sedov99"/>99}} It is likely that the area has seen several pagan shrines, replacing one with another over time.<ref>{{Harvnbsfn|Rybakov|1987|p=278}}</ref> The best known is the heathen shrine, established there in 980. [[Early Slavs]] used to set up anthropomorphic statues of wood, picturing their gods to serve the cult, and in 980 in Peryn it was carried out this way:

As paganism implies many deities, Perun was not the only god in the heathen pantheon of Novgorod. [[Veles (god)|Volos]], whose shrine was presumably located on the site of the [[:ru:Церковь Власия на Волосовой улице|Church of St. Vlasi]],<ref>{{Harvnbsfn|Yanin|1852|p=38}}</ref><ref name=Rybakov252>{{Harvnbsfn|Rybakov|1987|p=252}}</ref> was another deity worshipped in the city.<ref name{{sfn|Rybakov|1987|p=Rybakov252/>252}} But it seems that his cult was not favoured by [[Vladimir the Great]],<ref name=Rybakov769>{{Harvnb|Rybakov|1987|p=769}}</ref> who excluded Volos from his pagan pantheon.<ref name=Rybakov769/>{{refn|group=nb|According to the {{Harvnb|Novgorod First Chronicle|1950|p=128}}, the pantheon of Vladimir the Great after [[Vladimir the Great#Years of pagan rule|the reform]] was about Peroun (as the head), [[Hors]], [[Dažbog|Dazhbog]], [[Stribog|Strib]], [[Simargl]] and [[Mokosh]]. Volos was not included there; probably - as a character who is opposed to Peroun in the mythology.}} The first Christians erected the Church of the Transfiguration in Novgorod,<ref>{{Harvnb|Tatischev|1768|p=38}}</ref> but [[Grand Prince of Kiev#Grand Princesprinces of Kiev|the government in Kiev]] was indifferent towards their religion, until [[Vladimir the Great]] was baptized in 988.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bibikov Michail|2003}}, pp. 108 - 109</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|The Primary Chronicle|1908}}, clmn. 97</ref> By contrast to the folk cults of Volos and [[Jesus]], the cult of Perun was probably seen as the royal (official) cult,<ref>{{Harvnb|Rybakov|1987}}, pp. 768 - 769</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Prohorov|Gorkin|Borodulin|Landa|1997|p=527}}</ref> arranged on Peryn Island close to the royal residence on the [[Rurikovo Gorodische|Holmgård Hill]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Nosov|1987|p=85}}</ref>

When [[Christianization of Rus'|the Russian state was Christianized in 989]], the heathen religion was subjected to persecution. The citizens of [[Novgorod]] first tried to protect their deities, reportedly saying: ''"We would rather die than allow our gods to be outraged"''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tatischev|1768|p=39}} ''"Лучше нам померети, неже боги наша дать на поругание"'', ([[Old East Slavic language]], [[Old Novgorod dialect]], adopted writing)</ref> The Novgorodians ravaged and plundered the house of [[Dobrynya]], who was appointed to Christianize Novgorod, and beat up his wife.<ref>{{Harvnbsfn|Tatischev|1768|p=39}}</ref> However, Dobrynya with the help of [[Putyata|Putyata the warlord]] stifled the riot and completed his Christianization by force.<ref name="{{sfn|Rybakov |1987 |p=253"/><ref>}}{{Harvnbsfn|Tatischev|1768|pp=39–40}}, pp. 39 - 40</ref> Subsequently, the Peryn shrine, being the main spiritual complex in [[Novgorod|the second most important city]] in [[Kievan Rus'|the Russian state]],<ref>{{Harvnbsfn|Rybakov|1987|pp=252–253}}, pp. 252 - 253</ref> was ravaged and destroyed. No doubt, the process of ravaging was ritualized in Peryn, demonstrating that the new religion had overthrown its predecessor.<ref name="{{sfn|Rybakov |1987 |p=253"/>}} According to the chronicle, it happened this way in Peryn:

"''In the [[Byzantine calendar|year 6497]] ''[989]'' [[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir]] was baptized, and all Russian land ''[as well]''. And ''[they]'' appointed a [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] ''[to serve]'' in Kiev, and an [[archbishop#Eastern Christianity|archbishop]] – in Novgorod. <…> And the archbishop [[JoachimIoakim the KorsunianKorsunianin]] came over to Novgorod, and destroyed the altars, chopped down the idol of Perun, and ordered it to be dragged into [[Volkhov River|Volhov]], tying ''[it]'' with ropes, dragging ''[it]'' on dirt, beating ''[it]'' with sticks, and ''[Joachim the Korsunian]'' ordered everyone not to accept it ''[the idol]'' anywhere'' [i.e. not to pull it ashore].

''A settler of the valley of [[:ru:Питьба|Pitba]] ''[a river]'' went to the river in the early morning, preparing to go to the city to sell pottery; ''[the idol of]'' Perun hit the shore, and ''[the man]'' pushed away the idol with a stick, saying: “You say, Perun, you had enough to eat and drink, so get away now”, and [[PerounPerun|the vicious one]] floated away''"

The Christianization and ravaging of the shrines was a great tragedy for the people.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rybakov|1987}}, pp. 80 - 81</ref> They wept and cried out for mercy with their gods, and [[Dobrynya]] reportedly mocked them in response: ''"What, madmen? Are you mourning those who are not able to protect themselves ''[on their own]''? What benefits do you expect from them?"''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tatischev|1768|p=40}}: ''"Что, безумен, сожалеете о тех, которые себя оборонить не могут! Кую пользу вы от них чаять можете!"'' ([[Early Modern Russian]] adoptation of the [[Old East Slavic]])</ref> Some people, who did not will to betray [[Slavic paganism|their deities]], started to pretend they have already been baptized.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tatischev|1768|p=40}}</ref> In response, [[Dobrynya]] ordered that the citizens be checked to checkdetermine which of them were wearing crosses and “''not to believe and to baptize''”<ref>{{Harvnb|Tatischev|1768|p=40}}: "Не вериши и крестити" ([[Old East Slavic|Old East Slavic language]], [[Old Novgorod dialect]])</ref> those who wearwore no cross.

The legend about the mace of Perun, thrown down on the Great Bridge, was seminal and linked with the Novgorodian tradition of arranging wrestling matches between the citizens of different districts of the medieval city.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rybakov|1987|p=53}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Tatischev|1768|p=50}}</ref> The significant attribute of the wrestling battles were maces (a symbol of Perun): a sidenote in [[Book of Royal Degrees|the Book of Royal Degrees]] tells us that the maces with tin pips for use in the wrestling matches were kept inside the [[:ru:Церковь Бориса и Глеба (Новгородский детинец)|Church of Boris and Gleb]], and [[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow|Nikon the Metropolitan]] burned them down in 1652, stopping “''that devilish [[trizna]]'' [after the deity]”.<ref>''Cited via'' {{Harvnb|Petrov|2003|pp=61–62}}, pp. 61 - 62: ''"... последния палицы у святого Бориса и Глеба взем митрополит новгородцкии пред собою сожже, и тако преста бесовское то тризнище со оловеными наконечниками тяжкими"'' (Early Modern Russian, adopted writing)</ref> The tradition is described by [[Sigismund von Herberstein]], who visited Novogorod in 1517 and 1526.

|style="text-align: left;"|- [[Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii]], 1549, original English translation<ref name="{{sfn|Herberstein |1852 |p=26"/>}}

"''...The elder son of Sloven called Volhv{{refn|group=nb|The name "Volhv" is an appellative of the word "[[Volkhvy|volhv]]}} was a devil worshipper and a wizard, and was ferocious towards people. He ''[used to]'' achieve many dreams by means of devilish tricks and turn himself into a ferocious beast, a crocodile, lying down deeply in the [[Volkhov River|river Volhov]] on a waterway, devouring some who did not worship him, and lacerating and drowning others. For that sake, people called him the real god of the thunder, or Perun, as in Russian ''[the author means the ancient language, [[Old East Slavic]] ]'' thunder is called “Perun”. He, the damned wizard, erected a small burg for the sake of midnight dreamings and devilish assemblies in a certain place called Peryn ''[in the original variant - Perynia]'', where an idol of Perun stood ''[before]''. And they gossip about the wizard ignorantly: "''[He]'' was appointed to ''[the pantheon of]'' gods, embodying [[Peroun|the Vicious]]".''

"''Больший же сын оного князя Словена Волхв бесоугодник и чародей и лют в людех тогда бысть, и бесовскими ухищреньми мечты творя многи, и преобразуяся во образ лютаго зверя коркодила, и залегаше в той реце Волхове путь водный, и не поклоняющих же ся ему овых пожираше, овых же испроверзая и утопляя. Сего же ради людие, тогда невегласи, сущим богом окаяннаго того нарицая и Грома его, или Перуна, рекоша, руским бо языком гром перун именуется. Постави же он, окаянный чародей, нощных ради мечтаний и собирания бесовскаго градок мал на месте некоем, зовомо Перыня, иде же и кумир Перунов стояше. И баснословят о сем волхве невегласи, глаголюще: "В боги сел, окаяннаго претворяюще".''

As frequently occurs after a [[Christianization]], people reconcile the mental conflict in their minds after changing their religion, substituting heathen gods with [[Christian saints]], making it easier for them to virtually adhere to the old cult, traditions, symbolism and values without betraying the [[Christian religion]]. In the case of Novgorod, the [[Imago Dei|imago]] of Perun was substituted with the figures of [[God the Father]] and [[Elijah the Prophet|Elias the Prophet]].<ref>{{Harvnb|RyabakovRybakov|1987|p=559}}</ref> In the first case it is plays the role of Perun with the head of a pantheon; in the second, [[Elijah the Prophet|Elias the Prophet]] carries the attributes of Perun: he moves across the sky on a chariot, thundering and flashing (lightning) like Perun.

<gallery class="left" widths="200px180px" heights="200px180px">

File:PerunSaint iGeorge Velesslays the dragon, Croatia, 8th century.JPGjpg|[[Peroun|Perun]] is defeating [[Veles (god)|Volos]]. [[Žrnovnica]], [[Croatia]]. Probably, 8th century

[[File:PerunSchrineScheme.png|thumb|right|250px|The scheme of the pagan shrine discovered at the Peryn islet.]]

In 1951 an archaeological expedition under the direction of [[:ru:Седов, Валентин Васильевич|Valentin Sedov]] revealed the remains of a pagan temple complex.<ref name=Sedov93>{{Harvnb|Sedov|1953|p=93}}</ref> According to the report by Sedov, the shrine was located in the centre of Peryn Islet, on the historical top of the Peryn Hill.<ref name=Sedov93/> The remains were preserved quite well,<ref name=Sedov99>{{Harvnbsfn|Sedov|1953|p=99}}</ref> though some parts were spoiled significantly by diggings many centuries ago.<ref name=Sedov94>{{Harvnbsfn|Sedov|1953|p=94}}</ref> The shrine is circular-shaped with a diameter of {{convert|21|m|abbr=on}}, encompassing a shallow ditch a metre in depth.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov94/>94}} The construction is of regular (geometrical) forms.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov94/>94}} The ditch has a sharp internal edge, and a flat external edge.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov94/>94}} The ditch has eight bulges with the radius of {{convert|7| m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Sedov100>{{Harvnbsfn|Sedov|1953|p=100}}</ref> The bulges are aligned to the [[points of the compass]].<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov94/>94}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Rybakov|1987|p=427}}</ref> The circle's centre has a hole of {{convert|65|cm|abbr=on}} in width.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p="Sedov98"/>98}} Sedov in his survey suggests that the shrine's shape reflects the symbols of Perun.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov100/>100}}

The excavations confirmed the chronicle data that bonfires had burnt around the idol.<ref name=Sedov101>{{Harvnb|Sedov|1953|p=101}}</ref> Heaps of charcoal and/or evidence of fire were revealed in every bulge.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov94/>94}}<ref name=Sedov96>{{Harvnb|Sedov|1953|p=96}}</ref> Sedov in his survey ties that fact with what is known about the cult of Perun, and suggests that the bulges in the ditch were for ritual bonfires.<ref name=Sedov101/> The eastern bulge is remarkable with an especially large heap of charcoal, indicating that an eternal flame might have been located there.<ref name=Sedov101/> The remaining pyres are likely to have been in use from time to time (probably for ceremonies).<ref name=Sedov101/> The samples of charcoal analyzed were from oak wood,<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov94/>94}} Perun’s tree. The excavations showed that the bonfires and the ditch were buried when the shrine was ravaged in ancient times.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov99/>99}}

The hole in the centre of the circle is interpreted by Sedov as a groove for the wooden idol.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov98/>98}} He found pieces of putrefied wood inside the hole<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov98/>98}} and argues in his report: the data from the [[Novgorod First Chronicle]] are confirmed, and the idol was hacked down during the process of destruction, leaving the base of the idol inside the hole.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov99/>99}} Sedov in his survey draws a more complete and detailed picture of the destruction.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov99/>99}} Based on the results of the excavations he claims: while one group of people was engaged in chopping the wooden idol down, another was covering the bonfires with soil and destroying the [[altar]].<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov99/>99}} Then they all together buried the ditch.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|1953|p=Sedov99/>99}}

There are other interpretations of Sedov's findings. Russian historians Vladimir Konetsky and Lev Klein argue that Sedov had found a [[burial mound]], not a shrine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Klein|2004}}, pp. 152 - 157, 160 - 164</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Konetsky|1995}}, pp. 80 - 85</ref> They have not submitted any crucial counterarguments, though; they rather suggest an alternative version to interpret the findings. Nevertheless, graves discovered by Sedov within the construction are from later periods,<ref name=Sedov93/> Sedov took part in the excavation himself,<ref name=Sedov93/> his results are fully consistent with all the ancient written sources<ref>{{Harvnb|Sedov|1953}}, pp. 99, 101</ref> and appear to be justified. He asserts in his survey: ''“undoubtedly, these are the remains of the Perun’s shrine”''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sedov|1953|p=99}}: ''"Несомненно, это остатки святилища Перуна"'' ([[Russian language|Russian]])</ref> On the other hand, the debates are about whether Sedov discovered the very shrine, but the fact that a shrine to Perun was located in Peryn is widely accepted and causes no doubt.<ref>{{Harvnbsfn|Nosov Evgeny|2007|pp=379–381}}, pp. 379 - 381</ref>

<gallery class="left" widths="200px180px" heights="200px180px">

File:VNovgorod PerynSkete 5478.JPG|According to the scheme,<ref name="{{sfn|Sedov |2009 |p=32"/>}} the photographer who made that picture of the monastery cells stood right on the place of the heathen shrine

| region = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]

| designation1_number = [httphttps://whc.unesco.org/en/list/604 604]

The monastery was probably founded in Peryn soon after the pagan shrine was destroyed, when a wooden church was reportedly erected there.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tatischev|1994|p=63}}: "...[Владимир]'' вскоре повелел строить церкви, и поставлять на местах, где стояли кумиры. И постави церковь святаго Власия на холме, где стоял Перун...'' ([[Early Modern Russian]])"</ref> The remains of the church were presumably discovered by Vasili Sedov while excavating the small northern shrine in 1952.<ref name=Rybakov257>{{Harvnb|Rybakov|1987|p=257}}</ref> The wooden church had approximately the same dimensions as the present church of stone.<ref name=Rybakov257/> It had reportedly been preserved well for about 200 years, until it was replaced with the Peryn Chapel<ref name = thewebsite>{{Harvnb|The official webpage of the Peryn Skete}}</ref> which existed until contemporary times. Nevertheless, the first chronicled reference to the monastery was not made until 1386.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|2009|p="Sedov29"/>29}} The chronicle tells us that the monastery was one of 24 cloisters burned down by the Novgorodians so that they would not be left to the followers of Dmitry Donskoy,<ref>{{Harvnb|Novgorod Fourth Chronicle|2000|p=346}}</ref> the great duke of Moscovy who acted against Novgorod in 1386.

The wooden Church of the Trinity was the second church to be built on Peryn Islet.<ref name=Sedov29>{{Harvnbsfn|Sedov|2009|p=29}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Novgorod Chronicles|19871879|p=325}}</ref> It was accompanied by a wooden refectory built in 1528.<ref name{{sfn|Sedov|2009|p=Sedov29/>29}} All the wooden buildings were destroyed during the [[De la Gardie Campaign|Swedish occupation of Novgorod in 1611 – 1617]]: the monastery was ravaged.<ref name=thewebsite/> The Novgorod inventory for 1617 reported:

"''Пречистыя Богородицы Перынский монастырь. Храм в монастыре Рождество Богородицы разорен. Келей и ограды около монастыря нет. В монастыре старец один Максим. Церковной монастырской казны Божия милосердия у него крест благословящий да пять книг...''" ([[Russian language|mondernmodern Russian]] adoptationadaptation of the [[Early Modern Russian]] text)

|style="text-align: left;"|-The inventory of Novgorod, 1617<ref>{{Harvnbsfn|The inventory of Novgorod in 1617Yanin|1984|volume=11984a|p=119}}</ref>

He undertook extensive repairs of the [[Yuriev Monastery]] and on Peryn Islet, relying on financial support from Duchess Anna Orlova-Chesmenskaya,<ref name="Mizeretsky 1885 561"/> his rich god daughter. At first, Photios asked that Peryn Islet should be reutnredreturned to [[Yuriev Monastery]]. After this had been agreed in 1824,<ref>{{Harvnb|The chronicle of the Yuriev Monastery|2008|p=70}}</ref> he arranged for major repairs to the Peryn Chapel: the walls were repaired thoroughly inside and out; the church’s interior was redecorated; an outbuilding was built up from the west side of the church; the floor and the dome were replaced.<ref name = Sedov30/>

After the 1917 [[October Revolution]], the monastery was closed and revagedravaged once again.<ref name=thewebsite/> A decree to abolish all the monasteries in the [[Novgorod Oblast|Novgorod governorate]] was issued by the new Regional Council in August 1919.<ref name=thewebsite/> Subsequently, the bell tower, the fence and the southern utility building were disassembled for bricks.<ref name=thewebsite/> The bricks were used to build a depository for ice in the monastery land.<ref name=thewebsite/> The church was used as a storehouse.<ref name=thewebsite/> The remaining buildings were transferred to a fishing enterprise.<ref name=thewebsite/> When [[Leningrad-Novgorod Offensive|Novgorod was occupied during World War II]], the battle line came close to the monastery, but it was not badly harmed.<ref name=thewebsite/>

| region = [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]

<gallery class="left" widths="200px180px" heights="200px180px">

File:VNovgorod PerynSkete 5473.JPG|The cells (built in 1830s-1840s1830s–1840s)

File:03_Перынский_Рождества_Богородицы_мужской_скит.jpg|The abbot chamber (built in 1830s - 1840s1830s–1840s). The architectural style is [[Eclecticism_in_architecture|Eclecticism]] influenced by [[Russian_Revival_architecture|the National Romantic Style]]

File:Skitushka skit.jpg|The utility building (similar to the abbot chamber, built in 1830s - 1840s1830s–1840s)

* {{cite book|last1=The official webpage of the Peryn Skete|title=The skete of the Nativity of Our Lady|publisher=The Yuriev Monastery|location=Veliky Novgorod|url=http://georg.orthodoxy.ru/skit.htm|accessdateaccess-date=18 April 2015|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|author1=Bibikov Michail|editor1-last=Melnikova|editor1-first=Elena|title=Drevnjaja Rus' v svete zarubežnyh istočnikov|date=2003|publisher=Logos|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-88439-088-1|chapter-url=http://lants.tellur.ru:8106/history/DRSZI/|language=Russianru|chapter=Kogda byla kreşena Rus'? Vglǎd iz Vizantii|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Herberstein|first1=Sigmund Freiherr von|authorlink1=Sigismund von Herberstein |title=Notes upon Russia : Being a translation of the earliest account of that country, entitled Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii |date=1852|volume=2|edition=the original document|publisher=Hakluyt Society |location=London|pages=26|url=http://international.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtfxtx&fileName=txg/g340002190b//mtfxtxg340002190b.db&recNum=43&itemLink=r%3Fintldl%2Fmtfront%3A%40field%28NUMBER%2B%40od1%28mtfxtx%2Bg340002190b%29%29&linkText=0|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Klein|first1=Lev|title=Voskrešenie Peruna: k rekonstrurtcii vostočnoslavănskogo yazyčestva|date=2004|publisher=Evrazia|url=http://www.kodges.ru/73065-voskreshenie-peruna.-k-rekonstrukcii.html |location=Saint Petersburg|isbn=978-5-8071-0153-2|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|last1=Mansikka|first1=V.|title=Religiǎ vostočnyh slavǎn|date=2005|publisher=The Russian Academy of Science|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-9208-0238-5|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|author1=Nosov Evgeny|authorlink1=:ru:Носов,_Евгений_Николаевич Евгений Николаевич|editor1-last=Yanin |editor1-first=Valentin|title=Veliky Novgorod: istoriă i kultura IX-XVII vekov. Enciklopedičesky slovar|date=2007 |publisher=Nestor-Istoria|location=Saint Petersburg|chapter=Peryn|isbn=978-5-89740-080-5|pages=379–381 |language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|last1=Oleary|first1=Adam|authorlink1=Adam Olearius|title=Podrobnoe opisanie putešestviă Golštinskogo posolstva v Moskoviǔ i Persiǔ v 1633, 1636 i 1639, sostavlennoe sekretakёm posolstva Adamom Oleariem. Perevёl s nemeckogo Pavel Barsov|date=1870|edition=the original Russian translation |publisher=Imperatorskoe obşestvo istorii i drevnostey Rossiyskih pri Moscovskom universitete |location=Moscow|pages=80–81|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|last1=Petrov|first1=A.|title=Ot yazychestva k Rusi. Novgorodskie usobicy (k isucheniǔ drevnerusskogo večevogo uklada)|date=2003|publisher=Izdatelstvo Olega Abyshko|location=Saint Petersburg |isbn=978-5-89740-080-5 |language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Prohorov|editor1-first=A.|editor2-last=Gorkin|editor2-first=A.|editor3-last=Borodulin|editor3-first=V.|display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Landa|editor4-first=N. |title=Illŭstrirovanny ėnciklopedičesky slovar|date=1997|publisher=Naučnoe izdatelsvo "Bolshaă Rossiĭskaă ėnciklopediă"|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-85270-133-6|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|last1=Rybakov|first1=Boris|title=Yazyčestvo drevney Rusi|date=1987|location=Moscow |publisher=The Academy of sciences of the USSR|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|last1=Sedov|first1=Vladimir|title=Tserkov Rozhdestva Bogorodicy v Peryni: novgorodskiy variant bašneobraznogo hrama|date=2009|publisher=Severny Palomnik|location=Moscow|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* * {{cite book|last1=Sekretar|first1=L.|last2=Sarabyanov|first2=E.|last3=Gordienko|first3=V.|editor1-first=Kirill|editor1-last=the patriarch|title=Pravoslavnayâ èntsiklopediyâ|date=2000|publisher=Tserkovno-nauchnyi tsentr "Pravoslavnayâ èntsiklopediyâ"|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-89572-007-3|pages=456–459 |url=http://www.pravenc.ru/text/171770.htmllanguage=Russianru|volume=14|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Stroev|first1=Pavel|title=Spiski ierarkhov i nastoăteleĭ monastyreĭ Rossiĭskiă cerkvi |date=2007|publisher=Rukopisnye pami︠a︡tniki Drevneĭ Rusi|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-9551-0072-2 |edition=Thethe reprint of the 1877's document|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Tatischev|first1=Vasili|authorlink1=Vasily Tatishchev|title=Sobranie sočineniy v 8 tomax. Istoriă Rossiyskaă s samyh drevneishih vremёn|date=1994|publisher=Ladomir|location=Moscow |edition=the reprint of the 1863's and 1864's document|isbn=978-5-86218-160-9|volume=2, 3 |url=http://az.lib.ru/t/tatishew_w_n/text_0070.shtml|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|last1=Tatischev|first1=Vasili|authorlink1=Vasily Tatishchev|title=Istoriă Rossiyskaă s samyh drevneyshih vremёn|date=1768|publisher=Imperatorsky Moscovsky Universitet|location=Moscow|edition=the original document |volume=1|issue=1|language=ru|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Vasilyev|first1=M.|title=Yazyčestvo vostočnyh slavăn nakanune kreşeniă Rusi. Religiozno-mifologičeskoe vzaimodeistvie s Iranskim mirom. Yazyčeskaă reforma knăza Vladimira|date=1999 |publisher=Indrik |location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-85759-087-4|url=http://annales.info/rus/books/vaspag.htm|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Yakushkin|first1=Pavel|authorlink1=Pavel Yakushkin|title=Putevye pisma iz Novgorodskoy i Pskovskoi guberniy|date=1860|edition=the original document|publisher=Tipografia torgovogo doma S. Strugovschikova, G. Pohitonova, N. Vodova i K°|location=Saint Petersburg |url=http://az.lib.ru/j/jakushkin_p_i/text_1859_novgorod_oldorfo.shtml|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Khalyavin|first1=Nikolay|title=The christening of Novgorod in pre-revolutionary home historiography|journal=Vestnik Udmurtskogo Universiteta|date=2013|volumeseries=Istoriă i filologiă|issue=3 |pages=21–27 |url=http://vestnik.udsu.ru/2013/2013-053/vuu_13_053_03.pdf|pages=21–27|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Konetsky|first1=Vladimir|title=Nekotorye aspekty istočnikovedeniă i interpretacii kompleksa pamătnikov v Peryni pod Novgorodom|journal=Cerkovnaă Arheologiă|date=1995|volume=1|location=Saint Peterburg |language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Melnikova|first1=Elena|last2=Petruhin|first2=Vladimir|title=Formirovanie seti rannegorodoskih centrov i stanovlenie gosudarstva (Drevnaă Rus' i Skandinavia)|journal=Istoriă SSSR |date=1986|issue=5|pages=63–77 |url=http://rusarch.ru/melnikova1.htm|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Vsevolod|title=Materialy dlă istorii bylinnyh sǔzhetov |journal=Etnografičeskoe Obozrenie|date=1891|issue=4|pages=118–119|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Minakov|first1=Arkady|title=The Circumstances of the Occurrence and Activity of the "Orthodox Party" in the 1820s|journal=Hristianskoe čtenie|date=2013|volume=1|pages=25–38|language=Russianru |issn=1814-5574|ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Mizeretsky|first1=Ioann|title=Rasskazy ob arhimandrite Fotii. Zapisal F. S. |journal=Istorychesky Vestnik|date=1885|volume=21|issue=9|pages=557–575 |url=http://www.memoirs.ru/rarhtml/1149Mizerecki.htm|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Nosov|first1=Evgeny|authorlink1=:ru:Носов,_Евгений_Николаевич Евгений Николаевич|title=New data on Ruyrik Gorodische in Novgorod|journal=Fennoscandia Archeologica|date=1987|issue=IV|pages=73–85 |url=http://www.sarks.fi/fa/PDF/FA4_73.pdf|accessdateaccess-date=17 April 2015|ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Sedov|first1=Vasili|title=Drevneslavănskoe yazyčeskoe svătilişe v Peryni |journal=Kratkie Soobşeniă Instituta Istorii Materialnoy Kultury|date=1953|issue=50|pages=92–103 |language=Russianru |url=http://www.russiancity.ru/hbooks/h011.htm|ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Yanin|first1=Valentin|title=Cerkov Borisa i Gleba v novgorodskom detince (o novgorodskom istočnike zhitiă Aleksandra Nevskogo)|journal=Kultura Srednevekovoy Rusi|date=1974|page=91 |location=Leningrad |language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite journal|last1=Yanin|first1=Valentin|last2=Aleshkovsky|first2=Mihail|title=Proishoždenie Novgoroda (k postanovke problemy)|journal=Istoriă SSSR|volume=2|date=1971|pages=32–61|location=Moscow-Leningrad |url=http://www.russiancity.ru/books/b39.htm|location=Moscow-Leningrad|language=Russian|ref=harvru}}

* {{cite book|last1=New Testament|title=New king James version|date=2002|publisher=Gideoniterna |location=Örebro|language=Englishen, Swedish|ref=harvsv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Novgorod Chronicles|first1=the miscellanea of reprinted versions|title=Novgorodskie letopisi|date=1879|publisher=Arheograficheskaă komissiă|location=Saint Petersburg|language=Old East Slavic|ref=harv<!-- Old East Slavic and its code are unsupported by MediaWiki, causes [[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]] -->}}

* {{cite book|last1=Novgorod First Chronicle|first1=the reprinted version|title=Novgorodskaă Pervaă Letopis staršego i mladšego izvodov|date=1950|publisher=The Academy of Sciences of the USSR|location=Moscow - Leningrad |url=http://litopys.org.ua/novglet/novg13.htm|language=Old East Slavic<!-- Old East Slavic and its code are unsupported by MediaWiki, adoptedcauses writing|ref=harv[[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]] -->}}

* {{cite book|last1=Novgorod Fourth Chronicle|first1=the reprinted version|title=Novgorodskaă Chetvyortaă Letopis|date=2000|publisher=Yazyki russkoĭ kultury|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-88766-063-9|volume=IV |edition=Fototip. izd. |language=Old East Slavic|volume=IV|ref=harv<!-- Old East Slavic and its code are unsupported by MediaWiki, causes [[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]] -->}}

* {{cite book|last1=The chronicle of the [[Yuriev Monastery]]|first1=the reprinted version|title=Letopis Yurieva monastyră|date=2008|publisher=Aleteă|location=Saint Petersburg|language=Early Modern Russian|ref=harv<!-- Early Modern Russian and its code are unsupported by MediaWiki, causes [[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]] -->}}

* {{cite book|last1=The inventoryPrimary of Novgorod in 1617Chronicle|first1=the reprinted version|title=OpisPovest' Novgorodavremennyh 1617let godapo vIpatyevskomy 2spisky (The Primary častăhChronicle)|date=19841908|publisherlocation=The AcademySaint of Sciences of the USSRPetersburg|volume=12 |locationurl=Moscowhttp://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat04.htm#r980|languageaccess-date=Early16 ModernApril Russian2015|reflanguage=harvOld East Slavic<!-- Old East Slavic and its code are unsupported by MediaWiki, causes [[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]] -->}}

* {{cite book|last1=The inventorySaga ofabout NovgorodSloven and Rus and the incity 1617Slovensk|first1=the reprinted version |title=Opis'Skazanie Novgorodao 1617Slovene godai vRuse 2i častăhgorode Slovenske|date=19841977|location=Leningrad|edition=Polnoe sobranie russkih letopisey |volume=31|url=http://pravoslavie.chestisvet.ru/index.php4?id=207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605161327/http://pravoslavie.chestisvet.ru/index.php4?id=207|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-06-05 |publisher=The Academy of Sciences of the USSR|volume=2|location=Moscow|language=Early Modern Russian|ref=harv<!-- Early Modern Russian and its code are unsupported by MediaWiki, causes [[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]] -->}}

* {{cite book|editor-last1=Yanin|editor-first1=Valentin|trans-title=The Sagainventory aboutof SlovenNovgorod andin Rus and1617 the city Slovensk|first1=the reprinted version|title=SkazanieOpis' oNovgoroda Slovene1617 igoda Rusev i2 gorode Slovenskečastăh|date=1977|location=Leningrad1984b|edition=Polnoe sobranie russkih letopisey|volume=31|url=http://pravoslavie.chestisvet.ru/index.php4?id=207reprint|publisher=The Academy of Sciences of the USSR |volume=2 |pages=176–370|location=Moscow|language=Early Modern Russian|ref=harv}}{{dead<!-- link|date=MarchEarly 2018Modern |bot=InternetArchiveBotRussian |fix-attempted=yesand its code are unsupported by MediaWiki, causes [[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]] -->}}