Zhmaylo uprising: Difference between revisions

The '''Zhmaylo Uprisinguprising''' ({{lang-langx|pl|Powstanie Żmajły}}) was a [[Cossack uprisings|Cossack rebellion]] headed by [[Marek Zhmaylo]] against the [[Polish-LithuanianPolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in [[1625]]. On 5 November Marek Zhmaylo was deprived of his title and Hetman [[Mykhailo Doroshenko]] was chosen to sign the [[Treaty of Kurukove]], pledging allegiance to the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]].

In the late 16th century Poland introduced the institution of the [[Registered Cossacks]], which granted some privileges to the militant [[Cossack]] people inhabiting territories of today [[Ukraine]], then mostly controlled by Poland.<ref name=pod26/> Cossacks were allowed to serve in special units in the Polish military, but during the times of peace the Poles intended to reduce the number of Cossacks on the register and turn them into peasants.<ref name=pod26/> This happened again after the [[Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)|Polish-Ottoman War]], in which aftermath the 40,000 mobilized Cossacks led then by Hetman [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]] were reduced to 5,000.<ref name=pod26/>

In response, the Cossacks began diplomatic endeavors with their Commonwealth neighbors, including the [[Tatars|Tatar]]s and the [[Tsardom of Russia|Muscovy]].<ref name=pod27/> The Polish-Lithuanian government sent a special commission headed by [[Hetman]] [[Stanisław Koniecpolski]], but two attempts to negotiate a truce failed.<ref name=pod27/> In September of 1625 Koniecpolski gathered an army to quell the unrest.<ref name=pod27/>

===Uprising===

On October 6 Koniecpolski left [[Bila Tserkva]] and headed south.<ref name=pod27/> Zhmaylo planned to draw the Polish army into the steppes, tire it out, cut its logistics, and only then engage it.<ref name=pod27/> In the meantime he retreated south, offering some resistance in the area of the village of [[Moszna]] and the river [[Cybulnik]].<ref name=pod27/> On 24 October the Poles reached the town of [[Kryłów]] (Крилів), where the Cossacks had created a fortified camp.<ref name=pod27/> There the Poles dispersed the Cossack cavalry and assaulted their [[tabor formation]].<ref name=pod27/> The Cossacks held during the day, but attempted to withdraw in the night, a move which turned into a panicked retreat.<ref name=pod28/>

Zhamaylo was able to restore order, helped by the fact that the Poles did not pursue the Cossacks till the following morning.<ref name=pod28/> At sunrise on 26 October the [[Battle of Kurukov Lake (1625)|Poles caught up with the Cossacks near [[Lake Kurukove]].<ref name=pod28/> The Polish cavalry charge got bogged down in the nearby swamps, and the Cossack counter-attack inflicted upon them serious casualties, turning the engagement into a siege of a new fortified camp.<ref name=pod28/><ref name=pod29/> After several days the Cossacks removed Zhmaylo from command, and so negotiations began.<ref name=pod29/> Zhmaylo was replaced by Hetman [[Mykhailo Doroshenko]] who signed the [[Treaty of Kurukove]] with the Poles on 5 November 1625<ref name="Всеукраїнському історичному портал">{{cite web|title=Марко Жмайло (Marco Zhmaylo)|url=http://historical-club.org.ua/istoriya-ukrayini/kozacka-doba/334-marko-zhmajlo.html|publisher=Всеукраїнському історичному портал (All-Ukrainian Historical Portal)|accessdateaccess-date=8 July 2012}} {{ua icon|language=uk}}</ref> (Podhorodecki gives 6 November).<ref name=pod29/>

In the end, despite no conclusive battle having been fought, Koniecpolski prevailed on the diplomatic front.<ref name=pod29/> The Cossacks were granted amnesty, but had to agree to register only 6,000 and stop raiding the [[Ottoman Empire]] lands.<ref name=pod29/> However, this agreement would not be long lasting.<ref name=pod29/>

<ref name=pod26>{{cite book|author=Leszek Podhorodecki|title=Stefan Czarniecki|url=httphttps://books.google.com/books?id=TsjIAAAACAAJ|accessdateaccess-date=22 June 2012|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Ksia̜żka i Wiedza|isbn=978-83-86170-36-4|page=26}}</ref>

<ref name=pod27>{{cite book|author=Leszek Podhorodecki|title=Stefan Czarniecki|url=httphttps://books.google.com/books?id=TsjIAAAACAAJ|accessdateaccess-date=22 June 2012|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Ksia̜żka i Wiedza|isbn=978-83-86170-36-4|page=27}}</ref>

<ref name=pod28>{{cite book|author=Leszek Podhorodecki|title=Stefan Czarniecki|url=httphttps://books.google.com/books?id=TsjIAAAACAAJ|accessdateaccess-date=22 June 2012|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Ksia̜żka i Wiedza|isbn=978-83-86170-36-4|page=28}}</ref>

<ref name=pod29>{{cite book|author=Leszek Podhorodecki|title=Stefan Czarniecki|url=httphttps://books.google.com/books?id=TsjIAAAACAAJ|accessdateaccess-date=22 June 2012|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Ksia̜żka i Wiedza|isbn=978-83-86170-36-4|page=29}}</ref>

[[Category:History17th ofcentury Ukrainein the Zaporozhian Host]]

[[Category:History1625 ofin Polandthe (1569–1795)Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]